— I've（or have）[əv] done it．（have在元音后的读法）
The boys have [əv] done it．（have在辅音后的读法）（boys have不可写成boys've）
— My brother's（or has）[z] come.（在名词后可用's形式）
The dish's（or has）[əz] been washed．（has在s，z，ʃ，ʒ之后的读法）
— What had [həd][əd] been stolen？
I'd（or had）[d] seen it．（had在人称代词后的读法）
— Do [də] [d] they know it？
— Does [dəz][dz] your son see it？
— You did [dəd] [dd] see it？
— I'll（or shall）[ʃəl] [ʃl][l] go．
— I'll（or will）[l] go．
Who'll（or will）[l] say no？
My father'll（or will）[l] go．（[l]在辅音后可构成一个音节）（在名词后面，'ll可读作[l]，但在书面语中应以will代替）
— We'd（or should）[ʃd] be happy．
I'd（or should）[ʃd] be happy．
— John'd（or would）[əd] be there．（'d在书面语中应以would代替）
He'd（or would）[d] be there．（would在人称代词后的读法）
— I can [kən][kn]do it．
I can [kəŋ] go．You can [kəŋ] keep it．（can在g，k前的读法）
— He must [məst] [məs] come．
920 Not也有两种读法，强式为[nɔt]，弱式为 [nt]或[n]，“dn't”可读为[nn]。
—He isn't [iznt] [izn] here．
They aren't [ɑːnt] [ɑːn] honest．
—He needn't [ˈniːdnt] [ˈniːdnn] come．
He didn't [ˈdidnt][ˈdidnn] come．
He wouldn't [ˈwudnt][ˈwudnn] come．
以下为特殊例子：
I don't [dəut][dəun] go．
I don't [dəum] meet him（or pay it，buy it）．
（don't在m，p，b前的读法）
I shan't [ʃɑːnt][ʃən] go there．
I won't [wəunt][wəun] go．
I can't [kɑːnt][kɑːn] go．（美国英语中读作[kænt]）
I mustn't [mʌsnt][mʌsn] go．
Ain't [eint]是is not，are not，am not，have not和has not不规范的紧缩形式。在口语中not和助动词中有一个必须取弱式读法。
They aren't [ɑːnt] honest．（= I deny that they are honest．）（not在这里修饰全句）或They're not [nɔt] honest．（=They are dishonest．）（not在这里修饰honest）
He isn't [iznt] a cheat．或He's not [nɔt] a cheat．
但下面读法不好：
They are [ɑː] not [nɔt] honest．（Poor）
He is [iz] not [nɔt] a cheat．（Poor）
2．Do
921 Do是一个特殊的助动词，它和其他助动词不一样，没有特别的意思，只是用来满足语法上的需要，构成疑问句、否定句等。
下面的例句代表了1.b.中讨论过的各种类型。（可参阅904—914节）
(1)John does not know it．
(2)Does John know it?
(3)Did John know it，he would be more careful．
(4)John knows it，doesn't he?
(5)“John knows it．”“Does he?”
(6)He knows it，does John？
(7)If John says he knows how to make bombs，know it he does．
(8)Not in the least does John know what will happen to him．
(9)John does know it．
(10)“Who knows it?” “John does．”
(11)“John knows English．”“So he does German and Spanish．”
(12)Mary loves clothes as John does books．
922 第10类表示的do的用法是非常普通的。
“You do not speak to him．”“But I do（so）．”（do在这里代表谓语，是一个完全的动词，也可以弱调的do so来代替）
“Did John come every day?” “He did（so）．”
“Do you go to the pictures with your wife?”“Sometimes I do（so）．”
如果和另一助动词一起用，要用do so这个形式。
“Can you prepare something for me?” “I will（or must）do so．”
另外，在用于不定式或动名词这种形式或表示“这样做”时，都要用do so这个形式。
“May I ask you to do something for me?” “You have every right to do so.”
“You can borrow money from John．”“I am not interested in doing so．”
Since he has requested（or ordered，advised）me，I must do so（=comply）.
923 在表示做某件好事或坏事时，可用do it这种形式。这时do可以是谓语动词，也可以是非谓语动词。这样用时do是一个完全的动词，而不是助动词。
I can advise him；I can do it（=advise him）easily．
I can persuade him，but I do not want to do it（=to persuade him）.
