The glory of the marshal counts on many soldiers dying “for their country”．
Have you heard of Smith the electrician being arrested?
There is no need of any one of us speaking to him about this scandal.
4．动名词的名词特点
1024 a．动名词前可加形容词。
作为名词，动名词可以：
(1)有一个形容词修饰。
False thinking is dangerous．
Constant examining of the machine is necessary．
It is fine talking．
People in the habit of rapid reading are many times cleverer than others．
He met with enthusiastic greeting．
I am not used to early rising．
He is a man of wide reading（=wide knowledge from books）.
Careful writing prevents mistakes．
He is a man of good understanding．
A little explaining is enough．
Too much learning might make one eccentric．
You can use this machine without much training．
I can finish this book at one sitting．
He did all the talking．
I like to do some reading．
She is fond of this chatting with neighbours（有介词短语修饰）.
I don't need any translating from on old book．
I shall never forget that kissing on an autumn night．
(2)可以加冠词。
Our civilization is in the making．
You can have it for the asking（or the taking）.
It is worth（the）reading（or keeping）.
I cannot get a hearing（=a chance to defend myself）.
A shaking of hands is a “must” between friends．
That is an unusual undertaking，also an honourable calling（=trade）with Lee．
I heard a clapping of hands（or a sobbing，a crying）（=a series of claps of hands，of sobs，of cries）．（不同于I heard a clap of hands，a sob，a cry．）
A good beginning means a good ending．
在John's treating everyone as his brother is well-known．及He is satisfied with my paying him half the price．中的John's和my也可以说是修饰动名词的，但还是把它们看作名词较好，因为它们表示了动名词意义上的主语。特别是在I am fond of hot tea being served．中，普通格的tea还是看作名词较好，而不要看作动名词的修饰语。这类词都放在1023节中讨论。
另外，一个动名词若已有副词修饰，则不得再用形容词修饰（除去所有格、this和that）。
（A careful）（x）Explaining slowly is necessary to my students．（x前的形容词不应出现）
He has the habit of（rapid）（x）reading silently．
但可以说：
My explaining slowly is necessary to my students．
John's reading silently has been a habit for many years．
This growing rapidly during the rainy season is only natural with most plants．
反之，若已有形容词修饰，动名词就不再用副词修饰。
A careful explaining（slowly）（x）is necessary to a beginner．（x前的副词不应出现）
He has the habit of rapid reading（silently）（x）.
此外，在及物动词的动名词前，只有在书面语中可以加this，that和the修饰。日常英语中，在动名词后应插入一个of。
This keeping（of）the secret will not be long．
I am interested in the studying（of）animal habits．
That killing（of）the prisoners of war is inhuman．
This treating（of）all men as brothers is the essence of all religions．
1025 b．动名词后可以跟介词短语作定语。
(1)作为名词，动名词后可以跟一个由of或by引起的短语，of和by的宾语同时也是动名词意义上的主语。在这种情况下，动名词前通常都加the或另一个指示形容词。
The coming of my uncle（=That my uncle came）to the city was no ordinary affair．
Have you heard of the breaking out of the war?（=Have you heard that the war had broken out．）
This（or That，Any，No）fighting of the natives with foreigners was encouraged．
如果动名词为及物动词，可用by引起的短语表示意义上的主语，而of引起的短语可表示意义上的宾语。
The making of this wine by the natives has been a secret．（=How the natives make this wine has been a secret．）
The squandering of all his money by his son has driven him mad．
of引起的短语如果较by引起的短语长，则应放在by引起的短语后面。
The bringing up by Mrs．Wang of all her children who were still young cost thousands of dollars a month．
如果动名词为不及物动词，它后面of跟的宾语必然是它意义上的主语，而不可能是意义上的宾语。
I watched the rising of the sun．
The coming of Christmas made the desolate town prosperous．
The declining of his career began in 1952．
(2)作为名词，动名词可以由一个以of引起的短语或一个所有格修饰。如果动名词为及物动词，则of的宾语或所有格（名词或代词）可以同时是动名词意义上的宾语。
The making of dress（=Making dress）is a useful art；I know something about dress and its making．（its为代表物的代词，显然是making意义上的宾语）
I know nothing about the printing of books（=printing books）.
