在这些句子中，Mary和John重复过多，若使用代词，句子就好得多：
John was in love with Mary．When she was seriously ill，he waited on her morning，noon and night．He was so anxious about her health．But she recovered quickly．
40 从实用观点来看，代词可以分为5类：
(1)人称代词（Personal Pronouns），如I，me，my，mine；
(2)疑问代词（Interrogative Pronouns），如who，which，what；
(3)指示代词（Demonstrative Pronouns），如this，those，that；
(4)不定代词（Indefinite Pronouns），如some，any，all；
(5)关系代词（Relative Pronouns），如who，which，that。
本章主要讨论人称代词，其他代词将在其他章讨论。例如，疑问代词将和疑问副词、疑问形容词一起讨论，因为它们有许多相似之处。同样，关系代词将和关系副词、关系形容词一起讨论。
二、人称代词
A．人称代词的分类
41 人称代词有3种人称和2个数。I用来代表说话的人，可说是第一人称；you表示谈话的对象，可说是第二人称；he，she，it表示所谈的人或物，为第三人称。I，you（你），he，she，it为单数。we，you（你们），they为复数。
42 每个人称代词，不管是单数还是复数，都有5种形式：
(1)如果是主语，要用主格形式（I，she，it等）。
I saw her．She saw me．It astonished them．
(2)如果是宾语，要用宾格形式（me，her，it等）。
She saw me．I saw her．They looked at it．
(3)如果表示所有，要用所有格形式（my，her，its等）。
This is my house．Mary brought her umbrella．The dog wagged its tail．
在这种代词前可加own来加以强调，表示为某人自己的，而非任何别人的。
This is my own（=my，and not any other's）house．
Mary brought her own umbrella．
(4)如果所有格（物主）代词所修饰的名词刚刚提到过，可以用其绝对形式（mine，hers，its等），以避免重复前面的名词，它的意思等于“物主代词＋前面刚提过的名词”。
That is Mary's house，and this is mine（=my house）．
I left my umbrella at home，but Mary brought hers（=her umbrella）with her．
(5)如果宾语和主语表示同一人或物，可用自身代词的形式（或称反身代词）（myself，herself，itself等）。
I hate myself．She looks at herself in the mirror．
The matter speaks for itself．
这种自身代词也可用来强调前面的名词或代词，这时可称其为强调自身代词。
I myself（=I，and nobody else）will do it．Mary herself made the dress．Confucius himself（=Even Confucius）was not without faults．I have never seen my father himself．
43 下面表格列出了人称代词的3种人称、2个数、4个性及5种形式：
B．人称代词的用法
44 下面各节将讨论人称代词的某些特别用法。
1．主格人称代词
a．泛指一般人。
（1）We（指一般人，也包括讲话的人）do not see our own faults．
（2）You（=one，指一般人）cannot do two things at a time．
You must（or should，ought to）keep quiet in such a place．（可和must等词连用，也指一般人，但欠客气）
You all（or people，folks，fellers，guys，men）（指大家）will be invited．
（3）He who or He that（=Any person who）works hard will succeed．（较文气的用法）
She who or She that marries a fortune marries misery．（较文气的用法）
Those who or Those that（=People who）know foreign languages have a better chance．
注意：这些代词也可指某些特定的人，如Those who attended the party said it was successful．
（4）They（=People，可译为“人们”，不包括讲话的人及听话的人）say，“Time is money．”
They speak French in Switzerland．（在瑞士，人们讲法语。这样说可避免用被动结构French is spoken in Switzerland．）
We were not able to cross the bridge，for they（=some people）were repairing it．
注意：them不能这样泛用。
b．“And（Or）＋代词”结构。
（1）You and I have done our best．（你我已经尽力了。这里our包括了对方）
He and I have done our best．
You and he have done your best．（your中也包含他在内）
（2）You，she，and I（you在前，I放在最后）...
You，Mr．Lee and I...
Either he or I...
Neither you nor he...
We，you，and they（we在前，they在后）...
We，you and Mr．Lee...
Both we and you...
Either we or they...
Neither you nor they...
