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作者:张道真 当前章节:15504 字 更新时间:2026-6-22 20:27

2.表示女性或雌性动物的名词属于阴性(Feminine Gender),如girl,heroine,maid-servant,lioness,mare(母马)。

3.可表示两性的名词属于普通性(Common Gender),如teacher,child,student,friend。

4.表示无生命东西的名词属于中性(Neutral Gender),如bank,sand,house,day,honor。

B.人的性

1.阳性与阴性

29 表示人的名词可以5种方式构成阴性名词。

a.在阳性名词后加词尾-ess。

阳性:heir,priest,poet,giant,host,god,Jew,count,baron,prince,peer,patron,steward,shepherd,prophet,seer,author,tutor,tailor,baker,viscount,brewer,manager,archer,quaker(有些表示动物的名词也如此,如lion,leopard,panther)

阴性:heiress,priestess,poetess,etc.(但Goddess,princess例外)

b.把阳性名词的-ter或-tor改为-tress。

阳性:hunter,tempter,songster,painter,waiter,porter,mister,enchanter,founder,arbiter;traitor,sculptor,actor,elector,conductor,editor,preceptor,benefactor,director,inheritor,protector,instructor,ancestor,doctor,monitor,translator

阴性:huntress,temptress,traitress,sculptress,etc.

c.把阳性名词的词尾-rer或-ror改为-ress。

阳性:adventurer,adulterer,launderer,murderer,sorcerer,caterer,procurer,emperor

阴性:adventuress,adulteress,etc.

d.在阳性名词后加上外来的阴性词尾。

阳性:director,proprietor,administrator,executor,testator,prosecutor,inheritor,arbitrator,mediator,spectator,dictator;beau,fiancé,hero,czar(或tsar,tzar),don,signor,sultan

阴性:directrix,proprietrix,administratrix,exectrix,testatrix,prosectrix,etc.(但-tress更常用)belle,fiancée,heroine,czarina,donna,signora,sultana

以上阴性名词中,有些现在已很少用。

e.用另一词表示阴性。

阳性 阴性 阳性 阴性

abbot abbess man woman

bachelor maid,spinster marquis marchioness

bridegroom bride monk(friar) nun

brother sister master mistress

butler housekeeper Master Miss

chef,cook cook Monsieur Madame

duke duchess Mr. Mrs.

Englishman Englishwoman negro negress

father mother nephew niece

footman maid sire dam,dame

gentleman lady sloven slut

grandfather grandmother son daughter

Herr Frau swain nymph,wench

husband wife tutor governess

Irishman Irishwoman uncle aunt

king queen votary votaress

kinsman kinswoman warder wardress

lad(boy) lass(girl) widower widow

landlord landlady wizard witch

lord lady youth young girl

2.普通性

30 普通性的名词很多,如:

student,pupil,baby,infant,orphan,servant,relation,cousin,friend,enemy,professor,doctor,governor,lover,teacher,judge,barber,secretary,worker,Greek,Japanese,Turk,fellow,devil,pedant,reader,player,comer,novelist,pianist,attendant,correspondent,etc.

其中许多是两性名词的通词,如:

person=man or woman

spouse=husband or wife

parent=father or mother

sovereign=king or queen=emperor or empress

child=boy or girl

monarch=sovereign

child=son or daughter

aristocrat=lord or lady

betrothed=fiancé or fiancée

employer=master or mistress

relative=kinsman or kinswoman

有些词虽属普通性,如shoemaker,merchant,soldier,实际上通常指男性。另一些普通性名词,如nurse,cook,dressmaker,在现实生活中多指女性。因此he或she都可用来代表这类名词。普通性名词可根据习惯及使用场合来决定它们的性。为了表示这类词到底指男性或女性,可以在它们前面加一个表示性别的词,如:

男性 女性 男性 女性

male baby female baby gentleman friend lady friend

male cousin female cousin man-servant maid-servant

boy student girl student gentleman teacher lady teacher

boy friend girl friend gentleman reader lady reader

boy reporter girl reporter male editor woman editor

menfolk(s) womenfolk(s) male scientist woman scientist

有些合成词,可用后面的词表示性别,如:

