Dr．Sun overthrew the Manchu dynasty．
Columbus discovered America．
I was having a terrible dream all night．（Most probably last night）
(c)有现在完成时帮助把时间引向过去。
I have been to Bangkok，where I stayed at my friend's house．As it was raining hard，I had no chance of sight-seeing．（参阅721节）
g．过去完成时
759 形式。
I（or You，He，John，It，They，Those men）had come．
I（or You，He，John，It，They，Those men）had been there．
过去完成时的用法。
760（1）表示过去某时以前已经结束的动作，过去时间可由时间状语表示出来。
I had read the novel by three o'clock．（I finished it before three and read it no more at three．）
He had sent the letter last Monday．（=He sent the letter before last Monday．）
He had finished the work five days before（or earlier）（=five days before a given past time）.
We had completed the course in the autumn of 1968．
过去时间有时由状语从句表示，下表表示状语从句中动词所表示动作发生时，主句动词表示的动作业已发生。
后发生的动作 先发生的动作
—When we learned English， we had studied Chinese．
—By the time he got married， he had studied history ten years．
—Before he spoke， he had prepared to die．
—Although he failed， he had done his best．
—In order that he might succeed， he had considered the matter all night．
—Where there was a ruin， there had been wealth or power．
如果两个动作是同时发生或几乎同时发生的，则都可以用一般过去时表示。
When we learned English，we studied Chinese．（=We learned two languages．）（同时发生）
When she saw a roach，she screamed．（几乎同时发生）
有时过去时间由形容词（定语）从句表示出来，从句动词表示的动作发生时，主句动词表示的动作业已发生。
后来的动作 更早的动作
—The man that came yesterday had travelled in fifty countries．
—The woman he married had married five times.
—This man，who was successful now， had failed a hundred times．
有时名词从句中动词所表示的动作发生时，主句动词所表示的动作业已发生。
How he became prime minister had been prophesied thirty years before．
也有时反过来，从句中动词表示的动作先发生，主句动词表示的动作后发生，则先发生的用过去完成时表示。
后发生的动作 先发生的动作（状语从句）
—He went to school as soon as（or after）
he had dressed himself．
—The audience applauded when he had finished his speech．
—He was finally defeated though he had always won．
—I got ill because I had not eaten properly．
但before有时有特殊的用法，表示“不等……就”。
He already died before his sons had arrived．
I left school before I had finished my course．
定语从句和名词从句中动词表示的动作有时先发生，就可用过去完成时表示。
后来的动作 更早的动作
—I asked a man who had learned sculpture in Italy．
—My wife liked very much the dog you had sent me．
—He married a woman who had given birth to five children．
—He said that he had come from Canada．
—He told John that Mary had got married．
—He was afraid that someone had got the secret．
—She was worried that he had not written to her for a year．
—He asked me why I had not got married．
在并列句中，有时一个分句中动词表示的动作先于另一分句中动词表示的动作，先发生的动作也用过去完成时表示。
后来的动作 更早的动作
He was a beggar now， for he had lost millions in a night．
He became a great man， and he had been poor many years.
