706 现在进行时的用法。
(1)表示讲话时正在发生的动作。
常可和表示现在时间的副词及副词短语一起用，如today，this week，this term，this year，this century等。但now，this moment，at the present moment这类词常不说出，除非要和表示时间的词作对比。另外注意，this year及this century可指 “现在”，而yesterday，last week，two weeks or two days ago只能指“过去”。
He teaches English（职业）．He is teaching English（现在动作）.
I play football（爱好）．I am playing football（现在动作）.
He is now gambling（现在动作）as he usually does（=gambles）（习惯）.
They are discussing（现在动作）this matter，though they rarely agree（习惯）.
He is coming now.（有表示现在时间的状语）
He is spending his holiday at the seaside this summer．
He is writing a letter at the moment，I believe．
He is living in the country this year．
He must be coming now．（和助动词一起用，表示猜想的情况）
He may be spending his holiday．
He cannot be waiting for us．
He ought to be working this moment．
表示转瞬即逝的动作的动词，如果用于进行时，可表示尚未完成的动作。
He is dying．（He has not yet died，but he'll die very soon.）
The flower is opening．（It has not yet opened fully，but it will open fully very soon.）
The war is ending．
They are winning，and their enemy is losing．
I am finishing my supper．
707 有些动词，即使表示现在的动作，也只能用一般现在时，而不用现在进行时。
I am looking at the sky，and I see（不要用am seeing）a strange star．（在see，hear，feel，taste，smell等前可加can，could表示继续的动作）
He is listening to the radio，and he hears（不要用is hearing）the speech of the president．
He is telling me the story，but I do not believe（不要说am not believing）it．
有些动词，如see，hear，believe，和look，listen，tell不同，是一种 “没有进行时的动词”，或者说是表示持续状态的动词，不同于表示动作的动词。它们有些可以表示一种无意愿的心理状态或感觉，如：
see，hear，find，smell，notice，perceive；know，think（that...），doubt，believe，judge，forget，remember，fancy，imagine，suppose（that...），presume，understand，recognize，deem，esteem，regard，consider；love，affect，sympathize，worship，adore，hope，dare，miss，fear，apprehend，hate，abhor，loathe，detest，despise，don't mind，regard，value，respect，revere，esteem；want，like，care（for），desire，long，prefer，need，require，dislike，wish；mean，say
另有一些表示状态（而不是动作），如：
be，seem，appear，prove，turn out，chance，happen，fail，matter，consist of，contain，hold，have，possess，own，suit，fit，belong，constitute，concern，signify，mean，resemble，equal，differ，result，depend，suffice，exist，taste，smell，weigh，cost，admit，need，show
但是这些动词中有些可有两个或多个意思，不仅可表示状态，也可以表示动作，因此不仅可用于一般现在时，也可用于现在进行时。
状态 动作
He sees Mary coming． He is seeing（=is interviewing）someone．
He hears the dog bark． He is hearing（=is judging）a ease．
He feels sad． He is feeling（=is groping）for matches．
He hates me． He is hating（=showing visible or audible signs of hating）me．
He desires to see me． He is desiring（=cherishing the desire）to see me．
He smells trouble． He is smelling the milk．
I think that it is easy． I am thinking about（=is considering）it．
I don't mind it． I am minding the baby．
He does not care for wine． He is caring for his child．
He appears honest． He is appearing on the stage．
He has（=owns）a house． He is having（partaking of，enjoying）his lunch，a good time．
This policy has a bad result． This policy is having（=is producing）a bad result．
The case holds 20 cigarettes． He is holding an umbrella．
这些表状态的动词也可和always，for ever，constantly一起，用于进行时，表示说话人不耐烦的情绪。
He is always seeing the ghost．
I am for ever forgetting what I have to do．
He is constantly thinking that he is a sick man．
在口语中这类动词还可用于进行时，以强调现在时刻。
I am feeling cold．
I am just thinking you might be fooling me．
He is being very wise（or polite，honest）（=He is behaving very wisely，politely or honestly now）.（目前的表现和经常的性格形成对比）
You are just being extravagant（=spending extravagantly）.
