I have arrived here for two months．
我们应当说：
He lost his key six days ago．
He left for Europe ten days ago．或He has sailed（延续动作）for Europe these ten days．
I arrived here two months ago．或I have been（or stayed）（延续状态）here for two months．
He has been dead ten years ago．（有时有人在用带ago的状语的同时用现在完成时，但这种用法是不鼓励使用的，下面句子也如此）
The door has been locked a long time ago．
He is dead ten years（ago）．（偶尔有人以is或are代替现在完成时）
The door is locked a long time（since）.
除了since，for和during引起的状语外，还有一些其他状语可以表示一段时间，并可与现在完成时一道用。
I have seen him before（or lately，recently，of late）.
He has already begun school but his elder brother has not yet been ready for it．
Have you ever seen a camel? I have never seen any．
I have just seen John．
So far（or As yet，Up to now，Until now，Until this time，Thus far，Up to the present moment），he has not（or never）done anything for it．（这些状语多用在否定句中）
So far（or As yet，etc．）he has paid me only（or no more than）ten percent of his debt．
但是表示一段时间的状语，并不总是说明动作一直持续到说话的这一刻。
He is now in Tokyo and he has been in Indonesia for ten years．（He is not in Indonesia now．）
It is raining again．It has been fine only two days．
Mr．Watanabe is now a rich man，though he has had a hard time for many years.
726（8）在和can，may，must等助动词一起用时，现在完成时可以表示一个过去的动作，或者一个猜想已发生的动作，这时可以和一个表示过去时间的状语一起用。
He may have said so．（=I think［or thought］he said so=He probably said so．）
He must have lived in England．（=It is［or was］certain that he lived in England．）
Can he have lived in England?（=Is［or was］it possible that he lived in England?）
He cannot have lived in England．（=It is［or was］impossible that he lived in England．）
He will（=may）have given up his plan．
He may have met with an accident yesterday．（=It is［or was］probable that he met with an accident yesterday．）
He cannot have left last Sunday．
John must have learned judo when he was young．
不定式的完成形式也可以表示一个过去的动作，并和一个表示过去的时间状语一道用，尽管谓语动词是现在时。
He is thought to have met with an accident yesterday．（=It is thought that he met with an accident yesterday．）
He is said to have resigned last Sunday．（=It is said that he resigned last Sunday．）
He seems to have died years ago．
在其他情况下，现在完成时不能和一个表示过去时间的状语一道用。在下面的错句中，现在完成时都应改为一般过去时：
I have seen Mary yesterday．（Saw should be used instead of have seen．）
Have you written to her last Sunday?（Did you write...?）
He has begun the study of Japanese four years ago．
John has bought this curio in 1960．
They have got married when they were in Cambodia．
When have you seen her?
What time has the baby been born?
727（9）还可以在时间、条件及让步状语从句中代替将来完成时（可参阅694节）。
He will get married as soon as he has（代替will have）been graduated．
I will call on you if I have（代替shall have）finished my work by eleven tomorrow．
I shall be unable to leave even though I have（代替shall have）done my work by 6 p．m．
728（10）还可用来表示一个由一般现在时表示的反复性动作前业已完成的另一反复发生的动作（这一动作在过去、现在、将来都可以发生）。
The sun has risen（由现在完成时表示的反复发生的动作）when he gets（由一般现在时表示的在前面动作之后发生的另一反复发生的动作）up at eight in the morning．
His family have taken lunch when he arrives home at two．
He gets up at eight in the morning，and the sun has risen．
He arrives home at two；his family have taken lunch．
729（11）Have gone和have been有不同意思，从下面句子中可以看出。
He has gone to Singapore．（He is now in Singapore．）
He has been to Singapore．（But he is not there now．）
He has been in Singapore．（He has stayed in Singapore，but has left it now．）
I have been（不能用gone）to Japan twice．
I have been（不能用gone）there many times．
“Where is John?” “He has gone（不能用been）to the exhibition．”
“Where have you been（不能用gone）?” “I have been（不能用gone）to see my uncle．”
730（12）Have got表示“有”。
I have got a good dog．
What have you got?