They all lay down together， but some had been beggars and others had been kings．
有时前后两个句子中，前面句子中动词表示的动作后发生，后面句子中动词表示的动作先发生，则后面动词须用过去完成时表示。
后发生的动作 先发生的动作
—He was thirsty. He had not seen any water for a week．
—The child cried. Someone had stolen his cake．
—Husband and wife were unhappy． They had quarrelled all day．
尽管过去完成时表示先发生的动作，在特定的情况下它也可用一般过去时代替。
(1)如果所用连词或状语已表示出时间的先后。
后发生的动作 先发生的动作
—He went to school as soon as（or after）he（had）dressed himself．
—The audience applauded when he（had）finished his speech．
—He spoke after he（had）studied his speech．
—He found his watch. He（had）lost it two days before．
—He called on me on Sunday， and he（had）let me know a week earlier．
—He got ill because he had not eaten（or did not eat）properly．
—I asked a man who（had）learned sculpture in Italy．
—My wife liked very much the dog you（had）sent me．
—He said he came from Canada．
在连续写一段话时，如果顺着动作发生的时间顺序往下写，则所用动词都可以用一般过去时。如其中有一个动词表示的动作先于另外的动作，为了避免误解，这个动作应用过去完成时表示。
I borrowed a book and read it at night．A week later，I returned it to the library and borrowed another．（顺着时间顺序叙述）
但：I read at night a book which I had borrowed．A week later，after I had returned it to the library，I borrowed another．
When he courted her，she turned him down．But two years later，they were husband and wife．She found it queer indeed．（顺着时间顺序叙述）
但：She found the matter queer indeed．She and he were now husband and wife．But only two years before，when he had courted her，she had turned him down．（后面一句追叙更早的事）
在追叙更早的情节时，如果一串动词全都用过去完成时会显得很累赘，一般做法是把追叙部分的第一个和第二个动词用过去完成时表示，使时间关系清楚，后面则都用一般过去时。
Finally they got married．They had fallen in love in Tokyo．They had loved each other tenderly．Their parents had been opposed to their marriage，and they had tried twice to commit suicide．（为了避免累赘，可以把追叙部分第一句中的had fallen保留，后面句子中的过去完成时全可以用一般过去时代替）
另外，历史事实通常应用一般过去时表示。在联系现在情况时，即使另一动词用过去时，也不要把史实用过去完成时表示。
I learned that Columbus（不用had）discovered America．
He said Hitler（不用had）killed millions of Jews．
如果主句中包含了过去完成时，从句中的过去完成时常以一般过去时代替。
I knew he had lost money when he（had）gambled．
He said Jim had been caught because he（had）sold drugs．
761（2）除了表示发生时间在另一动作之前外，还可表示对后来动作的影响。
I had eaten something before I took（后来的动作）dinner．（So I had no appetite at dinner．）
但：I ate something before I took dinner．（Maybe I had my usual appetite at dinner．）
He had learned English before he came（后来的动作）to England．（He already knew English when he arrived in England．）
He felt worse after he had taken the medicine．（Feeling worse is the result of taking the medicine．）
He felt worse after he took the medicine．（Feeling worse may not be the result of taking the medicine．）
762（3）在一个否定的句子中表示另一动作前刚发生的动作，有时可译成“刚刚……就……”或“不等……就……”。
He had not（or scarcely，hardly，barely）touched his revolver when（or before）he got shot．
No sooner had he opened his mouth than I knew what he wanted to say．
763（4）表示过去某时前已经发生并在继续发生的事时，通常有一个表示一段时间的状语，可译为“到……为止”或“自从……就一直（已经）”（可参阅725节）。
By December last year，he had worked for ten years．（Most probably he was still working in December．）
Up to that time all had gone well．
He had lived here since he got married．（He was still here．）
He had learned a lot since he became a student．（He was still learning．）
764（5）还可表示一个未实现的愿望，特别是在动词表示“打算”这类意思时，可译为“本来打算……”。
I had intended to do．（=I intended to have gone．）（I intended to go，but I did not go．）
He had hoped to help you．（=He hoped to have helped you=He had hoped to have helped you=His hope was to have helped you．）（But he did not help you．）
He had expected to meet you at the restaurant．
I had meant to invite him to dinner．
He had been inclined to be an artist．
I should like to have seen it．（现在的愿望）
I should have liked to have seen（or to see）it．（过去的愿望）
You had better have stayed here．（未被接受的劝告）
765（6）用来代替一般过去时，表示惊奇（参阅747节）。
I saw her from afar．In a minute，however，she had disappeared．
When he said this，his enemy had come up to him．
It was kept secret，but two days afterwards everyone had talked about it．
He had scarcely raised his hand when his antagonist had lain him on the ground．
766（7）在said，reported后的间接引语中代替一般过去时及现在完成时。
He said “I have asked the Mayor．”（=He said that he had asked the Mayor．）
He exclaimed，“I saw it．”（=He exclaimed that he had seen it．）
但：I said，“He had been very sad since his wife died．”=I said that he had been very sad since his wife died（不要说had died）.