（3）I and you will be punished．（在指不利的事情时，I可放前面）
He or you are responsible．
（4）He and his wife had a good time．（但需说：Ladies and gentlemen，have a good time!）
2．物主代词（所有格代词）
45 下面句子表明了物主代词的各种不同意思。
a．（1）He looked at his watch（=the watch owned or used by him）．（表示所有关系，即属于他）
也可表示作者、拟定者等。
I read his novel（=the novel he bought or wrote）．
How about your plan（=the plan you made）?
The book has lost its cover（=the cover as a part of it）．
I do not doubt his honesty（=the honesty as one of his qualities）．
（2）I read his statement（what he stated）．（用在一个表示动作的名词前，说明是谁的动作）
He waited for my arrival．（I arrived．）
We must work hard until our death．（We die．）
（3）He hastened to my assistance．（I was assisted．）（用在表示动作的名词前，表示动作的对象）
She wished to see him before his execution．（He was executed．）
The house was on fire just after its completion．（It was completed.）
His destruction（or His murder，His appointment）is something one can expect．（He is destroyed，is murdered，etc．）
（4）The army lost its commander（=the man that commanded it）．（用在以-er和-or结尾的名词前，表示“干某事的人”）
He spoke to his visitor（=the man who visited him），his teacher（=the man who taught him），my electors（=the men who elected me）．
（5）Have you ever seen his portrait（or image，statue，likeness，picture）（=the portrait representing him，or the portrait made by him，etc．）?（用在表示图画、塑像等的名词前，表示“画的是谁”等，也可指“谁的作品”）
（6）Her loss is a pity．（She lost something，or she is lost．）（用在某些表动作的名词前，可有主动、被动两种意义，即“丢失某物”或“被丢失”）
His love is unselfish．（He loves someone，or is loved by someone．）
His training is strict．（He trains others，or is trained．）
His treatment is unjust．（He treats others，or is treated．）
（7）Your interpretation of it is correct．（You interpret it．）（在表示动作的名词后若跟有of引起的短语，则表示主动关系）
His treatment of others is unjust．（He treats others．）
Her love of mice is unusual．（She loves mice．）
（8）Where are your heroes now?（这里your带有鄙视的味道，即“你所谓的”）
I hate your politicians．
For quarrelling，your women are without equal．
（9）He raised his（not the）hands．（用在表示身体部位等的名词前。这种情况译为汉语时，代词常不译出）
She rubbed her（not the）eyes．（她揉了揉眼睛。）
They held their breath．（他们屏住呼吸。）
He talked in his sleep．（他说梦话。）
John found his way to his hotel．（约翰找到了回旅馆的路。）
He took off his hat．（他把帽子摘下。）
The room had its window broken．（房间的窗户破了。）
b．用the代替物主代词的情况。
（1）表示说话人客观的态度。
“The leg must be cut off，” said the doctor．
The father is too busy and the son is fooling around．
（2）表示动物身体的一部分。
The bird spread the（or its）wings．
The（or Their）fur may be brown or white．
（3）当一个名词和一个介词连用时，表示身体的一部分（这时不宜用物主代词）。
He struck me on the shoulder.（不要说my shoulder）
He caught John by the collar.（不要说his collar）
You wounded Mary in the arm．
He led the cow by the horn．
Death stared him in the face．
He looked me straight between the eyes．
He kissed her on the forehead．
偶尔也有例外情况，如：
Don't drag the desk by its legs．
（4）用在某些习用语中。
He is armed to the（不要说his）teeth．
He turned the cold shoulder to（=neglected）me．（Cf．He turned his back on me，a deaf ear to me．）
He talked himself red in the face．
He is down in the mouth（=sad，dejected）．
This advertisement strikes the eye（=is attractive）．
He got it（or caught it）（=received drubbing）in the neck．
I know where the shoe pinches（=where the trouble is）．
We attacked the enemy in the rear（=from the back）．
She gave her baby the breast（=fed him with milk from the teat）．
I have said the last word．
He gave the last finish to the work．
I showed him the door（=required him to leave because he was unwelcome）．
c．物主代词被省略的情况。
在某些词组中，物主代词可用可不用，意思不变。
I felt at（my）ease．
I lost（my）patience．
He took（his）leave．
He is always behind（his）time（=late）．
有时可用可不用，但意思不同。
He kept（=looked after）house．
He kept（=was confined to）the house．
I shall live here for life（=for ever）．
I shall remember him for my life（which he has saved）．
It is worth your while（=financially profitable）．
It is worth while（=beneficial in a general sense）．
d．在下面情况下，物主代词不可省略。
This is a picture of my drawing（=drawn by me）．
I have seen a house of his building（=built by him）．
I will treat you to fish of my own cooking（=cooked by myself）．
e．在和some，most，all等词连用时，根据包括谁来决定用什么代词。
Some（or Most，All，None）of us have done their（when the speaker is not included）best，our（when the speaker is included）best．
Some（or Most，All，None）of you have done their（or your）best．
Each one（or Everyone，Somebody，Nobody）has done his（or his or her，their）best．（最好说All of them，Some of them，None of them have done their best．）
f．My!（=My God!）What do I see?