He said he had got a good dog．（如果主要动词为said，had got用在间接引语中）
He thought he had got a lot of experience．
但在下面句子中不宜用have got，而须用have：
I will（or shall，may，must）have many friends．（在助动词后不能用have got表示“有”）
Do you have a good dictionary?
He has dinner at eight．We have a hard time．（Have got除表示“有”这个意思外，不再用于其他意思）
731（13）有时可用be代替have，这时主要动词起形容词作用，表示一种状态。
He is gone（=away），come（=here），returned（=back）from his travels．He is just arrived．
Be gone．Don't be gone more than one hour．
He is gone there two days．He is always gone．
Are you prepared（=ready）to quarrel with her?
They are met（=together）again．
The moon is risen（=up）.
It is fallen（or sunken，vanished）.
He is got into bed．
John is terribly changed（or altered）this year．
I am done（or finished）with human beings．
He is descended from noble ancestors．
I am determined（or resolved）to resign．
Run，walk，march，fly，wander，advance，pass，set out，retire，enlist，dress，agree，mount偶尔可以这样用。
d．现在完成进行时
732 形式。
I have（or You have，He has，John has，They have，Those men have）been studying．
I（or You，He，John，They，Those men）may（or must，cannot）have been playing tennis．
733 现在完成进行时的用法。
(1)和现在完成时一样，现在完成进行时可以表示一个由过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，常和一个表示一段时间的状语一道用（可参阅725节）。
I have been learning English for two years．（I am still learning now．）
John has been teaching for 20 days．（He is still teaching．）
They have been working since early morning．
He has been staying with his uncle during the past two months．
I have been waiting all the morning（or this half hour）.
表示暂时性的动作时，用完成进行时较好；表示长时期的动作时，用完成时较好。
I have lived here all my life．
We have developed our country for two centuries．
(2)和现在完成时一样，这个时态也可以表示一个过去的动作对现在的影响。
I have been attending to many matters．（I am feeling tired now．）
I have been telling him not to be a fool．（He should be cleverer now．）
734（3）但是它有现在完成时不具有的某些特殊含义。
(a)动作仍在继续。
They have been discussing it．（They have not yet finished discussing it．）
I have been reading this novel．
(b)有某种企图。
He has been telling me．（He has tried to tell me．）
He has been playing me a dirty trick．
(c)尝试但未成功。
He has been advising me．（But he does not succeed，I don't believe．）
(d)最近的动作。
He has been drinking with his friend．（He drank not long ago．）
They have（just）been talking about this subject．（可加可不加just）
(e)反复和逐渐的动作。
I have been telling him．（I have told him many times．）
He has been losing his influence．（He has lost his influence gradually．）
(f)感情色彩。
What have you been doing all this week?（不耐烦）
You have been deceiving me．（生气）
You have been giving me everything．（感激）
735 但要注意：
(1)如果动词表示状态而不表示动作，应用现在完成时，而不用现在完成进行时。
I have known him for years．（不要用I have been knowing...）
John has loved Mary since he was ten．
He has been here two days．
The property has belonged to my uncle during the last ten years.
(2)在否定句中一般用现在完成时，而不用现在完成进行时。
I have not learned（而不说have not been learning）English for two years．
He has never seen a man like John．
He has hardly met a European in the street．
I have received no assistance from my friend．
但有时也可用现在完成进行时。
I haven't been feeling well recently．
She hasn't been working here long．
e．一般过去时
736 形式。
I（or You，He，John，It，They，Those men）came．
I was（or You were，He was，It was，They were，Those men were）here．
737 一般过去时的用法。
(1)表示过去发生的动作，过去时间可以由状语表示出来，也可由上下文及说话场合表示出来。
At five o'clock（or As soon as he received the telegram），he drove to the station．
He turned out the light at midnight（or when everybody went to bed．）
“Did you go swimming yesterday?” “No，I was very ill.”（时间已由问句表示出来）
“Why did you not attend the meeting?” “Because my wife gave birth to a baby．”（谈话双方都清楚动作发生的时间）
738（2）表示过去反复发生的或习惯性的动作，可有表示频度的状语，也可以没有。
He took a walk every morning．
I swam in the evening．
Mary learned cooking twice a week．
John seldom wrote to me．
John lived in Calcutta．
Nobody taught Japanese in this city．
He used to（表示过去习惯）drink coffee at night．（used to相当于一个助动词）
也可表示过去的状态。
He is not so happy as he was．
China is not what she was（or used to be）.
