He is delighted at being permitted to join the club．（用作动名词）
He is proud of being able to read Chinese books．
He can't understand the reasons for one having to be born and to die．
He wishes to be permitted to join the club．（用作不定式）
He hopes to be able to live in Switzerland．
He feels disappointed to have to work for a very low salary．
15．可看作助动词的动词短语
1013 下面斜体动词短语可以看作助动词，括号中“=”后的词是大致相当的说法：
He（or You）had better or had best（=should）do it；had better have（=should have）done it；better do it（口语体）；hadn't better or had better not do it（美国说法）.
It had better be done by someone else．（=It is better done by someone else．）
Hadn't you better do it?
I would sooner（or had sooner）（=would rather）be starved than disgrace myself．
I had（much，infinitely，a great deal）rather have been starved than disgrace myself．
I would as soon die as disgrace myself．
He knows better than to（=would rather not）deceive or cheat her．
He can but（=has to）give it up．
He cannot but（=has to）give it up．
He cannot choose but（=has to）give it up．
He cannot help but（=has to）give it up．
He has to（=must）come today，but he has not to（or does not have to）（=need not）come tomorrow．
He has got to（=must）come today，but has not got to（=need not）come tomorrow．
He is to（=must）come today，but he is not to（=need not）come tomorrow．
He is obliged to（=must）come today．
He is able to（=can）deal with any criminal．
He is qualified to（=can）be a professor．
He is powerless（or helpless）to（=cannot）deal with a battle-axe like his wife．
She is unfit to（=cannot）（口语说法）deal with a bully like her husband．
He ought to（=should）respect his teachers．
He is supposed（or required，expected）to（=should）respect his teachers．
The train is due to（=should）arrive at 10．
He fails to（=should，but does not）keep the appointment．
He is about to（=will）start out．
He is going to（=will）start out．
He is on the point of starting out．
He is bound to（=will surely）win．
He is likely to（=will probably）win．
He is certain（or sure）to（=will certainly）win．
He stands to（=will probably）win．
He is apt（or inclined）to forget．
He is liable to curse.
He was given to talking（=would talk）about himself．
He was accustomed（or used）to talking（=would talk）about himself．
He was in the habit of talking（=used to talk）about himself．
He had the habit of talking（=used to talk）about himself．
He is allowed（or permitted）to（=may）do anything he likes．
He is free（or welcome）to use my library．
He seemed（or appeared）to know it．
He chanced（or happened）to see the event．
三、非谓语动词
A．概说
1．非谓语动词的类型
1014 非谓语动词是同时具有两种作用的词，它们共分3类。
a．动名词（以-ing结尾）：同时起动词和名词的作用，如loving，doing，coming。
b．分词（以-ing，-ed或-en结尾）：同时起动词与形容词或动词与副词的作用，如loving，drinking，eating，loved，eaten。
c．不定式（前面多加to）：可同时起动词和名词，或动词和副词，或动词和形容词的作用，如to go，to play，to know。
分词带-ing词尾的为现在分词，虽和动名词形式相同，但作用完全不同。
2．非谓语动词和谓语动词的差别
1015 非谓语动词和谓语动词有6个方面的差别。
a．谓语动词是句子必不可少的成分，而非谓语动词并不如此。如：He came（谓语动词）.My father is reading（谓语动词）. 两句中都有谓语动词。没有谓语动词，句子则不完整，但句子可以没有非谓语动词。
b．一个完整的句子一般只包含一个谓语动词（有时可包含两个或更多并列的谓语动词），但可以包含一个或更多非谓语动词。如：After waiting（动名词）some time at the bus-stop，a foreigner wearing（分词）a blue shirt went（谓语动词）across the street to buy（不定式）a newspaper．其中有一个谓语动词，却有3个非谓语动词。
c．谓语动词只有一个作用，就是起动词的作用，而非谓语动词却同时起两种作用。在上面例句中，动名词waiting起动词和名词的作用，分词wearing起动词和形容词的作用，不定式to buy起动词和副词的作用。
d．谓语动词必须有一个主语，而非谓语动词却可以没有主语，如：
John（主语）came（谓语）yesterday．
Books（主语）are（谓语动词）our good teacher．
但在下面句子中，非谓语动词却没有自己的主语：
Swimming is a good sport．（动名词swimming没有主语）
It is good to work．（不定式to work没有主语）
但非谓语动词可以有自己意义上的主语（Sense Subject），以区别于语法上的主语（Grammatical Subject）。语法上的主语是谓语动词的主语，也是全句的主语。非谓语动词意义上的主语，通常都放在它前面，如：
I read newspapers，my wife sitting by my side．
John being my best friend，I cannot refuse his request．
分词的意义上的主语是名词的普通格或是一个代词，而动名词的意义上的主语多为名词所有格或物主代词，如：
I am informed of John's getting ill．
I suggested our fighting to the last man．
My wife's speaking ill of my friends made me angry.