I was told he had lost confidence in everything since he became（而不是had become）bankrupt．
I was told he talked as if he knew（or had known）every thing．
767（8）用来对一个没听清楚的过去情况提问（参阅742节）。
A：They sold six hundred pieces．
B：（Talks about something else，and then asks）How many pieces had they sold?（=How many pieces did you say they had sold?）
A：I kept it in a small box．
B：（After some time）Where had you kept it?
768（9）用在状语从句中表示从过去时间看将来某时前已经发生的事（来代替过去将来完成时）。
He said（in the morning）he would return（in the evening）when he had spoken to Mary（in the afternoon）．（代替would have spoken）
We would study abroad if our father had earned some money by then．（代替would have earned．）
h．过去完成进行时
769 形式。
I（or You，He，John，They，Those men）had been studying．
过去完成进行时的用法。
770 过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近，它通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作。
He had been waiting for two weeks．He was still waiting．（有一个表示一段时间的状语）
Up to that time he had been translating those books．（He was still translating at “that time”．）
He had been writing the letter till two o'clock．
He was now thirty years old．He had been gambling since he was ten．（He was still gambling at thirty．）
He had been standing there in the sun．（没有时间状语）
He had been thinking about his marriage．
不过这个时态并不一定表示这个过去动作将持续下去。
He came back at seven．He had been waiting for her two hours．（At seven he did not wait any more．）
He stopped swimming．He had been swimming for the last three hours．
771 这个时态和现在完成进行时一样，也可以有一些特别的含义（可参阅734节）。
(1)尚未完成。
He had been writing the novel．（He had not finished it yet．）
(2)企图。
He had been studying the meaning of this proverb．（He was trying to study it.）
(3)未得结果。
We had been studying what our enemy had said．（But we were not able to understand it．）
(4)最近情况。
He had been quarrelling with his wife．（lately）
(5)反复动作。
He had been asking me the same question．（Many times）
(6)情绪。
What had he been doing?（不耐烦）
这个时态很少用在否定句中，而多以过去完成时代替。
He had not practised English for many years．（普通说法）
He had not been practising English for many years．（少见）
这个时态还可用在said，supposed等引起的间接引语中，代替现在完成进行时。
He said，“I have been speaking to John．”（=He said that he had been speaking to John．）
He thought，“She was watching me when I passed．”（=He thought that she had been watching him when he had passed．）
i．一般将来时
772 形式。
I（or You，He，John，It，They，Those men）will go．
I（or You，He，John，It，They，Those men）shall go．
773 一般将来时用来表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。在美国，单纯表示将来时，所有人称后都用will，只是在客气的问句中用shall，征求对方的意见，如：Shall I（we）wait here?在英国，shall，will的用法比较复杂。即使在美国，在比较正式的文体中，这些复杂的用法也仍然存在。在这些细微用法中，一般说来，shall和will是否表示愿望，要看它们在第几人称之后，在陈述句还是疑问句中，在直接引语还是间接引语中。简言之，shall和will可以表示意愿、愿望，也可以单纯表示将来时间。这些差别从下面各对句子中可以看出：
I shall die when I am old．（自然规律，不是任何人的愿望）
I will die（=I am willing to die），I hate to live．（说话人自己的愿望）
We shall lose the war，because they are stronger．（不表示任何人的愿望）
We will fight（=We wish to fight）to the last man．（主语we的愿望）
You will die when you are old．（不表示任何人的愿望）
You shall die（=I wish you to die）because you violate the law．（说话人的愿望，而不是主语you的愿望）
They will be defeated because they are cowards．（不表示任何人的愿望）
They shall stop（=I want them to stop）doing any mischief．（说话人的愿望，而不是they的愿望）
Will he come tomorrow?（不表示愿望）
Shall he come（=Do you want him to come）tomorrow?（第二人称you的愿望）
Shall I live long?（不表示愿望）
Shall I help（=Do you want me to help）you?（第二人称you的愿望）
He says，“I shall come．”（=He says that he will come．）
774 一般将来时的用法。
(1)在陈述句中表示单纯的未来动作。
形式。
(a)I（or We）shall（or will）succeed．