男性 女性 男性 女性

orphan-boy orphan-girl washerman washerwoman

milkman milkwoman tradesman tradeswoman

horseman horsewoman office boy office girl

近年来有用普通性的名词代表两性的趋势,如fire fighter(消防队员),members of Congress(国会议员),business people(商人),student,doctor,poet,而避免用fireman,congressman等。-ess结尾的词(如poetess)有些已不常用,以免被认为是在歧视妇女。

C.动物的性

31 表示动物的名词可以用下表表示,表中顺便也列出其叫声及居住地。带括号的阳性名词指被阉割的动物。

大动物,如giraffe(长颈鹿),hippo(河马),whale(鲸鱼),rhino(犀牛)的幼畜都可称作calf。食肉动物,如wolf,fox,bear,shark的幼畜可称作cub。小的毛皮动物,如rabbit,fox,beaver(河狸)的幼畜可称为kit。鸟类的幼禽可称作chick或fledgling。鱼苗称为fry。所有动物的幼畜(禽)都可称作baby,youngling。幼天鹅称为cygnet。幼鹰称为eaglet。幼兔称为leveret。小袋鼠称为joey。(关于动物群体的名称见526节)

其他动物名称均属普通性,前面可加male或female来表示其性别。It可用来指两种性别的动物,不过也可用he或she。

D.事物的性

32 下面名词均属中性名词,若是单数,可用it代表:

无生命的东西 pen,ear,water,paper

植物 pine,rose,cabbage,branch

小动物 mosquito,dragonfly,bug

抽象名词 colour,hardness,strength,honesty

集体名词 family,army,company,forest

下面名词虽为中性,但其单数形式可用she,her,hers代表:

飞机、汽车、轮船、小船、火车、机车的名称;

机器、枪炮、发动机的名称;

国家名称。

有些抽象名词可以人格化,开头字母可大写。如果表示伟大、力量、暴力,通常作为男性看待,可用he,his代表其单数形式。如果指美丽、温柔或低下,常看作女性,其单数形式可用she,her,hers代表。

作男性看待:June,Summer,Sun,Day,Mountain,Thunder,Hurricane,Ocean,Death,War,Revenge,Anger,Despair,Murder

作女性看待:Spring,Moon,Nature,Night;Peace,Hope,Liberty,Truth,Mercy,Victory,Art,Science,Soul

六、名词的作用

33 名词在句子中起重要作用,了解它的作用对掌握句子至关重要。它在句子中有15种作用,如作主语、宾语、表语等。它是句子中最为重要的词。它可以用作:

1.主语(Subject)。

Mother went to the market.John has called on me.A big ship is coming here.Some goods will arrive tomorrow.

表示“谁……”或“什么……”,亦即动作的执行者,一般都放在句首。

2.宾语(Object)。

He has a dog.John may help Mary.John can cross this dangerous river.She should do the job for you.

表示动作的承受者,通常放在及物动词后面。

3.间接宾语(Indirect Object)和直接宾语(Direct Object)。

She gave John a fan.The teacher told children stories.He bought his brother apples.She cooked her husband a big fish.

双宾动词(Dative Verb)后有两个宾语,即指人的间接宾语,如John,children,以及指物的直接宾语,如fan,stories。

4.主语的补语(Subjective Complement)。

Miss Lee is a nurse.Mary has become a teacher.Lee remains a bachelor.The ruins have been a palace.

表示主语是谁或成为什么。主语和补语通常指同一个人或同一样东西。句子的动词多为系动词(Link Verbs)。补语多放在系动词后面。

5.宾语的补语(Objective Complement)。

I consider the world a school.They elected my uncle president.I found Lee a coward.I will keep the matter a secret.

对宾语做补充说明,表示它成为什么、被认为如何等。它和宾语有密切关系,通常紧跟在宾语后面。与之相对,说明主语是谁或成为什么的名词称为主语的补语。主语的补语和宾语的补语都对另一名词做进一步说明。试比较下面的句子。

主语的补语 宾语的补语

The world is a school. I consider the world a school.

My uncle became president. They elected my uncle president.