不定式的意义上的主语，多由for加名词或代词的宾格表示，如：
We made way for the lady to pass．
It is rather hard for me to make any comment．
e．谓语动词可包含will，can，may，must这类情态动词（助动词），而非谓语动词却不能和它们一起用。不过非谓语动词可以包含这类助动词的替代说法，如：
He owns being about to（代替will）get married．（=He owns that he will get married．）
A man going to（=Who will soon）die is always kind-hearted．
I am aware of a great war being on the point of（代替will）breaking out．
Being able to（代替can）read Japanese（=As he can read Japanese），he explained the meaning of the letter to me．
To be able to make much money is a half success in life，but no more．
Blessed is the man allowed to（=Who may）kiss her hand!
I hear of his being allowed（or permitted）to（代替may）enter our club．
It is my destiny to be obliged to（代替should or must）marry this beast of a man．（=It is my destiny that I should marry...．）
I confess having to（代替must）depend upon my wife for my business plan．
f．谓语动词必须和主语在人称或数上一致，如：
He comes every day．They come every day．
My father is sad.My parents are sad.I am sad．
但非谓语动词不如此，如：
I dislike his（or their）coming every day.My father（or My parents）being sad.I am not in the mood to go to the movies．
3．非谓语动词和谓语动词的相似之处
1016 非谓语动词也是动词，自然在某些方面和谓语动词有相似之处，特别是在下面4个方面：
a．都有两种语态。
She abandoned（谓语，主动）her husband．
He was abandoned（谓语，被动）by her．
I heard of her abandoning（非谓语，主动）her husband．
I heard of him being abandoned（非谓语，被动）by her．
b．都可跟有宾语和补语。
（1）谓语动词不跟或跟有宾语或补语的情况。
He came（不及物动词，没有宾语及补语）.
John visited（及物动词）India（宾语）.
Mary gave（双宾动词）him（间接引语）so much trouble（直接主语）.
She looks（系动词）happy（补语）.
They found（宾补动词）their relative as poor（宾语补语）as a beggar．
(2)非谓语动词不跟或跟有宾语或补语的情况。
He wants to come．
I heard of John visiting India．
I am sorry for Mary to give him so much trouble．
She pretended to look happy while swallowing her tears．
Finding their relative as poor as a beggar，they gave him some money．
c．都可以由副词（1）、副词短语（2）或副词（状语）从句（3）修饰。
He wants “to go” immediately（1）.I know the benefit of “doing” things methodically（1）.
He is fond of “going” for a picnic（2）.He is used to “writing” business letters three or four hours on end（2）.
He does not know the policy of “giving” away something when he wants to get more（3）.
d．都可以表示时间。
非谓语动词和谓语动词都可以表示时间，但非谓语动词所表示的时间通常都受谓语动词的限制。在下面3个句子中，非谓语动词playing可以随谓语动词不同而表示3种不同时间：
He is fond of playing music．
He was fond of playing music．
He will be fond of playing music．
有时谓语动词和非谓语动词表示不同时间，如：
I still remember（谓语动词，指现在情况）meeting（动名词）her five years ago on the mountain．（指过去情况）
I decide（谓语动词，指现在情况）to go（不定式）next week．（指将来情况）
B．动名词
1．动名词的形式
1017 动名词有下面4种形式：
主动式 被动式
现在式 loving being loved
完成式 having loved having been loved
如果是不及物动词，则没有被动形式。
2．动名词何时使用
1018 当一个动词被用作主语、宾语、补语或是同位语，也就是起名词作用时，须用其-ing形式。在下面句子中，learn都是错误形式，必须改为learning。这种既起名词作用又起动词作用的词称为动名词。
Learn（主语）is important to modern life．
I like learn（宾语）English．
What is your opinion about learn（介词宾语）it?