Books and their printing and binding are so interesting to me．
He is in charge of the collecting of materials．
如果所有格名词指人，则表示意义上宾语的时候不多，通常都表示意义上的主语。
John's（or His）training（=Training John［or him］）needs very great patience．
它的意义上的宾语更多由一个of引起的短语表示。
The training（or teaching）of John took a long time．
Such（or This，Any，No，...）training of John is effective．
如果有所有格（代词或名词）表示动名词意义上的主语，则后面of的宾语可表示动名词意义上的宾语。
His entertaining of the guests was successful．
The writing of story books is not easy．
如果动名词短语较长，要避免带of的结构，否则会显得很笨拙。
I am interested in writing story books for children from ten to thirteen．（比in the writing of story books...好）
I will call on you after finishing my work by four tomorrow afternoon．（比after the finishing of my work...好）
(3)作为名词，动名词后还可跟其他的短语作定语。
He has a hankering for wealth and fame．
Any deviating from the custom will make him angry．
There is an abrupt falling from the usual standard．
1026 c．动名词可用在各个不同位置。
动名词可以和名词一样，用在各个不同位置。它可以用作主语、宾语、补语、同位语等［可参阅1023节中的（3）］。
Swimming（主语）is good for health．
I like swimming（宾语）.
My favourite sport is swimming（补语）.
I have to give up my only pastime—swimming（同位语）.
1027（1）动名词作主语。
Studying music is interesting to very few people．
Going to the cinema is his only amusement．
Drinking too much is not good for health．
Working too hard will cause illness．
Your（很少用you）drinking so much liquor is dangerous．（=That you drink so much liquor is dangerous．=It is dangerous that you...）
John's（很少用John）suddenly returning from abroad astonished his family．
His brother John（很少用John's）getting married two days ago was a great event in this village．（更普通的说法是The fact that his brother John got married two days ago was a great event．）
Today being rainy prevents us from going out．
It is dangerous your（很少用you）drinking so much liquor．
It astonished his family John（很少用John's）suddenly returning from abroad．
It is no use（or no good）doing evil even toward evil people．
Is it any good getting married? It is not much good．
Having studied biology is an important qualification for the study of agriculture．
Having seen the world sixty years is not enough to make one wise．
There is no persuading him．（It is impossible to persuade him．）
There is no telling what will happen tomorrow．
There can be no denying that he has made many mistakes．
There was no trusting such a rascal．
1028（2）动名词作主语的补语。
My job is teaching in high school．
The best thing is being kind to everybody．
This is asking for trouble．
His trouble is having tried every means and being at his wit's end．
My aim is everybody（'s）having a good time．
My trouble is all my friends（不要说friends'）abandoning me．
1029（3）动名词作及物动词的宾语（约有100个动词能用动名词作宾语）。
We commenced building a bridge．
I cannot help thinking so．
I detested his（or him）interrupting my work．
He will consider my（or me）working together with his brother．
I doubt my friend John（很少用John's）having any chance．（=I doubt whether my friend John has any chance．）
I cannot abide a woman whistling．
He cannot permit his daughter and his son（很少用son's）being insulted．
I dislike my daughter going out with a boy so often．
1030（4）动名词作宾补动词的宾语。
He considers it no good talking so much．（it代表后面的动名词）
I always think it happy having to maintain a large family．
I find it tiresome always trying to make money．
People think it unusual her having three husbands．
1031（5）动名词作介词的宾语。
Before buying books，he came to me for advice．（=Before he bought books，he came to me for advice．）
On arriving in Hong Kong，he called on John．
We talked about studying a foreign language．
He cannot read with his wife sitting beside him．
My success depends on doing my best．
He is a fool in trusting such a loafer．
He has the opportunity of studying medicine．
The aim of doing something great takes years of efforts．
He is afraid of you ruining yourself．
She is ashamed of her husband being a profiteer．
In writing a letter，the ink used should be black.
