Talk with whom I would，I felt shy.（with whom：副词短语）
Run how quickly he will，I can overtake him．
Be it as expensive as it will，I can buy it．（No matter how expensive it may be，…）
Live as long as one will，one can't learn enough．（=No matter how long one may live，…）
Do what you will，you can't defeat him．（what用作宾语）
Choose which road you will，it leads to ruin．（which road作宾语）
Let the matter be what it will，I have made up my mind.（=No matter what the matter may be，etc．）（what用作补语）
950（6）would rather等短语表示“宁愿……”。
I（or He）would（or had）rather（or sooner，just as soon）live all my（or his）life in this village．（现在或将来情况）
b．Shall
951 下面例句说明了shall用于第二人称、第三人称主语后的情况（这些用法过去用得较多）：
(1)上帝的旨意。
Thou shalt（=are ordered to）love thy neighbours．
Thou shalt not commit adultery．
952（2）庄严的预言（今天多以is to，are to代替shall）。
Seek and ye shall（=are destined to）find．
Heaven and earth shall pass away，but not my word．
You shall be the leader of the people．
Nation shall rise against nation，and there shall be famines and pestilences．
953（3）法律用语。
POWs shall not be ill-treated．
Every member shall（=is to）pay the monthly fee．
The criminal shall be punished．
The association shall be called Nice Fellows Club．
954（4）修辞性问句（不用回答的问句）。
Who shall（=can）decide?（=Nobody can decide．）
What else shall a man desire?
Shall an elephant charge a tortoise?
His name will be remembered as long as the world shall endure．
955（5）在高雅文体里用于状语或定语从句中：
Trumpets will be blown，when the king shall enter.
The traveller will be robbed if he shall go over the mountain．（用在状语从句中）
Wait until something shall happen．
Whatever you shall say，I shall follow.
He will be loved who shall love his fellowmen．（用在定语从句中）
Such a man as shall say such a thing，must be a fool．
注：本节例句中的shall一概不能用它的过去形式should代替，如果那样，意思会发生很大的变化。
c．Should
在下面例句中，should一概不能用shall代替。
956（1）表示“应当”。
We should（=ought to）love each other．（现在或任何时间）
One should not tell lies．
You should be more careful．（劝告）
He should read this good book．
He knew he should work hard．（在间接引语或宾语从句中，如果主句动词为过去时，should可以表示过去情况）
I thought I should try．
可用于轻微的批评或表示遗憾（这时可指过去情况）。
You should have seen the exposition．（But you did not．）
He should have told me this．
可用于被动语态，表示“应由……做”。
This should be done by John．
The declaration should be made by our chairman．
957（2）可用来表示揣想和推测。
He should be here by ten．
You should be able to recognize her handwriting．
You should be happy，for this is your wedding day．
958（3）可用在that引起的从句中，表示惊讶、遗憾、放心等情绪。
It is natural（or funny，hard，astonishing）that John should get married again．（现在情况）
It was natural that John should get married again．（指过去情况）
在这种句子中不用should也可以，这时不表示情绪，只单纯谈事实。
It is natural that John gets married again．
Should have可表示过去的动作。
It is a pity that he should have lost all his money．（is表示现在感到遗憾，破财是过去的事）
It was a pity that he should have lost all his money．（was表示过去感到遗憾，破财是该“过去”之前的事）
I am glad that everything should have been ready．
I don't know that John should have left last month．
在why，where等疑问词引起的从句中，should也可以这样用。
It is understandable why he should flatter her mother．
There is no reason why he should fail．
I don't know where he should have gone．
在lest引起的状语从句中，should也可以这样用，表示“唯恐……会”。
I am afraid（or worried，uneasy，anxious）lest he should be ill again．
He is worried lest his mother should die．
在than that引起的从句中should也可以这样用。
Nothing is worse than that we should commit the same mistake．
Any treatment is better than that you should foolishly leave your illness alone．
Should可以用在下面几种类型的句子中：
(a)It＋is＋形容词＋that从句
It is understandable（or expedient，proper）that she should have the right to choose．
It may not be true that he should like gambling．
It is possible（or likely，probable）that all of them should be so silly．
(b)It＋is＋名词＋that从句
It is a pity（or a misfortune）that they all should get sick again．
It is no wonder（or a marvel）that they should be reconciled．
(c)It＋及物动词＋宾语＋that从句
It astonishes me that he should call me “sweetheart”．
It made me angry that she should nag all day．
(d)表示人的主语＋be＋形容词＋that从句
I'm sorry（or perplexed，glad，content）that he should do it．
He is satisfied that you should apologize to him．
(e)表示人的主语＋宾补动词＋it＋宾语补语＋that从句
I consider it a good joke that she should marry a gambler．
They consider it a pity that he should abandon her．
I think it important that she should accept the offer．
(f)表示人的主语＋及物动词＋that从句
I cannot believe（or imagine）that he should be a homosexual．
I regret（or rejoice）that he should marry this woman．
How can you expect that he should do such a thing?