g．在某些习惯用法中，of me，of him这类结构比物主代词更常用。
She will be the death of me（而不是be my death）（=kill me）．
This business may be the ruin of him（而不是be his ruin）（=ruin him）．
I can't for the life of me（also can't for my life）（=can never）understand a woman．但是：I ran for my life．
I can't for the soul of me（=I can never）do anything．
I hate the sight of her（=to see her）．但是：She lost her sight（=her power of seeing）．
I can see every part of him，every inch of him，the whole of him．
I've never seen the like of it（=anything so strange）．
I've never seen the like of him．
The situation is，on the face（of it）（=as it appears），very peaceful．
Under cover of it（of the plot），he can cheat many people．
At the end of it（of the party），we left for home．
In spite of him we continued our journey．
Instead of her，John came．（She did not come．）但是：John works in her stead（=for her in some position）．
We looked in front of us．
Someone stood at the back of（=behind）him．但是：Someone stood at his back（=supported him）．
The second play of his（如后面有定语从句，这样说比His second play要好一点）that was presented met with success．
3．One's own的用法
46 One's own有许多用法，如：
a．作定语。
Attend to your own（=your，but not any other's）business．
I gave him my own share．
Is this car yours? It is mine．It is my own（car）．
She wants to do it in her own way（or manner，fashion）．
b．和of连用。
He has a car（or a store，a servant）of his own．（比his own car，store，or servant强调意味更浓）
The village has a school of its own．
He spends plenty of money not of his own．
This small book is a world of his own．
c．表示“甚至……”。
He can't write his own name．
His own mother cannot recognize him．He has changed a lot．
He never cares about his own（=even his）sons．
d．用于某些成语。
For my（own）part，I can't say anything．
He did it of his own accord（or of his own free will）（=voluntarily）．
He tried to keep his own counsel（=keep reticent不谈自己的想法）．
4．物主代词的绝对形式
47 物主代词绝对形式的用法可以从下面例句中看出：
a．This is my book；it is mine（=my book）．Those are your books；they are yours（=your books）．Mine is red and yours are blue．
The victory is ours．
b．Mine is a red book．（=My book is a red one．）
Theirs is an old system．（=Their system is an old one．）
Yours is a happy family．
c．I have received yours（=your letter）of June 20．
I hope you and yours（=your family and friends）are all well．
Neither I nor mine can go．
Yours（=Your duty）is to obey．或It is yours to obey．
Yours（=Your right）is to get the money back．或It is yours to get the money back．
He doesn't know the difference between mine and thine（=the laws of property）．
d．Yours truly（or faithfully，devotedly，cordially，ever，affectionately，respectfully）；（Very or Most）truly（or faithfully，etc．）．（用在书信末尾的套语）
e．Your and my book.（=Yours and my book.）（=Your book and mine.）（第三种说法最好）
His and my interest.（=His interest and mine.）（后面的说法较好）
Yours and your uncle's opinion.（=Your opinion and your uncle's.）（后面的说法较好）
She studied at his and my school（=one school）．
She studied at his school and mine（=two schools）．
f．I saw a friend of yours（不能说a your friend或your a friend）．
需要注意的是，物主代词不能和指示代词连着用，而应放到of引起的短语中。
Look at those children of yours（不能说those your children或your those children）.
