I wish I were（or was）a bird．
I wish I had wings．
I wish
I would to God
I would to Heaven
I would（rather）
Would（to）God
Would that
O would
O that
God grant
God send
I were young again．
we could pass a peaceful year．
we became free men again.
all of us had enough to eat．
（以上指现在或将来情况）
I had not been born.
she had forgotten me.
I had not met her.
（以上指过去情况）
下面的简单句可以看作是一个名词从句，主句I wish省略（这时谓语多用虚拟现在时）：
God bless you!
Long live the Queen!
Heaven forbid!
Heaven preserve us!
All happiness attend you and yours!
God confound him!
God damn it!
（The）Devil take you!
Perdition（or Plague）take him!
You be damned!
Manners be hanged!
Cursed be all he says about love!
有时连句子主语也省略掉：
Curse you!
Bless you!
Confound you!
881（2）在suggest，desire，order这类动词后的that引起的从句中使用，从句谓语多由should构成，在美国多用虚拟现在时。
主句中主语和从句中主语不是同一人或物。
I（person）propose（or move，suggest，advise，ask，beg，request，require，desire，insist，demand，order）that something should be done．（虚拟语气should be可以用is，am，are，is to be，shall be，will be，must be或may be等陈述语气代替。在这种形式中，should，must表示最强的愿望，may，will表示最弱的愿望）
He proposed the meeting be postponed．（这种虚拟现在时在美国使用较多）
I insisted that the party be given on September．
They request that this（should）be done as soon as possible．
Do you advise that the patient eat（not eats）only liquid?
I proposed（or moved，suggested，insisted...）that something be（or should be）done．（must be，shall be，might be，was to be）
在一些其他的that从句中谓语也须用虚拟语气。
My proposal is that we（should）stop this war．（补语从句）
Their desire was that a vote be taken．
The sentence is that the murderer be hanged．
It is requested that all of you stop any form，any kind of demonstration．（是谁的请求没有说出，that引起的是主语从句）
It has been ordered that the troops reach the mountain by 6 p．m．
He will issue the regulation that the library be open even on Sunday．（同位语从句）
He gave the order that nobody stand（not stands or stood）near the examination room．
It is my desire that all the members of the family should gather once a year．（主语从句）
It was the command of the general that we all should defend the village.
He was anxious that his son should see him after ten years of separation．（宾语从句）
She was careful that nobody should know about her marriage．
The emergency required it that we all should stay at home．（宾语从句）
882（3）在下面这类句子的that从句中也可以用虚拟语气，这时主句主语和从句主语不是同一个人。
I will take care that your son（should）be well-fed．
He will arrange（or undertake）that everything（should）be convenient to us．
I will satisfy myself that the wedding（should）take place tomorrow．
I will see（to it）（or make sure）that no burglary（should）happen here again．
Mind that no mistake（should）be made．
但在这类句子中，that从句的谓语也可用陈述语气。
I will take care that your baby is（or shall be，may be）well-fed．（现在情况）
I would take care that your baby was（or should be，might be）well-fed．（过去情况）
883（4）（a）虚拟语气的should有时表达一种情绪，特别是惊讶情绪，可译为“居然”“竟然”。句子的安排大约如下：主句（包括表示情绪的字词）＋由that引起的从句（包含should以及表示激起这种情绪的动词）。
It was annoying（or irritable，upsetting，embarrassing，disconcerting）that my son should break her glasses．
It was disappointing（or discouraging）that half of his students should fail in the exam．
It is rather perplexing（or bewildering）that she should say yes and no at the same time．
It is despicable（or contemptible）that they should turn traitors．
It is alarming（or frightening，dreadful，shocking）that you should mingle with these dangerous people．
It was sad（or tragic，lamentable，deplorable）that the four sons of this widow should all die on the battlefield．