If to die is good，I will do it（=die）.
He hopes to get the first prize，but can he do it（=get the first prize）?
He is interested in typing，but he can't do it（=type）.
Selling matches is a small business，yet he has to do it（=sell matches）.
The vase is broken．Who did it（=broke the vase）?
How kind it is of you to do it（help me）.
924 需要强调时，可用that或this代替it，甚至可放在句首。
I asked her to keep silent．She said she could do that．
Do I love such a man? No，I never do that．
Love my neighbours．This I will do．
3．Have
925 助动词have，has或had有下面几种用法：
a．表示完成时态。
(1)构成完成时，表示某事业已完成。
I have written a letter．（现在已完成）
He has taken dinner．
I had written a letter．（过去某时前已完成）
The train had started when he arrived．
I shall have got up when you call on me at seven．（将来某时前会已完成）
也可特别地构成非谓语动词的完成形式（参阅903节）。
The qualification for this job is to have studied（不定式）shorthand．
He seems to have quarrelled with her．
He is not yet satisfied with having been promoted（动名词）to the rank of sergeant．
The men having eaten（分词）the poisonous fish are all dead．
(2)构成完成进行时，表示以前某时一直持续的动作。
I have been writing a letter for an hour．（直到现在）
I have been waiting for you．
I had been writing a letter．（直到过去那时）
He had been practising music till midnight．
I shall have been writing a letter three hours．（到将来某时）
I shall have been learning English for ten years by 1997．
(3)构成其他类型谓语，表示对既往某事的推想，或者表示传闻。
I may have said so．（=I perhaps said so．）
Can I have said so?（=Is it possible that I said so?）
He seems to have studied English．（=It seems that he studied English．）
He appeared to have quarrelled with her．（=It seemed that he had quarrelled with her．）
He is said to have died in the war．（=It is said that he died in the war．）
He is thought（or supposed）to have finished the work．
He was said to have died．（=It was said that he had died．）
(4)构成某些谓语，表示未实现的愿望或打算。
I should have met him．（But I did not meet him．）
He could have finished it．
I had intended to go．（But I did not go．）
He had hoped to help you．
也可用在非谓语动词中表示同样情况。
He intended to have come．（But he did not come．）
I was to have seen the pictures．
He hoped to have gone abroad．
926 b．Have to可用来表示“不得不做某事”。
I have to（=must）go．I have to．
I have got to（=must）go．（口语）I got to go．（美国用法）
在英国和美国都可用do来构成否定句和疑问句：
I do not have to（=need not）go．Do I have to go?
在英国也可用下面方式（不带do）构成否定句和疑问句：
I have not to（=need not）go．Have I to go?
I haven't got to（=needn't）go．Have I got to go?（英国口语）
Had to表示过去情况（这时不能用带got的形式）。
He had to work hard when he was young．
Had he to work?（不是Had he got to work?）
Did he have to work?（这样说比Had he to work.好）
He said he did not have to go．（可用在间接引语中）
I shall have to go．（将来必须做的事）
He will have to go．
He said he would have to go．
You have to be careful．（to be＋补语）
It has to be done．（to be＋过去分词）
927 c．可表示“有”，这时是完全的动词，不是助动词。
Have you any apples?（英式）Do you have any apples?（美式）
I haven't any time．（英式）I don't have any time．（美式）
I've got a car．（英国口语）（这种带got的结构不能用于过去时）
I（'ve）got a TV．（have）You got a cat?（美国口语）（have常常省略）
928 d．Have还可构成某些短语，表示“最好（如何）”“意愿（如何）”。
(1)最好（如何）
You had better work hard．（=I advise you to work hard．）
You better（口语中had省略）not make jokes，mister．
He had best retire，hadn't he?