6.第1类用法中动词后没有宾语或补语,这种动词称为不及物动词(Intransitive Verbs)。第2类用法中的动词有宾语,这种动词称为及物动词(Transitive Verbs)。第3类用法中动词有两个宾语,这种动词称为双宾动词(Dative Verbs)。第4类用法中,动词后有一个补语,这种动词称为系动词(Linking Verbs或Link-verbs)。第5类用法中宾语后还有一个补语,这种动词称为宾补动词(Factitive Verbs)。这些名称有助于说明动词的性质及所要求的结构,值得注意。

7.介词的宾语(Prepositional Object)。

He went to school.John spoke for his boss.On Sunday he told me the news.In a word,he has done his best.

表示与介词有关的东西,和介词一起表示一个较完整的意思。这种宾语一般紧跟在介词后面,和介词一起构成介词短语。

8.状语(Adverbial)。

The cannon roared(at)each minute.He will come(on)next week.He has walked(for)five miles.It is(for)six inches long.

用来修饰动词或形容词,表示长度、时间等,在多数情况下前面还有修饰语,如(each)minute,(next)week。有时也可单独用作状语,如:It lasted hours.He'll be back Monday.

这种名词通常表示时间(长度)、距离、重量、价格等。由于看起来有些像宾语,有人也称它为状宾语(Adverbial Objective)。

9.呼语(Vocative)。

John,come here.Come here,John.You may,John,come here any time.O Sea,stop roaring! Shall I die or live,my Lord?

呼语是对讲话对象的直接称呼,如上面的John,Sea和Lord。可放在句首、句子中间或末尾。

10.感叹语(Exclamation)。

Poor John! He failed again.He failed again,poor John!Fire! Be quick! Mother! There she comes!

可用作感叹语,如上面的John,Fire,Mother,它有独立作用,与后面部分有时并无直接关系。

11.同位语(Appositive)。

My friend John is a strange man.This is Mr. Lee,headmaster of A.B.High School.He bought many things:books,stamps and pictures.He does not like that city—the den of all evils.

表示前面的名词或代词究竟指什么,或对前面的名词或代词作补充说明,如上面的John,headmaster,books,stamps and pictures以及den都分别对friend,Mr.Lee,things,city作进一步说明。

12.定语(Attributive)。

They live in a country house.They are at the harvest festival.He often visits a night-club.He held an oillamp.I know a silversmith.He read a newspaper.

用来修饰后面另一名词,或与另一名词构成合成词,如上面的country,harvest等。

13.所有格形式的定语。

This is John's car.He is the headmaster's secretary.The dog's leg is wounded.He is a fortune's favourite.

表示“……的”,即后面名词表示的东西属于谁。

14.动名词逻辑上的主语。

They thought Tom's going there a mistake.He suggested my son's going abroad.Mary's getting married will be announced next week.

表示动名词(如going,getting)的执行者。

15.分词逻辑上的主语。

John being ill,his brother went in his place.The sun having set,we went home.She sat there,her head bent low.He came into the room,his face covered with sweat.

表示这是谁的情况,如John生病,太阳落山等。

16.(和for连用)不定式逻辑上的主语。

For Lee to learn English is necessary.They stood aside for the boss to enter.Is there anything for the clerk to do? This is not a book for children to read.

17.最后3类有共同之处。动名词、分词和不定式不是谓语,本来不应有主语,但从意义上说,它们所表示的动作也有执行者,因此可以有逻辑上的主语(Logical Subject),也有人称其为意义上的主语(Sense Subject)。

七、名词的位置

34 名词的位置一般根据它的作用来决定。主语一般在谓语的前面,宾语在及物动词的后面,等等。这些从上面“六、名词的作用”部分的例句中可以看出。但有时有一些特殊情况,值得初学者注意。

例如作主语的名词和谓语之间有时可插入其他成分,如定语(1)、状语(2)或插入语(3):

The man came to see me yesterday.(原句)

The man(1)from Africa came to see me yesterday.

The man(1)who had done business in Africa came to see me yesterday.

The man(2)secretly came to see me yesterday.

The man,(2)as he had something to tell me,came to see me yesterday.

The man,(3)you know,came to see me yesterday.

又如及物动词和宾语之间也可插入状语(1)、定语(2)或插入语(3):

I like the food of this country.(原句)

I like(1)very much the food of this country.

I like,(1)as you do,the food of this country.

I like(2)all kinds of food of this country.