He is very amazed（or astonished）that there should really be castles in the sky．
I am sorry（or upset，embarrassed，ashamed）my child should be so rude．
He is very glad（or happy，pleased）that all his students should pass the exam．
He regrets（or deplores）that he should have told lies to his good friend．
She grumbled that everyone should ask about her past．
I wonder（or marvel）that she should love a man twenty years older than she．
在以上所有的例句中，虚拟语气也都可以用陈述语气代替，这时就不靠虚拟语气来表示情绪，谓语只表示一个事实，如最后两句中should ask和should love都可分别改为asked和loves。
(b)另外，在下面这类句子中，that从句中的谓语可用虚拟现在时，这时主句可表示说话人对that从句中动作的看法。
It is only appropriate（or fitting，right，good，proper）that he apologize（不加-s）to her．
It is always advisable（or desirable，preferable）that you be too polite rather than less．
It is compulsory（or imperative，necessary，obligatory）that a young man enlist for service．
He thinks（or regards）it of great importance that a person be honest．（反映主语的看法）
但在这类句子中，如主句的补语为true，sure等词，从句中谓语应用陈述语气。
It is true（or certain，evident，apparent，natural，no wonder）that this war won't last long．
It is probable（or likely，possible）that she has got tired of me．
I am sure（or certain，confident，aware）that the situation is getting better and better．
It is not true that the war has settled any problem．
884（5）在It is time后需要使用虚拟语气（可有下面3种形式）。
It is time something be done．（用虚拟现在时）
It is time he go．
It is time something was（or were）done．（用虚拟过去时）
It is about（or really，quite）time we returned home．
It is time we did something more serious．
It is time we went to bed．
It is high time we should end the war．（用should引起的短语）
It is really time you should make up your mind to marry．
885（6）以whether引起的从句中，谓语间或也可用虚拟语气。
I doubt whether the rumour be true．
I can't tell whether she love me．
I wanted to know if（=whether）it were so easy．
He asked me whether she were pretty．
但在这种情况下，用陈述语气时更多一些。
I doubt whether the rumour is true．
I wanted to know if it was so easy．
C．祈使语气
886 在4种语气中，祈使语气最为简单，它表示要求、命令或建议等。主语you通常都省略掉，动词都用一般现在时的形式（不加-s）。
887 Lend me a helping hand．
Wait for me．
Come here．
Do it at once．
Just go and see．
Try again．
Look before you jump．
Wait and see．
Shut up．
888 用be代替is，am，are等形式，它是主要动词，不是助动词，后面可跟形容词、名词、过去分词、副词或介词短语。
Be honest．
Be careful．
Be gone．
Be strong．
Be a good boy．
Be a man of courage．
Be here by noon．
Be away from danger．
Be on time．
Be at peace with each other．
有时可用被动结构。
Be guided by reason．
Be persuaded by your friend．
889 前面可以加do来加强语气，表示恳求等。
Do lend me a hand．
Do wait for me．Do，please，wait for me．
Do be honest．（这里be不是助动词）
Do be on time．
890 否定祈使句一般用don't开始，也可用never，这时更强调一些。
Don't wait for me．
Don't try again．Do please don't try again．
Don't be careless．
Don't be a coward．
Don't be at odds with each other．
Don't be deceived．
Don't be talking．（间或可用进行时）
Don't be waiting．
Never wait for me．
Never be a coward．
891 You有时也可说出。
Mark you! Look you! Mind you!（某些动词后可跟you）
John，you（not anyone else）take this to the yard or kitchen．
Mary，you throw that bottle away．（说明对谁讲话）
You wait here，and I'll be back soon．（比较温和的命令）
You wait and see!（有时可使语言生动）
Just you let it alone．
Never you mind!
You do that（=Go right ahead）.
You bet（=you may be certain）.
You are going to bed．（Go to bed at once）（现在进行时可表示立即要做的事）
You are not doing it yet．
Now you're getting off．
Do you wait for me．（恳求）
Do you buy me a pack of cigarettes．
Don't you believe it!（强烈禁止）
Don't you ever touch me．
Don't you forget this day！
You don't move!
Never do you say that again!