(2)意愿（如何）
He had rather go．（=He prefers to go．）（不是have rather）
I would rather（这样说强调意味更浓）be poor and happy．
I had sooner live a simple life．
929 在表示“有”时，美国人把have当作一般主要动词一样处理，用do帮助构成疑问句和否定句：Do you have any brothers? Does she have pretty eyes? Mary does not have much patience．在英国人们常常不用do，而说：Have you any brothers? Has she pretty eyes? Mary has not much patience．在用于其他意义时，不论是美国人还是英国人都用do来帮助构成疑问句及否定句：Do you have（=eat）fruit for breakfast? We didn't have a good time．
4．Be
a．形式
930 Be有8个不同形式：be（总称或原形），am，is，are，was，were，been，being。它们有些用于不同人称或数，用来构成不同时态。
I am going．He（or John）is going．You（or We，they，My brothers）are going．（现在时）
I was going．He（or John）was going．You（or We，They，My brothers）were going．（过去时）
931 Were用在虚拟语气中时不受主语人称或数的影响。
If I were you，I would not do so．
If she were a boy，she might do something great．
932 Been用在have，has或had后面。
They have been attacked．
He has been waiting．
He had been studying until 1942．
933 Being不受主语人称或数的影响，可以用来：
(1)构成进行时的被动语态。
The case is being studied．
They were being tried．
(2)构成动名词的被动形式。
He is fond of being praised．
Being undisturbed is necessary when we have an accident．
(3)构成分词的被动形式。
Being surrounded by the enemy，our army are starving．
The student being punished is the naughtiest in the class．
934 Be可以：
(1)用来构成祈使句。
Be persuaded by me．Be satisfied．
Love and be loved．
(2)用在另一助动词后（have和be除外）。
He will be going．
You may be tired．
He cannot be mistaken．
(3)用在不定式中。
I want to be an artist．
It is not enough to be careful．
(4)用在that引起的从句中，表示应当做的事。
It is decided that John（should）be rewarded．
He gave the order that the village（should）be defended．
b．用法
935 助动词be有以下用法：
(1)和过去分词一道构成被动语态，可以是现在时、过去时或将来时。
The city is attacked．（现在时）
The city was attacked．（过去时）
The city will be attacked．（将来时）
“be＋过去分词”这种结构可以表示动作，也可表示状态。
The glass was broken by a child．（动作）
The glass was（=had been）broken．（状态）
The child was dressed every day by his mother．（动作）
The child was（=had been）very well dressed．（状态）
936（2）和动词的-ing形式构成进行时态，表示在某时正在进行的动作。
He was studying（at that time）.
He is studying（now）.
He will be studying（at that time）.
937（3）和不定式一道构成谓语，表示安排、打算等。
He is to（=is destined to）die at eighty．
We are to（=are due to）start next Sunday．
We are to（=shall）get married in June．
The sample is not to（=must）be sold．
How am I to（=can I）know?
Little was to（=could）be seen．
What am I to（=shall I）say?
Is he to（=shall he）go，too?
Men are to（=should）live together，but not separately．
It was decided that John was to（=should）marry Lilian．
938（4）和不定式的完成形式一道构成谓语，表示以前打算要做而未做的事（只有was，were能这样用）。
We were to have got married，but we had to postpone it．
Mr．A was to have taught us，if Mr．B had not been appointed．
Mr．A was to have taught us，but Mr．B was appointed．
939（5）和一个不定式用在条件从句中，表示将来的假想情况（只有were能这样用）。
If I were to do it，I should fail．（I know I shall not do it．）
He could do nothing if he were to run the factory．（I know he will not run it．）
940（6）Have been to表示到过某处而现已不在那里。
He has been to Hong Kong．（=He has gone to Hong Kong，but has left it．）
（比较：He has gone to Hong Kong．=He is in Hong Kong now．）
He has been in Japan．（=He has lived in Japan for some time，but now he has left it．）
He has been to attend the meeting．（He is at home now．）（比较：He has gone to attend the meeting．=He is not at home now．）
941（7）用在一些词组（合成谓语）中表示即将做（发生）的事。
I am going to（=intend to）see him．
He is going to（=is sure to）win．
I am about to（=shall very soon）start．
He is on the point of dying（=will die almost this moment）．
He was on the point of dying（=would die almost that moment）.
I was about to start when I was arrested．
942（8）用作系动词，后面跟一个补语（参阅903节）。
Is he busy?
Can John be unhappy?
Are you being angry?
I am not a miser．
They were not robbers?