I like,(3)of course,the food of this country.

其他作用的名词也有类似情况。

另外,为了强调、对比等需要,名词可以放在特殊位置,如:

1.主语放在谓语后面。

In the village live only old men.

Into the city gate came many peasants.

2.宾语放在谓语前面。

Wealth he loves,but knowledge he hates.(为了强调)

Water he gives to the hungry,and bread he gives to the thirsty.(表示对比)

All the people in all the world,he calls fools.(宾语太长)

3.补语放在动词前面。

Fools are all those young boys!(为了强调)

八、名词的格

35 根据在句中的作用,名词可以分为3种情况,这称为“格”。

1.主格,由主格的代词(I,we,he,she等)代表。

谓语的主语:John(He)came.

分词的意义上的主语:The weather(It)being so cold,we didn't want to go out.

补语:The visitor is John(he).

呼语:Come here,John(you).

2.所有格,由物主代词(my,our,his,her等)代表。

定语:I like John's(his)car.

动名词意义上的主语:John's(His)coming will be welcome.

3.宾格,由宾格的代词(me,us,him,her等)代表。

及物动词宾语:I know Mary(her).

双宾动词的间接宾语:He gave Jane(her)some money.

双宾动词的直接宾语:She offered me a seat.

宾补动词的宾语:I thought Tom(him)a nice man.

宾补动词的补语:They call her Lily.

介词的宾语:This car belongs to Tom(him).

不定式意义上的主语:For Henry(him)to do it is good.

用作同位语的名词和前面名词的格相同。

Mr.Lee,a friend of mine,is a nice fellow.(同为主格)

Many people know Mr.Lee,my friend.(同为宾格)

九、一个名词和另一个名词在数上的一致性

36 在某些句子中,一个名词和句中另一个名词有数上的一致性,如:

Jim is a friend of mine.(Jim和friend同为单数)

但在某些习惯用法中却有时违反这种一致性,如:

Joe is no longer friends with me.

You have the head of ten persons.

这里be friends with为习用语,head有抽象意义,因此句子是对的。这里再举一些类似的句子(黑体词为主要名词,斜体词为其他名词)。

A.主要名词为单数的情况

His room is all books and bottles.

The area is mainly marshes.My family is mostly scholars.

Jim made faces at me.He made friends with Greg.

Ann waited for buses.I like to work in hospitals.

It affected the life of many workers.

What's the surname of those two brothers?

B.主要名词为复数的情况

These TVs are a new product.Dogs are a good topic.

Women have an eye for fashion.Some people use their left hand.

Most houses have a fire-escape.Many families keep a dog.The graduates were awarded a diploma.

We eat with a good appetite.We fought tooth and nail to get it.

但在指某些具体情况时,后面名词要用复数。

The boys washed their faces.All kept their breaths.Some protestors burned themselves to death.

在指一般情况时,后面名词用单数。

Roosters have a comb.Dogs have a sharp ear.Some Asians eat with their hand,not with chopsticks.

有时用单数是为了避免误解。

All members signed their name.Young people should choose their partner carefully.Many cast a vote for Ida.

Husbands should care for their wife.

不可数名词只能用单数,在某些习用语中也如此。

Few houses have furniture.They showed honesty.These two children were forced into marriage.

They will measure their strength.They will put life into the task.

十、词与词之间的多种关系

37 一个句子中的词和另外的词归纳起来有下面12种关系:

1.主语和谓语的关系;

2.意义上的主语与非谓语动词(即动名词、分词及不定式)的关系;

3.及物动词与宾语的关系;

4.双宾动词与其间接宾语及直接宾语的关系;

5.系动词和主语补语的关系;

6.宾补动词和其宾语及补语的关系;

7.被修饰词与修饰语的关系;

8.名词与其同位语的关系;

9.介词与其宾语的关系;

10.并列连词与它所连接的两个并列成分之间的关系;

11.从属连词与它引起的从句以及句子其他部分的三方关系;

12.独立成分。

38 现在我们研究一下上面所讲的12个问题。

(1)上面涉及27种句子成分,也就是词在句子中的27种不同的语法作用。在第1,2,3,5,7,8,9这7类句子中各包含两个成分,在第4,6,10,11这4类句子中各包含3个成分。在第12类句子中只有一个成分。