He worked much harder formerly than he works now．
739（3）可用在said，reported等后面的间接引语中，代替一般现在时。
He said，“I am very tired．”=He said that he was very tired．
He exclaimed，“What a pity it is!”=He exclaimed what a pity it was．
但在口语中一般现在时仍可以用，特别是在有一个表示未来时间的状语时。
I said I am free next Sunday．
I knew he comes tomorrow（or in three days，next week）．
还有一些情况，间接引语中的一般现在时可以保持不变，如：
I said，“I must go．”=I said I must go．
He said，“I ought to do it．”（=He said he ought to do it）．
He said God be thanked．
He said God forbid that he should ill-treat anyone．
He said thank Heaven he was well again．
但在下面情况下，从句中的谓语应用一般过去时：
He thought he could defeat me．（=Now he knows he can't．）（从句中的设想被证明是错误的）
I thought he was（or had been）a scholar．（Now I see he is not．）
I thought you knew it．
We did not know he was a cheat．（=Now we know he is．）
I didn't quite realize that he was a great，great pianist．（=Now I realize he is．）
The ancients said（or imagined）the sun moved round the earth．（=Now they prove wrong．）
I knew he was a simpleton（=Now we see that he is．）（从句中的设想被证明是对的）
在宾语从句中，如果主句谓语为过去时，要用would代替will。
I knew Wang would not accept this dirty money．
I forgot to tell you that you would get into trouble．
740（4）可用在表示时间、条件的状语从句中，表示一个从过去看来将发生的情况。
He promised to give me five dollars when he got his pay．
He said he would reward me if I worked hard．
We knew Dad would punish us unless we behaved．
741（5）还可用来表示过去计划要做的事，特别是当它有一个表示未来时间的状语时（可参阅693节）。
He started（=was to start）at seven the following day．（比较：He starts at seven tomorrow．）
He left the next week．（比较：He leaves next week．）
They returned in ten days．
742（6）还可在对话中用来重复对方刚提过的事。
A：His name is Mao Ling．B：What was his name（=What did you say his name was）?
A：Put it under the desk．B：（Talks about something else，and then）Where was I to put it?
也可用在比较客气的话中，来代替一般现在时（并不是谈过去情况，而是谈现在情况）。
Was your father in? I was hoping he was free this evening．
Did you want it? I was thinking you might like it．
“I wondered if he could come．”“I was wondering, too．”
f．过去进行时
743 形式。
I was（or You were，He was，John was，It was，They were，Those men were）coming．
744 过去进行时的用法。
(1)表示过去某段时间中正在进行或一直在进行的动作，一般要有表示过去时间的状语，除非时间关系很明显。
Yesterday at 10 p．m．I was dancing．（10点以前或以后都可能在跳舞）
Ten days ago we were enjoying our holiday．（We enjoyed it all the time or almost all day．）
I was travelling during the week（=every day during the seven days）.
I was learning Japanese in those months．
I was cooking yesterday（=all yesterday or most of the day）.