His main business is learn（补语）the method of making pencils．
I know his interest—learn（同位语）the most effective way to kill．
3．动名词的动词特点
1019 a．作为动词，动名词可以表示时间。
在多数情况下，现在式的动名词和同句或同一分句中谓语动词表示的时间是一致的。
Playing football requires a large playground．（一般情况）
I like eating Chinese food．
He is sorry for being idle．
I enjoyed eating the dinner．（过去情况）
His hobby was collecting stamps．
His success will depend upon his working harder and being assisted by friends．（将来情况）
I will avoid being seen by her．
如果动名词是一个表示意图的谓语动词的宾语，动名词表示的时间比谓语动词表示的时间要晚一些。
He insists on trying again．
He intends（or proposes）going abroad．
He advocated（or suggested，advised）our studying science．
There is no hope of seeing the peaceful world again．
I have no doubt of his passing the exam．
完成形式的动名词表示的时间比谓语动词表示的时间要早一些。
I am proud of having sent（=that I have sent）all my girls to college．
He is not sure of having said（=that he has said）anything against you．
I am proud of having sent（=that I sent）all my girls to college before they were nineteen．（表明了过去时间）
He is not sure of having said（=that he said）anything against you yesterday．
I was proud of having sent（=that I had sent）all my girls to college．
He was not sure of having said（=that he had said）anything against you．
This time next year I shall be proud of having sent（=that I have sent）all my girls to college．
在某些情况下，现在形式的动名词起着完成形式的动名词的作用，表示的时间比谓语动词表示的时间早。
He remembers seeing（=remembers having seen）her somewhere．
He regretted making these mistakes．
He repented of fooling around when he was young．
He was punished for stealing something．
1020 b．作为动词，动名词可以有主动、被动两种形式。
She likes seeing（被动）people and being seen（被动）.
Loving and respecting（主动）others means being loved and respected（被动）.
He does not care about offending（主动）others but gets angry at being offended（被动）.
在某些情况下，主动的动名词却有被动的意思，特别是在下面两种情况：
(1)在need，deserve这类动词后作宾语。
This house needs（or wants，requires）repairing（但：to be repaired）.
This article needs correcting（但：to be corrected）.（比较：The relations between these two countries are in need of improving．）
This method deserves recommending（但：to be recommended）.
He deserves hanging for being such a fool．
Will this book repay reading?
This scandal won't bear thinking of（但：to be thought of）.
(2)在for，beyond等介词后作宾语。
The fruit is now ripe for picking（却要用ripe enough to be picked）.
The monument is ready for building．
This is not fit for eating．
His folly is beyond believing（=not to be believed）.
My wife is beyond reasoning．
This mistake is past mending（=not to be mended）.
His words are past believing．
This fool is past saving．
Is such a book worth reading（=worthy to be read）?