(2)任何一个词在句子中必须至少担任一个句子成分,起一种句法作用。

(3)没有一个词在句子中是完全孤立的,它必然和句子中另一个词或另一些词有某种关系。上面清楚说明了这种关系。如果有一个词是谓语动词,必然在某处有它的主语;如果某一词为及物动词,必然在某处有它的宾语。总之,句子成分从不单独存在。在第1,2,3,5,8,9这6类组合中各有两个成分有这种相互关系。

(4)在第4,6,10,11这4类组合中,有3个成分之间存在相互关系。只要有双宾动词,必然同时也要有间接宾语及直接宾语。反过来也一样,只要有间接宾语,在近处也一定有双宾动词及直接宾语。如果有一个并列连词,必然会有两个并列成分,一个在它前面,一个在它后面。

(5)必须指出,在27种句子成分中,独立成分是唯一与句子其他部分没有关系的成分,如:

John(呼语),may I have a talk with you?

Let me kiss you,my dearest one.(呼语)

Oh!(感叹语)What are you bringing to me?

My God!(感叹语)Did I tell you to do so?

All the world,it seems(插入语),is dismal and gloomy.

(6)一个句子必须具有主语及谓语,除此之外,还可以有一个非谓语动词及其意义上的主语,第3,4,5,6这4类句子中的动词可以是谓语动词或非谓语动词,如:

I(主语)have(谓语动词)no doubt about John's(意义上的主语)winning(非谓语动词)the game(非谓语动词的宾语).

He(主语)does not earn(谓语动词)enough for his son(意义上的主语)to spend(非谓语动词).

The sun(意义上的主语)having set(非谓语动词),the farmers(主语)went(谓语动词)home.

(7)被修饰的词若为名词,其修饰语多为形容词,如:

He is a rich(修饰语)man(被修饰词).

He has a bad(修饰语)habit(被修饰词).

被修饰语若为动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、连词乃至整个句子,其修饰语多为副词,如:

He works(被修饰动词)hard(修饰语副词).

It is very(修饰语副词)easy(被修饰形容词).

He progressed extremely(修饰语副词)slowly(被修饰副词).

(8)每个成分的位置多如前面所列位置。主语通常放在谓语动词前面,宾语一般放在及物动词后面,介词常常放在其宾语的前面。但有时也有例外情况,如:

There were(谓语动词)many people(主语)there.

Fish(宾语)John rarely eats(及物动词).

This(直接宾语)you can give(双宾动词)him(间接宾语)tomorrow.

Gone(主语的补语)are(系动词)Mary's happy years(主语)!

至于第7,11,12这3类句子中,成分却无固定位置。

(9)每个成分不仅可以是单词,也可以是短语,如:

John(单词作主语)came(单词作谓语)yesterday(单词作状语).

Singapore Elementary School(短语作主语)will be opening(短语作谓语)next week(短语作状语).

He likes(单词作谓语)coffee(单词作宾语).

He is fond of(短语作谓语)swimming in the river(短语作宾语).

He is(系动词)angry(单词作补语).

He is out of temper(短语作补语).

He said nothing about(介词)his family(单词作宾语).

He said nothing with regard to(介词短语)what to do(短语作宾语).

有些成分还可用从句表示,如:

That he plays the violin very well(从句作主语)is(系动词)absolutely true.

I know(单词作谓语)that he plays the violin very well(从句作宾语).

I asked(单词作谓语)John(间接宾语)why he did not go to college(从句作直接宾语).

He is a man(单词作被修饰语)who knows himself(从句作修饰语).

(10)一个词或一个短语有时在句中可有两种作用,即可担任两个成分,如:

A young doctor called on me.(doctor是谓语动词called的主语,又是一个被修饰的词,其修饰语为young)

He is a man of few words.(man是系动词后的补语,又是被修饰词,其修饰语为of few words)

Writing essays is not easy.(writing是句子的主语,又是宾语essays前的及物动词)

第3单元 代词

一、引论

39 代词是用来代替名词以避免重复的词,如:

John was in love with Mary.When Mary was seriously ill,John waited on Mary morning,noon and night.John was so anxious about Mary's health.But Mary recovered quickly.

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