He has not been in Africa．
943（9）Be有时可代表整个谓语，以避免重复前面的话（这时后面也可以跟so，但不跟语气更强一些）。
“Is he ill?” “He is（so）.”
“John was defeated．”“He was（so）.”
“Mary will be a good nurse．”“She has been（so）.”
“That food tastes bitter．”“It is（so）.”
“She looks pretty．”“She is（so）.”
但在to be和being后必须跟so，来表示“这样”的意思。
My son is proud，but I don't want him to be so．
I should be a clever man，but what must I do to be so?
One should be just，but one will be hated for being so．
He has become an actor，but he is ashamed of being so．
5．Will，Would，Shall，Should
944 前面我们已经讨论过will，would，shall，should在陈述语气及虚拟语气中的一般用法，它们主要表示意图和将来，根据主语的人称和数来决定使用其中的哪一个。现在我们将研究它们的一些特殊用法，它们可以表示许多不同的意思。在这样用时，它们不受主语的人称和数的影响。
a．Will，Would
945（1）Will在重读时表示强烈的愿望和坚持做某事。
I（or You，He）will do it．
Fools will be fools．
I（or You，He）will not do it．（不肯）
You can do anything you will．
Go whither he will，I am none of his followers．
He would go out in spite of the rain．（过去情况）
He would not do it，although they paid him a million．
He would not let me in．
If you will smoke，you will be ill again．（这两个will意思不同，前面的will表示“坚持要……”，后面的will单纯表示将来情况）
If you will（=agree to）sign，we can do it right now．
I will not say he is honest，but I will say he is stupid．
He will go so far as to say（=ventures the statement）that nobody is happy．
He would have me stay．（=He insisted on having me stay．）
He will have no more of your jokes．
He will have it（=insists）that man is the worst animal．
I will not have you here．
I will have everybody happy．
As luck（or good luck，ill luck，fate，good fortune）would have it，he came suddenly that morning and met her．（Luckily［or unluckily］，he came...）
946（2）Will可以表示现在或将来的习惯或倾向，would表示过去的习惯，常和一个频度状语一起用（用于第一人称时较少）。
He will often read all night．（现在习惯）
He will boast of his son whenever he meets friends．
He will sometimes eat supper in this restaurant．
He would read all night．（过去习惯）
I would sometimes see her．（第一人称主语）
Jealousy will（=can）spoil friendship．（倾向，“往往”）
The hall will sit a thousand people．
A lion will attack man．
People will talk．
Truth will out，just as oil will float on water．
Such shoes will last five years．
否定句表示“无法……”。
All your estate won't purchase this diamond．
This door won't open．
947（3）Will可以用来表示一种揣测，说明现在的情况，口气不如用must那样肯定。
He has worked very hard today．He will be（=is probably，may be）sleeping now．
Perhaps it will be snowing in the north now．It is already December．
It will be from John，I suppose．
You will be Mr．Dulles，then．
How old will he be?
The man at the corner will know what time it is．
He will（probably or perhaps）know Dr．Lee．
You will notice（or understand）it．
It would be（=was probably）ten when he arrived．（过去时间）
He would not be very happy．
It would be 1932，the year when you went to Europe．
He will have（=may have）forgotten me．I left him 18 years ago.
I said he would have forgotten me．（间接引语）
He will have heard of the accident．
It is already eleven．He will have gone to bed．
948（4）和do连用，表示“解决问题”。
It will do（=serves the purpose）.（现在情况）
Will this desk do for the present?
Either man will do．
有时可译为“（不）行”。
It won't do to work until late at night．
Will I do?
That would not do．（过去时间）
It would not do to tell her everything．
949（5）Will可用在让步从句中，表示“不管……”，这时动词常放在主语前面（这种结构书面语中用得较多，以no matter...开始的句子要更普通一些）。
Deny it who will（or can，may，likes）（=No matter who may deny it），the situation is serious．
Say who will，nobody believes it．（现在情况）
Come what would，he had decided to go．（过去情况）
Try how（or as）he will，he will fail．（=No matter how he may try，...）（how在这里用作副词）
Go when you will，I can go with you．
Go where you would，I could go with you．（过去时间）
Make money as（or how）you will，it should be spent wisely．
Look which way you would，you saw nothing but poverty．（which way：副词短语）