This job is not worth doing．
You can use this machine without training．
1021 c．作为动词，动名词也有下面5种情况：
(1)为不及物动词，不跟宾语或补语。
He is fond of swimming．
I dislike smoking．
(2)为及物动词，后面跟宾语。
He is fond of playing ping-pong．
I dislike cheating anyone．
(3)为双宾动词，后面跟间接宾语和直接宾语。
He is fond of teaching others table manners．
I dislike lending others money or anything．
(4)为系动词，后面跟补语。
He is fond of being the chief of others．
I dislike being different from common people．
(5)为宾补动词，后面跟宾语和宾语补语。
He is fond of making us laugh．
I dislike making the house dirty．
1022 d．作为动词，动名词可以由（1）副词、（2）副词短语或（3）状语从句修饰。
(1)We decided on never surrendering．
People in this prosperous city are not used to walking leisurely．
(2)He is afraid of speaking in public．
I cannot stand doing the same thing year after year．
(3)Reading while you are eating is harmful to your health．
It is no use closing the stable door after the horse has been stolen．
1023 e．作为动词，动名词可以有一个意义上的主语。
(1)这种主语可以不出现或由上下文暗示出来。
(a)Seeing is believing．（动名词seeing和believing的意义上的主语为一般人）
Cheating others does not pay．
It is no use crying over spilt milk．
(b)It is no use talking about this matter．（动名词talking的意义上的主语为你我）
Saying such a thing is foolish．（动名词saying的意义上的主语为对方或另一人）
I suggested fighting to the last man．（动名词fighting的意义上的主语为我们的军队）
(c)At the（or this）moment（or time）of writing，the battle is still going on．（writing的意义上的主语为讲话人自己）
(d)John is praised for fighting bravely．（fighting意义上的主语就是句子主语John）（这种用法很普通）
I am fond of studying philosophy．
Mary will consider doing something for you．
We must avoid making another mistake．
(e)They punished William for fighting in the classroom．（fighting的意义上的主语为句子的宾语William）（这种用法也很普通）
Thank you for lending me the raincoat．
(f)Working too hard will injure our health．（working的意义上的主语由our表示出来，指我们）
Your success consists in doing the same thing year after year．
(2)如果意义上的主语从上下文中已可清楚看出，再加上就显得多余，如下面句子中的his，our。
I praised John for（his）working hard．
We are talking about（our）going to college．
（Our）Doing too much may be worse than（our）doing nothing．
A new member has to pay a certain fee before（his）entering the club．
但有时意义上的主语必须说出，以防引起误解。由于句子主语常常被理解为动名词意义上的主语，下面例句中动名词表示的究竟是谁的动作则不清楚，须加上意义上的主语，以防造成误解。
A lot of money suddenly came in without asking for it．（在asking前应加上my或其他名词或代词）
Your son must finish a high school course before sending him to college．（在sending前要加your）
On entering the room，something wonderful presented itself．（在entering前要加his或其他名词或代词）
(3)在动名词必须表明它是谁的动作时，通常要在它前面加一个John's，my mother's，his这类所有格的词，作为它正式意义上的主语。不过有时可用一个普通格的词，如John，my mother，him来代替。一般说来，用所有格形式（P）（Possessive）比较正式，用普通格形式（C）（Common Case）比较口语化，后者强调意味比较浓。使用所有格还是普通格，取决于动名词是作主语、宾语还是补语，也取决于意义上的主语是名词还是代词。
（a）动名词作主语时，P比C更普通一些，不管意义上的主语是名词还是代词。
John's coming home from abroad is a great event．
Children's learning manners is important．
His coming home from abroad is a great event．
Their learning manners is important．
如果动名词短语由it代表，而意义上的主语为名词，C比P更普通。
It is a great event John coming home from abroad．
It is important children learning manners．
如果意义上的主语为代词，则P比C更普通。
It is a great event his coming home from abroad．
It is important their learning manners．
（b）当动名词为及物动词的宾语时，如果意义上的主语为名词，C比较普通。
I encourage children studying science．
I don't like people talking loud．
如果意义上的主语为代词，C和P都很普通。
I encourage their（or them）studying science．
I don't like their（or them）talking loud．
（c）当动名词为介词宾语时，如果意义上的主语为名词，C比较普通。
I dare not go to school without father accompanying me．
I am astonished at John suddenly becoming a nice boy．
如果意义上的主语为代词，P比较普通。
I dare not go to school without his accompanying me．
I am astonished at his suddenly becoming a nice boy．
This is a letter of my writing（=which I write）.（不要用me writing）
He has many pictures of his own drawing（=which he himself draws）.
We live in a house of our own building．
He loves the wife of his own choosing．
（d）动名词作补语时很少带意义上的主语。
My only purpose is Mary's going to college．
His difficulty is your opposing him．
另外，在下面几种情况下C比P更普通：
（e）当意义上的主语是“物”而不是“人”时。
I am informed of the examination being very strict．
He is fond of coffee being served after dinner．
We rejoiced at our troops driving the enemy back across the border．
I am reminded of it being Sunday．
（f）当意义上的主语是一个指示词时。
You will oblige me by all standing here．
This cannot be said without some getting angry．
I am doubtful of this being the best one．
（g）当意义上的主语由一组词表示时。
A dream of all the members of the family living together again has always been in my mind．
Old and young studying in the same classroom is a very charming sight．