在下面句子中，动词的-ing形式可以看作动名词，前面的in，by，through等介词省略：
They spent all their lives（in）studying birds．
You have no business（in）asking about my income．
They lost no time（in）buying up the food-stuff．
She lacks experience（in）doing any business．
I have a hard time（in）looking for your address．
He let down his father（by）fooling about．
He amused himself（by）reading novels．
We earn a living（by）selling coffee．
We got lost（through）driving into a forest．
I caught cold（through）walking in the rain．
I am tired（of）doing the same thing every day．
I am ashamed（of）doing this dirty business．
He is never done（with）asking about my sister.
Are you through（with）cursing me?
They take turns（at）looking after their baby．
We must stop（or prevent）him（from）stealing again．
He went out a-hunting（or a-fishing）．（a是一种陈旧的词头）
He set the bell a-ringing，set the clock a-going．
He sent his children a-begging．
He went out hunting（or fishing，swimming）．（现在多用这种形式）
He set the bell ringing，set the clock going．
1032（6）动名词作同位语。
His purpose—earning a million dollars in a year—has been defeated．
He must fulfill his promise—paying off his debts before June 1．
1033（7）动名词偶尔用于所有格。
I read for reading's sake．（动名词这样用时很少）
Children play for playing's sake．
1034（8）动名词和名词并列的情况（动名词可以和名词平行使用，仿佛也是名词）。
His time was formerly spent in music，poetry，painting，and collecting stamps，but is now spent in laundry，cooking，cleaning and caring for children．
Football，swimming，and taking pictures are his favourite pastimes．
Nothing is so pleasant as reading．
There is no harder job than writing books．
He learns English as well as typing．
5．动名词同时用作动词和名词
1035 前面我们讨论了动名词作动词以及作名词的特点。这里我们将研究动名词如何同时起这两种作用。当一个动名词具有它的意义上的主语，又有副词、副词短语或副词从句修饰，同时还有宾语或补语时，它就清楚表现了这两方面的作用。具有这六种成分中任何一种的动名词称为动名词短语（Gerund Phrases）。
I don't like children swimming in this dirty river（动名词短语）．（Swimming为动名词。它一方面作为名词，用作及物动词like的宾语，另一方面又作为动词，有它意义上的主语children和副词短语in this dirty river）
He is sorry for making such mistakes（动名词短语）.（Making为动名词。一方面作为名词，它是介词for的宾语，另一方面作为动词，它是及物动词，有它的宾语mistakes）
John's paying me a visit before he leaves for Cuba（动名词短语）is an honour to me．（Paying为动名词。一方面它作为名词，在句中作谓语动词is的主语，另一方面它作为双宾动词，有间接宾语me和直接宾语a visit，同时有意义上的主语John's和副词从句before he leaves for Cuba）
His dream has always been suddenly becoming a millionaire（动名词短语）.（Becoming为动名词。一方面它作为名词，用作主语的补语，另一方面，它又作为动词，有副词suddenly修饰，同时有自己的补语millionaire）
6．合成词中的动名词
1036 动名词可用来构成合成词。在合成词内，动名词可起动词的作用，有自己的副词（状语）、宾语等，但合成词本身只能用作名词，不能再有副词、宾语等。常见的有下面这几类：
(1)名词（作宾语）＋动名词
You must give up cigar-smoking（=smoking cigars）.
He has learned letter-writing（=writing letters）.
This office is not a place for love-making（=making love）.
Tiger-hunting is very exciting．
I am interested in dress-making（or flower-arranging，proof-reading，rope-walking，fire-eating，disc-throwing）.
(2)名词（作状语）＋动名词
We are ready to greet his home-coming（=coming home）.
Sunday is the day for church-going（going to church）.