He is being very angry（or kind，friendly）.（Acting affectedly）
Are you supposing you are right?
I am hoping to hear（or am looking forward to hearing）from you soon．
He is liking music．（He is beginning to like music now．）
Are you（still）loving her?
He is forgetting his German．（He is beginning to forget it．）
I am remembering your advice．
He is hating her because she has talked with another boy．
在正常情况下，表状态的动词不能用于一般进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时及完成进行时。我们从不说：
He was hearing a dog bark．
They will be having a house．
This theory will be remaining important to the world．
I have been knowing him for years．
This had been belonging to us．
708（2）表示最近刚开始，不久将结束，但讲话时不一定在进行的动作。
They are building a bridge across the river．
He is writing a novel.
My mother is making dresses for Christmas．
John is taking medicine．
709（3）在口语中，可用来表示主语计划将做的事情，这时常有表示不久将来的状语配合，但有时这类状语也会省略。这种用法和一般现在时表示未来计划的用法相似，但不那么独断而更委婉。所用动词必须表示动作而不是状态，主语必须是人。
He is coming（or going，leaving，starting，sailing）in a week．
Is your brother departing（or returning）tomorrow?
Let me know if you are coming．
Is Wang killing the pig next week?
I am speaking at the meeting next Tuesday．
We are having a baby next month．
He is buying a new car sometime this week．
比较：
I am going（=plan）to ask him．I am going（=am certain）to die very soon．
He is going（=plans）to buy a car．I think it is going（=is certain）to rain．
但是It（不是a person）is raining tomorrow．是错误的，因为主语不是指人。
这种进行时如和must，should等助动词连用，可以表示即将发生的动作。
I（or You）must be going now．
We ought to be starting work．
I have to be dressing for the party．
在下面句子中，to be doing用在一个表示愿望的动词后，也有同样的意思，表示即将做的事。
He wants to be sending the letter．
I long to be calling on my aunt．
He resolves to be finishing his work．
He is impatient to be talking with you．
I am eager to be drinking something．
710（4）在和一个表示频度的状语一起用时，现在进行时也可以表示反复发生或习惯性的动作。
I am taking the medicine three times a day．（In the nearest past and nearest future）
How often is he attending the class?
He is generally returning home at eight．
We are playing bridge all through the month．
I am eating only vegetables and fruits during the summer.
还可和always或类似的副词一起用，带有感情色彩，表示特点而不是动作。
He is constantly quarrelling（=has the habit of quarrelling，is addicted to quarrelling，is quarrelsome）.
She is always laughing．
He is constantly（or forever，usually，perpetually，every day）worrying about her health．
Smokers always drink（=Smokers are drinkers）.
Smokers are always drinking（=Smokers drink too much）.
He always dreams of gold（=He dreams of gold whenever he dreams）.He is always dreaming of gold（=He dreams of gold too frequently）.
一般时表示事实，进行时带有夸张的意味，带有感情色彩，表示不高兴等情绪。
有时两个习惯性动作在同一时间发生且延续同样长时间，也可用进行时。
Mary is washing in the bathroom（all the）while（or when，as）John is getting Mary's breakfast．
Every Sunday when he is not working，he is fooling around．
同样是两个习惯性动作，由一般时表示的动作，持续的时间要短一些，另外，主句要比从句重要一些。
While John is working，Mary makes tea．John is working when Mary makes tea．
The newsboy comes when we are taking breakfast．
We are taking breakfast when the newsboy comes．
711（5）表示某种程度的情绪时，707节列出的动词也可用于进行时。
Mary is missing John terribly．（陈述句）
We are wondering if you can join us．
I am supposing everything is OK．
How are you liking your new house?（问句）
Are you fearing to see her?
What a crazy thing you are wishing to do!（感叹句）
How fast he is forgetting his shame!