(b)You will succeed．
(c)He（or She，John，They，Those men）will succeed．
It（or This car）will do．
例句。
(a)I shall be able to help you．（能力）
I shall be qualified to teach．
I shall be obliged to wait a few months．（义务）
I shall have to tell her the bad news．
I shall feel very sorry．（感情）
I shall never regret．
I shall see and hear many strange things．（客观上要发生的事）（但：I will look and listen.主观愿望）
I shall never succeed，but shall suffer and die．
I shall be robbed and killed．（不幸的遭遇）
I shall be sick．
We shall have a good chance．（机会）
I hope I shall see her．（口语中也可说I shall hope to see her．）
I shall live until 80．（命运）
I shall live single all my life．
We shall lose everything if we are careless．（后果）
In these circumstances we shall be friendless．
We shall probably go tomorrow．（不肯定）
We shall perhaps meet some acquaintances．
We shall be rewarded．（被动语态）
We shall be waited on by pretty girls．
We shall buy a new car．（不包含人的愿望的情况）
We shall do some business．
按照美国用法及非正式的英国用法，上面例句中所有的shall通常都以will代替。
在主语为第二人称或第三人称时，都用will来表示同样的东西，如能力，义务等。下面例句足以说明这一用法。
(b)You will be able to understand what I say．
You will be arrested．
You will succeed．
You and I will have a good chance．
(c)He will have a good opportunity．
He will be reproached．
She will follow a fool if she marries a fool．
The wind will blow westward．
A disaster will fall on our heads.
775（2）用于陈述句，表示说话人的愿望。
形式。
(d)I（or We）will pay the cost．
I（or We）shall pay the cost．
(e)You shall pay the cost．
You will pay the cost．
(f)He（or She，John，They，Those men）shall pay the cost．
He（or She，John，They，Those men）will pay the cost．
例句。
(d)I will（=wish to）（强调）marry her．（说话人I的愿望）
I will（=I am willing to）be a nice boy in future，but not now．
I will（=want to）have your answer．
I will answer for it with my life．
I promise I will pay you．
I won't take this dirty money．
I will be obeyed．
We will（=Let us）go there no more．
We will take a rest．
I shall（=I certainly will）defend myself if he should attack me．（表示决心）
I shall not do any such thing．
I shall spank you if you are impolite．
(e)You shall marry（=I want you to marry）him．（命令）（正式的英国英语）
You shall be（=I wish you to be）happy．（许诺）
You shall not smoke（=I forbid you to smoke）．（禁止）
You shall never do such a silly thing again．Do you understand?
If you do not obey me，you shall leave the house．（威胁）
You shall be punished．（=I wish you to be punished，or I wish to punish you．）（被动语态）
You shall be rewarded．（=I will reward you，or will have you rewarded．）
You will hand（=are requested to hand）in your identity card．（这里出于礼貌用will代替shall，使命令口气得到缓和）
You will take good care of these things．
You will investigate this case．
You will kindly（or perhaps，I know，I am sure）wait here till three o'clock in the afternoon．（用kindly等词使命令的口气进一步缓和）
Every member will come（=He is requested to come）this evening．
Evening dress will be worn．
All employees will attend the meeting．
All visitors will show their identity cards．
You will（=shall）do nothing of the sort．（偶尔也可用will代替shall，表示盛气凌人的态度）
You will marry John，and the wedding will take place next week．（在日常会话中，上面句子中的shall，will多以must代替）
(f)She shall marry（=I want her to marry）him．（正式文体）
The criminal shall die．
My child shall trouble you no more．
This student shall be rewarded．
The task shall be finished by Sunday．
It shall rain（or thunder）.（上帝的旨意或威胁）
It shall not be said（=I will not say，or I will not allow it to be said）that I am unwilling to help any friends．
776（3）在问句中表示单纯的未来动作。这种不涉及愿望的将来时也像774节（a）中句子里的将来时一样，可表示能力、义务等。
形式。
(g)Shall you succeed?