I can't bear that he should ask me so many questions．
959（4）That引起的从句可以变成一个感叹句（前面I'm sorry之类的主句省略掉）。
That things should come to this!
That bread should be so expensive!
That lives should be so cheap!
That a mail should be so silly!
O（that）they should be so cruel !
O（that）men should kill each other!
Alas! That John should die so young !
960（5）Should还可用在表示情绪的问句中（这类问句常不需要回答）。
Why should I fear?（=There is no reason why l should fear．）
Why should you insult me?（=You should not insult me．）
Why should you suppose so?
How should you settle this problem?（=You can't settle it．）
What should he do next?（What he does next is too obvious to mention．）
Who should come but his wife?（=The comer can never be any other one than his wife．）
Whom should I see but a ghost?
What should she do but give a cry?
Where the devil should he learn the trick?
Should we let her cry?（We should not.）
You would not be so silly，should you?
“What is the matter?” “What should be the matter? It is trifling．”
“What will he say?” “What should he say?（=What he will say is too obvious to mention．）”
961（6）可用在that引起的从句中，表示规定或要求做的事（在这样用时should可以用shall代替）。
The sentence is that he should be（or shall be，be）hanged．
The rule of the school is that every student should wear（or shall wear，wear）uniform．（在美国英语中常可用不带should的形式，在第三人称单数主语后亦不加-s）
His will was that a million dollars should be（or be）left to his eldest son．（由于是指过去情况，这里的should不能用shall代替）
That从句还可以用在下面几种类型的句子中：
(a)名词＋be＋that从句
The sentence was that he should be hanged．
His will is that a million dollars be left to his eldest son．
(b)It＋is＋名词＋that从句
It is our aim（or desire）that everyone live（不用lives）a happy life．（Another pattern）
It is the rule of the school that every student should wear uniform．
(c)主语＋及物动词＋that从句
He suggested（or insisted）that I should go and fetch Mary after school．
He commanded（or ordered）that we should be always on the alert．
(d)It＋is＋过去分词＋that从句
It is agreed（or decided，settled，arranged）that we should work harder．
It was suggested（or demanded，desired）that we should keep quiet．
(e)主语＋be＋形容词＋that从句
He is anxious（or willing，careful，desirous）that something should be done．
(f)用that从句作同位语的句子
He gave the order that all the troops should be ready to fight．
He made the demand that the salary should be increased．
Should偶尔可用在定语从句中。
He decided to send her to a place where her mind should be pacified．
I wish to write a book that should teach people how to cook．
注：如果主句主语和从句主语相同，可以用would代替should。
John determined that he would try．
I swore that I would revenge myself．
They agreed that they would co-operate．
She promised that she would marry him．
962（7）可用于表目的的状语从句中，表示“以防”或“使不致……”。
He works hard lest he（should）fail．（=He works hard so that he may not fail．）
I took my umbrella in case（or for fear that）it（should）rain．（过去情况）
I punished him lest he（should）play the trick again．（=I punished him so that he might not play the trick again．）
963（8）可用于表结果的状语从句中，表示“……竟会……”（前面是一个问句，用should时表示强烈的情绪）。
What have I done that you should be so angry?
Who is he that he should have insulted you so?
How much work have you done that you should be so hungry?
Who did you trust that you should have lost all your money?
Where is your manners that you should say so?
Have you nothing to do that you should sit there idle?
Am I a beast that you should expect me to eat grass?
有时前面部分是一个感叹句。
What a beast he is，that he should have treated her so!
How foolish I am，that I should believe in him !
6．May，Might
964 May或might可用来表示“允许做某事”“可能……”“有理由……”等。
965 a．表示“允许”，常可译为“可以”。
May I（=Am I permitted to）smoke?
Yes，you may．No，you may not（=are not allowed to）.
No，you must not（=are forbidden to）.
You may not borrow more than one book．
We may（or can）（=have a right to）gamble in this area．
I may come in，mayn't I?（=I suppose I may．）
Might I have a look?（这种说法不太普遍，用may更自然些）
Might可用在间接引语或名词从句中（这时主要动词为过去时）。
He said he might leave earlier．（=He said，“I may leave earlier．”）
He thought he might say anything he liked．
下面动词短语不仅表示“得到允许”，而且实际上这样做了：
I was allowed to（or was permitted to，had her leave to）smoke．
966 b．表示“可能性”，也常可译作“可以”，有时译作“（可）能”。
Something may be said about this subject．（=It is possible to say something about this subject．）（在口语中也可用can代替may）
Gather roses while you may．
You may go there by train，but you cannot（不可说may not）go by air．
You may induce children，but you cannot force them．
I felt sure that you might induce...couldn't force....