She is talking，complaining，grumbling，cursing all the time．（重复）
Don't be grumbling．（祈使句）
712（6）有时可用来强调动作的重要性。
We are losing our friends．
We are now waiting to be killed．
He is playing us a trick．
He is wasting time and money．
This is killing me．
We are simply（or only，merely，but）defending our own benefit．
713（7）可以将两个动作加以对比。
While she is weeping，he is laughing．
We are fighting，we are not standing idle．
He is sympathizing with you，but not speaking ill of anyone．
714（8）说明两个动作是同一动作。
If（or When）he goes to the battlefield，he is going to a picnic．
He who ill-treats animals is doing a foolish thing．
In contributing food or clothing，you are saving their lives．
715（9）可用来表示一个被动的动作。这个时态在过去比今天用的带being的形式要多一些，而且它常可用在while引起的从句中。
Nothing is doing（=is being done）.
Our breakfast is making（=is being made）ready．
A house is building on the opposite side．
A large debt is owing him．
The book is printing．
We do something while it is drying（=is being dried）．（or gathering，performing，planning，displaying，practising，preparing，developing，constructing，compiling，printing， etc.）
（比较过去时及将来时的类似用法：Nothing was doing．Nothing will be doing．Our breakfast was making ready．Our breakfast will be making ready．）
716（10）表示特点而不是动作。这时带-ing词尾的动词变成了形容词，而be成了一个完全的动词，不再是助动词了。
He is lacking（=deficient）in courage．
Something is wanting（or missing）（=absent）.
He is deserving（=worthy）of sympathy．
His dress is not becoming（or befitting）（=suitable）to his position．
His reply is disappointing．
His speech is so boring．
The patient is unconscious and groaning．
717 有些词组可用来代替进行时。
They are duck-shooting，holiday-making，pleasure-seeking，proof-reading，tiger-hunting，wool-gathering（=are shooting ducks，are making holiday，etc．）.
He sits reading every morning．
We have to stand eating our meal．
He often lies singing．
He is sitting reading newspapers．
We are standing eating our meal．
He is lying singing Japanese songs．
The butterflies went flying around．
The groceries fell splattering on the sidewalk．
He keeps asking this problem．
I remain studying in college．
He seems living（但seems to live更普通些）here．
He is alive（or asleep）（=is living or sleeping）.
It is astir（=is stirring）（or aglow，ablaze）.
He is at work（=is working）（or at study，at rest，at play）.
The troops are on the march（=are marching）（or on the move，on the watch）.
It is on the rise（=is rising）（or on the decline，on the advance，on the flow，on the ebb，on the increase，on the turn）.
It is in operation（=is operating）（or in progress，in motion）.
He is in the act of stealing（=is stealing）it（or in the act of running away，etc．）.
She is busy（or engaged，employed）in cooking food．（=She is cooking food．）
He is all of a tremble（=is trembling）（or all in a tremble）.
The bridge is in process of construction（=is being constructed）．（有被动意义）
The problem is in course of discussion．
Specialists are in demand（or in request）in this area．
He is under treatment（=is being treated）（or under protection，under investigation）.
This demand is under consideration（or under discussion）.
The house is under repair．
c．现在完成时
718 形式。
We（or you，They，Those men）have seen it．
He（or John）has seen it．
We have been here．
I（or You，He，John，They，Those men）may（or must，ought to，cannot）have done it（or have been there）.