Come here，you!（you放在句末，表示一种傲气）
Mind your own business，you!
892 Let可引起祈使句，表示“让某人做某事”，在让you以外的人做某事时用let。
Let her mother come and see．（=I suggest that her mother should come and see．）
Let men farm，and women weave．
Let us（包括讲话双方）go to the pictures．
Let us have a rest，shall we?
Let us not go，O．K．?
Let me talk with the manager．（建议）
Let me die and you be happy．
Let you and I go to the pictures．（口语）
Let's go to the pictures，we two．
Let us don't be deceived（不规范说法）.（=Let us not be deceived.）
也可用表示“物”的名词作let的宾语。
Let this ceiling bear witness to my faithfulness．
Let peace prevail．
Let nature take its own course．
Let bygones be bygones．
Let everything be finished by May 1．（跟被动结构）
893 可用一个不定代词作呼语。
Everybody keep（not keeps）silent．
Look here everybody．
Someone go（not goes）for a doctor．
Some of you wait here．
Don't everyone make any noise．
Anybody don't stand here．
Don't make any noise，any one of you．
Nobody more．
894 这类句子除表示请求、命令、建议之外还可表示许多其他东西。
Sleep well（=Good night）.（祝愿）
Take care.Give my love（or Remember me）to your mother．
Have a good day（or a nice weekend）.
Suppose（=If）he had known it，what would happen?
Say（=If）it were true，we should lose many friends．But the news is false．
You can buy it for，say，a thousand dollars．
Fancy meeting you here!（惊讶）
Imagine playing football at midnight! Crazy!
Just think of it! How funny!
Hang me if I know her．（=I never know her．）（强调否定）
Damn me if I do not like snake-meat．（=I do like it．）（强调肯定）
See if I don't go．（=I shall certainly go．）
Catch me smoking．（=I never smoke．）
Catch me at it．
Work hard，and you will be rewarded．（=If you work hard，you will be rewarded．）
Make much，much money，and beautiful girls will be after you.
Do evil and you will be punished for it．
Work hard，or（=if you do not work hard，）you will lose your job．
Make much money，or（=if you don't，）beautiful girls will keep away from you．
Come what will（or may）（=whatever may come），I am not afraid．（让步从句）
Happen what might，John was ready to fight all of them．
Do it who will（=whoever may do it），he will fail．
Go where you may（=Wherever you may go），I will follow you.
Try as we would（=However we might try），we could not persuade him．
Be it good or bad（=Whether it is good or bad），it is my country．
Be he what he may（=Whatever he may be），he can't injure you.
Be a man ever so rich（=However rich a man may be），he should be humble．
Let them go where they might（=Wherever they might go），I wouldn't care．
Let him take any medicine，he can't recover．
Let him be the richest man under the sun，what would it be to me?
Let him be ever so clever，nobody likes him．
895 下面句子有些并不是祈使句，但它们都表示说话人的请求、命令或忠告。加以比较，可以看出多种不同的含义。
Would you kindly open the window?（最客气的请求，问句形式）
Would you mind opening the window?
May I trouble you to open the window?
Will you please（or kindly）open the window?
Be kind enough to open the window．（客气的请求）
Please open the window．
Kindly open the window．
Open the window，will you?（or won't you? would you?）
Don't shut the door，will you?
Just open the window．（对熟悉的人的请求）
Suppose（or Supposing）you open the window．
You will perhaps open the window．
You will open the window，won't you?（or will you?）
Open the window．（略带命令口吻）
Open the window，do．
Open the door，can't you?（不耐烦）
You can open the door．（命令）
You shall open the door．（命令）
Open the door，you!（傲慢）
You had better open the door．（友好建议）
You should（or ought to）open the door．（建议）
You must open the door．（严肃口吻）
You are to open the door．（=It is your duty to open the door．）
You might open the door．（=I request you to open the door．）
896 下面是一些带有祈使语气动词的陈旧说法。
Far it be from me to（=I would never）speak ill of anyone．
Suffice it to say（=Let it be sufficient to say）that I have done my best．
So be it（=Let it be so）.