You may live a hundred years，but cannot live two hundred．
It is a trap which you may enter but cannot escape．
Such a text-book may be（比can be好）obtained here．（被动语态）
It may be seen everywhere．
Anyone（or One，We，Even fools）may（比can好）see the danger．（泛指的主语）
Anybody may get ill．
Fools may（=can easily）ask questions more than wise men can answer.
His amazement may be imagined．
You may see his intrigue at a glance．
John may finish the job in ten minutes．
Come as soon as may（or can）be．（尽快地来。）
The castle is as gloomy as may be．（古堡十分阴森。）
Do it as best you may．（尽你的力量做好。）
And what else may（or might）you want?（你还能要什么呢?）
And who may you be?
And where may you go?
967 c．表示“有理由……”或“不妨……”。
You may well（=may with reason）get angry．（=you are justified getting angry．）
He is very proud and well he may．
You may as well（=may with good reason）speak to your boss．
I may just as well stay here as wander about．（=I had better stay here rather than wander about．）
You might（虚拟语气，指现在情况）as well kill me as cause me to give up smoking．（要我戒烟还不如……）
You might just as well throw the money into the sea as spend it on such rubbish．
He might（陈述语气，指过去情况）well hate school，because you forced him to study．（现在这样用的已不多见）
Well he might tremble．He had never seen such a big animal．
还可用来提出保证。
You may believe me．
He may rest assured（or secure）.
You may take my word for it．
You may depend upon it．
968 d．用在表示“让步”的状语从句及分句中，可译为“尽管……”。
A man may smile and smile and be a villain．（=A man may be a villain though he smiles and smiles．）（用在分句中）
John may be poor，but he is an upright man．
He may live in Japan many years，but he does not know Japanese．
You may well say that，but I can't believe．
It may be cheap，but cannot be good．
The enemy may be defeated，but cannot be persuaded．
He might be poor，but he is an upright man．（现在情况）
He might well be proud of his enterprise，but he should be more careful．
Though it may be（or is，be）so，we had better wait．（用在状语从句中）
Even though he may make（or makes，make）mistakes，we should excuse him．
Be patient even if your students may be dull．
He should not treat me so，whoever he may be（or is，be）.
He is a rascal，however rich he may be．
I will go whether he may allow me or not．
No matter who may come（or comes，or come），I am prepared for it．
No matter what he may do，I don't care．
No matter how quickly he may run，he cannot escape．
No matter where you may do it，do it carefully．
Come who may（or will），I am prepared for it．
Do what he may，I don't care．
Go where I may，I hear the same story．
He was a rascal，however rich he might be．（过去情况）
No matter who might come，I was prepared for it．
969 e．表示“或许”，有时也可译作“可能”。
It may be（=is perhaps）easy．（指现在情况）
It may be not easy（=difficult）.
He may perhaps（or possibly）be a man of ability．
可用进行时态表示“某动作或许（正）在进行”。
He may be waiting for you．
He may be correcting students' homework．
也可和表示状态的动词一起用。
He may forget my name．（forget这里表示状态）
The dog may belong to that fellow．
The hall may hold a thousand men．
Might可用来代替may，表示现在的情况，语气比may更不肯定。
There might be no human being on this island．
The child might have no parents．
It might be snowing in the north．
Might也可用在间接引语或名词从句中，作为may的过去时。
He said you might be right．（=He said to you，“You may be right”．）
May可表示一种揣测，可译为“可能会……”。
He may meet（=will probably meet，perhaps can meet）her tomorrow．
He may possibly refuse，if I ask him．
You may succeed very soon．
Don't wait too long．He may change his mind．
He may arrive later than next Sunday，but will not（不说may not）arrive earlier．
He may kill you but will never cure you．
I said he might change his mind．
可用于完成时态，表示“可能曾（已）经”。
He may have said so．
He may have finished it now．（=He has probably finished it now．）
He may have returned home this moment．
也可和一个表示过去时间的状语一起用。
He may have finished it last week．（=He probably finished it last week．）
He may have been graduated last year．
I said he might have finished it then．（用在间接引语中）
这种结构有时相当于一个过去完成时。
He may have done it by last Sunday．（=He had probably done it by last Sunday．）
He may have（=had probably）run away when the police arrived．
He may have died before he became rich．
I said he might have done it by Sunday．（用于间接引语）
这种结构也可表示未来某时之前的情况。
He may have run away when the police arrive．
He may have died before he becomes rich．
即使表示现在情况也可用might，只是这时的口气比用may时的显得更不肯定。
He might have finished it now．
同样，might也可用来表示过去情况。
It might have been last September．
He might have left before 1950．
在下面这类句子中，肯定句可以用may，表示否定意思时须用should：
It is possible（or likely，probable）that he may fail．
It is impossible（or unlikely，improbable）that he should fail．
970 f．还可用在简单句开头，表示祝愿或诅咒。
May you have a good time!（=I hope you may have a good time．）
May you be happy!
May Heaven protect you!
May all his family perish!
May you die soon．
重要的词可以提到may前面。
Much good may it do you!
Happy may your birthday be!