719 现在完成时的用法。
(1)表示过去已完成动作对现在所产生的后果（一般过去时只讲过去的动作，不谈现在的情况）。
试比较下面各对句子：
I bought a Parker．（对现在情况不理会）
I have bought a Parker．（=I have a Parker now．）
I learned French many years．（对现在情况不理会）
I have learned French many years．（=I know French now．）
I did not sleep well．
I have not slept well．（=I feel sleepy now．）
I lost all my money．
I have lost all my money．（=I have no money now．）
I took dinner with him．
I have taken dinner with him．（=I am full now．）
Fred Acton was a writer in all his life．（no longer living）
Fred Acton has been a writer in all his life．（still living）
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet．
Shakespeare has written the best drama．（=He is still the best dramatist today．）
在报道新闻时，英国人多用现在完成时，美国人爱用一般过去时。
现在完成时 一般过去时
There has been a riot．（英） There was a riot．（美）
China has won the prize．（英） China won the prize．（美）
Jim has had an accident．（英） Jim had an accident．（美）
720（2）表示过去完成的动作对现在应有的后果（不一定是现实后果）。
Oh! Johnny! You have just taken a bath（=You should be clean），but how come you get so dirty?
He has done his best（=He should succeed），but he has bad luck．
Jim has been in China many years（=He should know Chinese），but he does not know Chinese．
721（3）充当联系过去和现在的桥梁。
He was sleepless many nights．He has been very tired and can't concentrate at all．So he decides not to go to the office．（过去—现在完成—现在—现在）
He decides not to go to the office，for he has been very tired．He was sleepless many nights．The doctor advised him to take more rest，but he did not listen to him．（现在—现在完成—过去—过去）
He wrote many novels．He has been famous in this country．He is now teaching Korean literature in college．He can tell you everything about Korea．（过去—现在完成—现在进行—现在）
He is teaching Korean literature in college．He has been famous in this country．He wrote many novels during the world war．He had a very hard time when he was young．（现在进行—现在完成—过去—过去）
722（4）表示动作的完成，并用来和进行时表示的未完成动作进行对比。
Everything in the world is changing or has changed，is passing or has passed，is reviving or has revived．
723（5）和频度状语一道，表示从过去某时到现在动作发生的次数。
I have never（or not yet，hardly ever，seldom，rarely，occasionally，sometimes，often，frequently，always）seen him in the office．
The members have met once（yearly or once a year，weekly or once a week，daily or everyday，twice a week，from time to time，once in a while）.
You have been out every time I have come．（表示频度的状语从句）
724（6）和“此时”的时间状语一道，表示“此时”未结束前的动作。
I have spent my vacation this year．（That is，I have already spent the vacation I am to spend this year．）
His sister has written the letter today．（The letter is to be written today and she has written it．）
I have taken lunch with John this week．（It has been arranged that I should take lunch with John once a week．）
I have met many people this morning（or this summer）．（说这话时仍然是早晨或夏天，如果说I met many people this morning［or this summer］，则表示此刻已不是早晨或夏天）
725（7）和一个表示时间长度的状语一道，表示一个由过去开始到说话时仍在继续的动作。
He has studied since 1951．（使用的动词应能表示一个可以持续的动作。介词since的宾语必须是一个表示某一时间点的名词或是一个表示短暂动作的名词）
He has waited here since 8 p.m.
He has grown more and more serious since his graduation from the college．
He has never smiled since the loss of his wife．
He has been very sad since his father died．（在since引起的从句中，动词大多表示一个短暂的动作，而且用一般过去时，如动词died）
He has known many new friends since he left school．
It is（只有在这种结构中可用is代替has been）18 years since she died．
It is a long time since we became friends．
He has learned many things since he was（=became）interested in science．（was本来表示持续情况，但这里用作一个表示短暂动作的动词）
He has been very busy since he lived（=began to live）in town．
I have been treated by eight doctors since I have been ill．（偶尔在since引起的从句中可用现在完成时）
I have seen many things since I have lived here．
He has lived happily（for）ten years．（介词for的宾语必须表示一段时间，for有时可以省略）
I have taught Japanese（for）two months．
He has kept silent during（=for）the last two years．
I have eaten nothing during the last five days（or my illness）.
He has lost（instantaneous）his key for six days．（这个句子不太好。因为丢失钥匙只需要一会儿，不需要6天，表示短暂动作的动词不能和表示长段时间的状语一起用。但有些作家却不遵守这条规律）
这两句也是不好的：
He has left for Europe for these ten days．
