She has devoted all her life to the arrangement of flowers（=arranging flowers，flower-arranging）.
如果有名词表示动作，在需要名词的地方最好用这种名词而不用动名词。
No improvement（不要用improving）is visible．
What we need is a resolution（不要用resolving）to adopt．
Apply to the police for information（不要用being informed）.
We try to step up production（不要用producing）.
Every word of the clown created laughter（不要用laughing）.
I cannot afford the expense（不要用expending）.
如果找不到合适的表示动作的名词，则可以用动名词。
This park is a place for love-making．
I like cycling．
Swimming is his favourite pastime．
Smoking cigar is harmful to health．
He is fond of fault-finding．
C．分词
1．概说
a．分词的形式
1040 分词有下面几种形式：
及物动词 不及物动词
主动 被动 主动
现在 writing being written arriving
完成 having written having been written having arrived
过去 written arrived
The boy saw the man murdering（主动）the woman．
The police examined the woman murdered（被动）by someone．
The workmen making（主动）this paper must be skilful enough．
I saw such paper being made（被动）by children．
b．分词和动名词的比较
1041 动名词是动词和名词的结合体，而分词则是动词和形容词或动词和副词的结合体。
John likes walking alone．（Walking起名词的作用，用作及物动词likes的宾语，因此是动名词）
I saw John walking alone．（Walking起形容词的作用，修饰名词John，因此是分词）
Walking alone，John met a friend．（Walking在这里是“When he was walking”的意思，用作状语，修饰动词met，因此是分词）
Being invaded is almost the fate of a small country．（Being invaded起名词的作用，用作主语，是动名词）
The country being invaded was a small country．（Being invaded起形容词的作用，修饰名词country，是分词）
Being invaded，all the country rose in arms.（Being invaded在这里是“As she was invaded”的意思，用作状语，修饰动词rose，是分词）
c．分词的动词特点
1042 作为动词，分词和动名词在用法上差不多，只是在意义上的主语的表示方法上不同。可参阅1019—1023节。
(1)分词不仅起形容词和副词的作用，它们也是动词。作为动词，它们可以表示时间。不过它们表示的时间要受同句中谓语动词的制约。
主动现在分词（相当于谓语动词的一般时）表示一个与谓语动词所表示动作同时发生的动作。
Writing to her，he expresses（or expressed，will express）his wish to be a lawyer．
主动完成分词（相当于谓语动词的完成时）表示同句谓语动词所表示动作之前发生的动作。
Having written the letter，he sends（or sent，will send）it by air mail．
被动现在分词（相当于谓语动词的被动进行时）表示在同句谓语所表示的动作发生时正在被进行的动作（分词表示的动作可能比谓语所表示的动作长些）。
I find（or found，will find）the letter being written by John．
（被动）过去分词（相当于被动谓语动词的一般时）表示在谓语动词表示的动作发生的同时或之前发生的被动动作。
I find（or found，will find）the letter written（=written some time ago or being written）by John．
1043（2）作为动词，分词也可以是下面5种动词：
(a)不及物动词
I found Mary playing．
The boy coming here is my son．
(b)及物动词
I found Mary reading newspaper．
The boy climbing a tree is my son．
(c)双宾动词
I found Mary teaching her brother arithmetic．
The boy offering you tea is my son．
(d)系动词
Mary，being lonesome，moved to my house．
The boy knows very little，being only ten years old．
(e)宾补动词
Mary spilled the milk，making her mother angry．
The boy keeping the floor clean，was praised by his parents．
1044（3）作为动词，分词可被（a）副词、（b）副词短语和（c）状语从句所修饰。
(a)There is a man coming here．
Walking along，I met Mary．
Being suddenly attacked，the enemy fell into a panic．
(b)The man talking in a whisper is my uncle．
Waiting hour after hour，I became impatient．
Bitten by mosquitoes，he suffered from malaria．
(c)Who is the fellow dressed as if he were a billionaire?
Considering this matter at night when all was quiet，I began to feel ashamed．
1045（4）作为动词，分词可以有一个名词或代词作它意义上的主语。
The sun having risen，I get up．
Mother being ill，I decide to stay at home．
He getting angry，all his guests left his house．
I read papers，she sewing by my side．
注：凡带有（2）、（3）或（4）中所谈成分的称为分词短语（Participle Phrases），不带这些成分的称为简单分词（Simple Participles）。
d．分词的形容词特点
1046 分词可以起形容词或副词的作用。在起形容词作用时，它可以用作（1）定语、（2）主语补语、（3）宾语补语，或作（4）解释性形容词。也就是说，它可以放在所修饰的名词前面或后面（1），放在系动词后面（2），放在宾补动词后面（3），或放在句子的其他地方（4）。换句话说，它可以四种方式来修饰名词。
(1)She is a contented woman．She is a woman contented with her marriage．
The starving troops had to surrender．The troops starving in the desert have to wait some days．
(2)The woman is contented．
The troops seem starving．
(3)A peaceful life leaves the woman contented．
Destruction of the bridge rendered the troops starving．
(4)The woman arrived home contented．
The troops wandered about starving．
1047 有些分词已完全变为形容词，可以加程度副词，如very，too。很多甚至可以和形容词换用。这类分词可以称作分词形容词（Participial Adjectives）。
She sings in a trembling（=tremulous）voice．
He has a forbidding（=stern）face．
These existing（=existent）circumstances will not last long．
Can our never-ending（=endless）efforts stop the ever-lasting（=perpetual）war among human beings?