但下面的句子是不对的：
The two brothers were fighting last month．（应当用fought，因为他们不可能整个月都在打架）
I was driving two miles to my uncle's yesterday．（因为开2英里车用不了昨天一天，应改为drove）
不过，They were fighting last night when I called on their father．是正确的。
745（2）可用来表示由过去某时持续到另一时间的过去动作。
He was staying here between 1950 and 1959．
Between two and four o'clock I was playing basketball．
We were working from 8 a．m．to（or till）12 a．m．
From January to March I was travelling in Europe．
但在这种情况下也可以用一般过去时。
He studied chemical engineering between 1950 and 1954．
He worked from morning till night yesterday．
746（3）表示另一过去动作发生时正在进行的动作。
I was studying（一个过去的动作）while（or all the time）my mother was preparing（另一过去的动作）dinner．（两个动作同时发生而且持续同样长的时间）
这时也可用一般过去时。
I studied as my mother prepared dinner．（动作同时进行，但不一定持续同样长的时间）
I wrote letters when my mother was preparing dinner．（两个动作同时进行，但进行时was preparing的动作比一般过去时wrote的动作持续得更久）
I was walking along when I met a friend．
I arrived at the hospital where the doctor was waiting for me．
有时两个句子并无连词连接。
I arrived at the hospital．The doctor was waiting for me．
The show began at ten．The audience were getting impatient．
747（4）用来表示“经过一小段时间，某动作已经在发生”，这时往往表示一些惊讶情绪，常有一个状语表示“不久以后”这类概念。
He did not know English．But only a year later，he was speaking English fluently with Americans．
The child left the hospital．In less than an hour，he was playing in the garden．
I got up at 7：30，and at 8：00 I was working in the office．
My horse fell and I was struggling in the stream．
The peace treaty was signed．Before long they were fighting again．
在许多其他用法上，过去进行时和现在进行时是很相像的，只不过前者表示过去时间而后者表示现在时间，许多有关后者的规则也同样适用于前者，因此过去进行时还有下面这些用法。
748（5）只能用于表示动作的动词，不能用于表示状态的动词（可参阅707节）。
I was looking at the sky and saw（不要说was seeing）a strange star．
He was telling me a story but I did not believe（不要用was not believing）it．
但一个表示状态的动词偶尔也可用来表示动作，因而这时可用过去进行时（参阅707节）。
He was being very wise．（=He was behaving very wisely．）
He was liking music．（=He began to like music．）
749（6）表示过去打算办的一件事（参阅709节）。
He was departing（=planned to depart）the next month．
John was coming in two days．
I was calling on John two days later．
750（7）表示过去反复发生的或习惯性的动作，特别是在和一个表示频度的状语一道用时（参阅710节）。
John was going to the swimming pool very often．
He was taking medicine three times a day．
John was waiting while his wife was making herself up．
His wife was grumbling whenever（or as often as）he arrived home．
He was always（=had the habit of）worrying about a very small thing．（不以为然）
My mother was constantly praising herself．
751（8）表示某种程度的情绪（参阅711节）。
He was fighting with the whole world．
Was she imposing upon you?
What a happy time we were spending!
752（9）强调动作的重要性（参阅712节）。
We were losing our good friends．
It was merely wasting our time and money．
I was simply doing what I should do．
753（10）用来表示对比（参阅713节）。
While he was squandering his money，his father was drudging in the rice field．
We were fighting，we were not sitting idle．
754（11）表示两个动作实际上是一回事（参阅714节）。
In feeding your child with so much food，you were spoiling his stomach．
By beating your children，you are only creating their hatred．
755（12）表示即将发生的事，尤其是在前面有助动词ought to，must等时（参阅709节）。
I had to（or must，ought to）be going now．
He wanted to be drinking something．
He intended to be having a rest．
756（13）表示一个被动的动作（参阅715节）。
Our breakfast was making（=was being made）ready．
A house was building（=was being built）.
757 同样可以其他方式代替过去进行时（参阅717节）。
He sat reading．
He lay singing．
He kept asking this and that．
He was alive．
The troops were on the march（=were marching）.
He was in the act of stealing（=was stealing）it．
The bridge was in process of construction（=was being constructed）.
758 一般过去时和过去进行时都不宜贸然使用，只宜于在下面情况下用：
(a)有表示过去时间的状语。
We did（or were doing）it yesterday（or last year，three days ago，in 1959，on Sunday，once，some months ago，when it was raining，just after they arrived）.
(b)通过上下文或常识可以判断出是过去情况时。
“This morning I went out．”“But I stayed at home．”（But后省略了this morning）