Metal-working（=Working in metal）is a very important handicraft in this small city．
这类动名词还有night-watching（=watching at night），night-walking，fellow-feeling，lead-poisoning。
(3)动名词＋副词，或副词＋动名词
The bringing-up of children costs no end of labour．
There is in this country a great speeding-up of industry，but a great stepping-down of morals．
The uprising of the under-developed countries marked the middle of this century．
What is the reason for the falling-off of the production of our factories?
I can see the down-going of his career．
(4)动名词＋名词（这时动名词起着形容词的作用，修饰这个名词）
He left his sleeping-room at 10 a．m．
He came with a walking-stick．
The water remains below its boiling-point．
A dancing-master teaches her．
7．名词化的动名词
1037 有时一个动名词可以完全变成名词，尽管在意思上仍表示动作，它已不能像1035节中所说那样有动词的特点（如有宾语、补语、状语等），只有名词的特点，可作主语、宾语、补语、同位语。这种动名词称为名词化的动名词（Verbal Nouns）。
I am interested in singing．
Hunting is an exciting sport with me．
Some happening prevented him from going abroad．
I am learning swimming．
许多名词化的动名词表示一种技能或活动。
shooting，fishing，cycling，outing，jumping，acting，drawing，singing，editing，meeting，gathering，wedding，sitting，hearing，christening
偶尔也可以有复数形式。
War is nothing but killings，burnings，and pillagings．
Do you know anything about his doings and dealings in Paris?
Good beginnings mean good endings．
I could hear their gaspings and moanings．
The findings will soon be published．
Every man has some failings（or shortcomings）.
I heard several clappings（or sobbings，cryings）.
名词化动名词不能像动词那样有自己的副词、副词短语、宾语等，但可以作为名词，有自己的形容词或形容词短语（定语）（1024节中所给动名词都是名词化动名词）。
Public speaking is an art．
He cannot stand this endless questioning．
This case requires steady investigating．
This lavish spending will soon ruin him．
The examining of this case of murder gave no result．
Any speaking before the public must have the approval of the government．
8．以-ing结尾的名词
1038 动名词有时可以完全失去动词的作用，而成为一个纯粹的名词，它不再表示动作，而表示一样具体的东西。在这种情况下，动名词已由抽象名词变成具体名词，因此不能再称作动名词。
Engraving，drawing，sewing，writing（s），clipping（s），cutting（s），holding（s），earnings，takings，sawings，winnings，parings，scrapings，shavings，sweepings（=What is engraved，drawn，sewn，...）
Covering，locking，binding，dripping，blacking，hangings，surroundings，outgoings，incomings（=A thing or things that cover，bind，drip，...）
Flooring，roofing，edging，carpeting，gilding，lining，rigging，bedding（=Material for making floors，roofs，...for gilding，lining，...）（动词＋ing）
Socking，shirting，trousering，quilting，bagging，scaffolding，piping，tubing（=Material for making socks，shirts，...）（名词＋ing）
Give the leavings（残菜剩饭）to the beggar．
He spent his earnings（挣的钱）on the education of his children．
He sent me newspaper-clippings（剪报）from time to time．
The place where the carpenter worked is full of shavings（刨花）.
Don't throw the sweepings（垃圾）in the street．
The findings（调查结果）will be published next week．
He does not like dripping（烤肉流出的油脂）.
I use blacking（=鞋油）once a week．
His wall looks pretty with some hangings（壁毯）.
9．表示动作的名词
1039 一些表示动作的名词可起相当于动名词的作用。
We think establishment（=establishing）of good schools absolutely necessary，especially in this city．
The passage（=passing）of the act will be a matter of course．
His treatment（=treating）of workers is not fair．
Is this trifle worth mention（=mentioning）?
有些表示动作的名词有被动意思。
So simple a matter has escaped consideration（=being considered）.
I am ignorant of his dismissal（=being dismissed）.
She is interested in the collection of stamps（=collecting stamps，stamp-collecting）.
The management of a school（=Managing a school，School managing）is an important subject．