This heart of mine will love you always．
Have you read any books of mine?
This is no business of yours．What business is it，of yours?
g．I will invite three friends of mine．（I have only three friends，or more than three．）
I will invite three of my friends．（I have more than three friends．）
h．What of yours will you give him? I will give him nothing（or none，all，everything，anything，something）of mine．
i．This is money（物质名词）of mine．These are books（可数名词复数形式）of mine．（of mine比my强调意味更浓一些）
j．The books of mine（若跟有定语从句，这种说法比my books好）which you borrowed are by Dickens．
The house of hers which you rent is too old．
k．This is a picture of her（=她的画像），a picture of hers（=属她所有的图片），her picture（=a picture of her or of hers）．
l．I want to see my friend（对方知道的某个特定的朋友），my friends（特定的一些朋友）．
I want to see a friend of mine（你不知道的某一个朋友），some friends of mine（你不知道的某些朋友）．
m．lady mine=my lady，husband mine=my husband，fair Helen mine=my fair Helen，mine ear=my ear，thine eyes=your eyes，mine host=my host（是一些比较文气的说法）
5．用主格还是用宾格的问题
48 a．在下面这类句子中，在较文气的语言中用主格，在口语中用宾格。
It is he（or him）．The victims are we（or us）．That can't be she（or her）．
It seems to be he（or him）．
He is better than she（or her）．
It was I（or me）who broke the window?
Nobody but（or except）him（古语：he）came．
The thief is thought（or supposed）to be he（or him）．
I was many times taken to be he（or him）．
Happiness is not for such as I（or me）．
They saw the same thing as we（or us）．
Nobody thinks of the murderer being he（or him）．
The murderer being he（or him），the police should arrest him．（但是：He being the murderer，the police should arrest him．）
No one，other than he（or him），saw the accident．
He should take the responsibility rather than I（or me）．
We shall talk it over，we（or us）two．
b．在下面句子中，口语用主格，但宾格使用更普遍。
Between you and me（I），John is not trustworthy．
Let you and me（I）do something．
This is not the place for you or me（I）to work．
c．两种格都可用，但意思不同。
He loves her more than（he loves）me．
He loves her more than I（love her）．
I treat Mary as kindly as（I treat）him．
I treat Mary as kindly as he（treats Mary）．
He spoke to John，but not me（=not to me）．
He spoke to John，but not I（=I did not speak to him）．
He criticizes everybody and even（criticizes）her．
He criticizes everybody and even she（criticizes everybody）．
d．在下面句子中用宾格更好一点。
（1）I thought（or supposed）the winner to be him．（作宾语的补语）
（但：I thought or supposed that the winner was he．）
Let us be them that suffer．
He looks upon me as（being）him．
I remember the man as（being）him whom I met years ago．
He imagined the thief to be me．He imagined me to be the thief．
They thought these Japanese to be us Koreans．（但：These Japanese were thought to be we Koreans．）
（2）Speak to John，him that is your only friend．（同位语）
Do you know Lee，him of the club?
Let's you and me wait here．
Let us go，you and me．
（3）“You stole it．” “Me?”
What could I do? Me，a helpless woman!
“Do you love her?” “Me love her!?”
Dear me! Merry me! Woe is me! Gracious me! Ah me!
（4）It is her that I saw．（通常在作补语时，用什么格取决于句子的主语，但在这里受后面从句的影响，her作及物动词saw的宾语，因而用宾格）
It is him that I have offended．
It was them that I must deal with．
It is him that I spoke to．
e．在口语中，在下面这类句子中两种格可以同时用。
He that loves me，I love him．（通常说法：I love him who loves me．）
He who has the courage，let him do it．（通常说法：Let him do it who has the courage．）
She，who has encouraged me，I will try to help her．
f．其他情况。
People such as he should be happy．（但：People like him should be happy．）
Nobody talks as he does．（但：Nobody talks like him．）