Be it known（or understood）（=Let it be known or understood）that this is not the first nor the last attack．
Witness Heaven（=Let Heaven be witness）.
897 下面是一些常用的说法，是表示请求和禁令的不完整的句子。
No Smoking（=Don't smoke）.
No spitting（=Don't spit）.
Hands off（=Keep hands off）.
Danger（=Avoid it）.
Poison（=Be careful about it）.
All aboard（=All passengers go aboard）!
The pepper，please（=Pass me the pepper，please）!
It's on fire! Water（=Bring water）!
898 下面例句中包含了一些含有地点副词的动词短语。
Put（及物动词）your coat on（地点副词）.（这样说比Put on your coat．好。在祈使句中，地点副词应放在宾语后面）
Clean the mess up．（但是：It is always I who must clean up the mess．）
Take the cat away．
Off（地点副词）you go（不及物动词）.（比You go off．语气更强）
Down you come．
Up you jump．
Back you turn．
D．助动词
1．概说
a．助动词的某些特点
899 英语中有12个助动词（Auxiliary Verbs）。它们是do（did），shall（should），will（would），may（might），can（could），must（had to），need，dare（dared），ought to，used to（use to），have（has，had），be（is，am，are，was，were，being，been）。它们有些共同的特点。
900 主要动词有时可以独立使用，不需要加助动词，如：He knows it．He saw Mary．而助动词却必须和一个主要动词一起使用，如：He must come．He can go．You may try it．有时和它一起使用的主要动词可以省略，如：John cannot cook，but Mary can（cook）.Do you see it? No，I don't（see it）.一个句子或分句的谓语必须包含一个主要动词，也只能包含一个这样的动词，而助动词却可以多达3个。
不含助动词 He came．
They all understand it．
包含1个助动词 He will go．
John must see the doctor．
包含2个助动词 He will be leaving．
I have been waiting．
包含3个助动词 It may be being examined．
They will have been defeated by next year．
901 有6个助词can，may，must，ought to，need（not）和dare（not）可与12种时态结合，如can go，may be going，must have gone，could go，ought to go（可参阅690节）。带有这些助动词的时态形式和不带它们的形式，意思上是有差别的。下面例句大致表明了它们间的差别。
12种时态形式 包含这些助动词的相关时态形式
He writes it．（任何时间都可发生的事实） He must（or may，etc．）write it．（在任何时间都可能发生的潜在可能性）
He is writing it．（现在事实） He must（or may，etc．）be writing it．（对现在情况的揣想）
He has written it．（过去情况对现状的影响） He must（or may，etc．）have written it．（对过去情况的揣想）
He has been writing it．（从过去持续到现在的情况） He must（or may，etc．）have been writing it．（对于从过去到现在情况的揣想）
He wrote it．（过去事实） He had to（or might，etc．）write it．（过去的潜在可能性）
He was writing it．（过去事实） He must（or might，etc．）be writing it．（对过去事实的揣想）
He had written it．（过去某时之前的过去情况） He had to（or might，etc．）have written it．（对过去情况的揣想）
He had been writing it．（少见） He had to（or might，etc．）have been writing it．（少见）
He will write it． He will be able to（不能说will can or can will）write it．
He will be allowed to（不能说will may or may will）write it．
He will have to（不能说will must or must will）write it．
He will be bound in duty to（不能说will ought to or ought to will）write it.
He won't have the courage to（不能说will dare not or dare not will）write it．
He won't have to（不能说won't need or needn't will）write it．
He will be writing it．
He will have written it．
He will have been writing it． （这些时态中很少用这6个助动词）
902 其他助动词用法更加有限。Do只能用于一般（现在及过去）时态，如：He doesn't write it．Did he write it? Shall，will和have已经用来构成某些时态，不能再构成其他东西了。Used to只能用于一般过去时，如：He used to write it．