That is an unheard-of（=extraordinary）case of robbery．
He is a celebrated（=famous）scholar．
This egg is rotten（=putrid）.
The child seems terror-stricken（=fearful）.
This judge is very unfeeling（=hard-hearted）.
This girl is too trusting（=trustful）.
I find him rather confiding（=unsuspicious）.
She is a very loving（=affectionate）mother．
表示情绪的分词常可用作形容词，过去分词甚至丧失它们的被动意义。Charming单纯表示“迷人”，和attractive差不多。Pleased表示“高兴”，和glad差不多。Exasperated表示“恼怒”，和angry差不多。
This is a very astonishing（=strange，wonderful）story．
He offers a more tempting（=attractive）benefit than anyone．
The battlefield showed us a shocking（=horrible）scene．
He has never had so pleasing（=pleasant）a trip．
He seems so satisfied（=content）with his lot．
He feels rather depressed（=despondent，sad）.
I find John no less discouraged（=low-spirited）than I．
I left my boss vexed（=angry）with me．
2．起形容词作用的分词（形容词型分词）
a．分词作定语的用法
(1)总的特点
1048 分词可以作定语，修饰或是限制一个名词，可以放在名词前面，也可以放在名词后面。一般说来，简单分词放在名词前面，分词短语放在名词后面。
(a)放在名词前的分词
1049 ①表示动作的分词
一个现在分词或过去分词放在名词前时，可以表示一时的动作。这时它的动词特点胜过形容词特点，相当于一个定语从句。
Do you see the rising sun（=sun which is rising）in the east?
They tried to surround the retreating troops（=troops which were retreating）.
The roaring lion frightened all the animals in the jungle．
They tried to deliver the besieged city（=city which was being besieged）.
These repeated efforts（=efforts which were being repeated）were still inadequate．
Those oppressed nations（=nations that are being oppressed）are rising to liberate themselves．
1050 ②表示特点的分词
它也可以表示比较长久或永久性的特点。这时它的形容词特点胜过它的动词特点。
Germs are living creatures（=not inanimate things，creatures that can live）.
She is a charming lady（=attractive lady，lady who charms others）.
The working classes are usually poor．
There were many flying fish．
We watched the moving pictures（=motion pictures）.
Used cars（=old cars，cars which have been used）are cheaper than new ones．
Stolen love（=secret love，love which is stolen），though dangerous，tastes exceptionally sweet．
This printed matter may be sent by mail．
1051 ③和用作形容词的动名词的差别
用在名词前的现在分词和用在名词前起形容词作用的动名词是有区别的，在意思上、重音上及是否加连字号上都有区别。下面各对句子中，第一句中带-ing词尾的动词为分词，第二句中带-ing词尾的动词为动名词：
（美音）（=Water that is boiling）can produce enormous power．（英音为）（′为首重音符，″为次重音符）
Water begins to boil at the （美音）（=point at which liquid boils，而不是point which boils）.（英音为）
He is a （美音）（=dictionary that can walk，learned man）.（英音为）
He came with a （美音）（=stick for walking，而不是stick that is walking）.（英音为）
How clever that （=bear that is dancing）is!
He is a （=master who teaches dancing）.
Someone said many years ago that China was a （= that was sleeping）.
He is in the （=car for sleeping，而不是car that is sleeping）.
is cleaner than stagnant water．
It is a for sportsmen．
1052 ④用作名词的情况
和形容词一样，某些分词在加the时（后面不跟名词），可以代表一类人或一种抽象东西。
Which are more numerous，the dead or the living（=the living people）?
Something must be done immediately with the wounded and the dying．
What should we do with the oppressed，the defeated，the insulted and the injured?
Can we say anything about the unseen（=the thing unseen）and the unknown（=the thing unknown）?
(b)放在名词后的分词
1053 放在名词后的分词多数是分词短语，它可以变成一个定语从句（尽管定语从句不一定都能变成分词短语）。
①表示一时动作的分词短语
The danger threatening the world（=which is threatening the area）is too many people with too little food．
They looked on at the city being attacked by the enemy（=which was being attacked by the enemy）.
The man being followed by guards（=who are being followed by guards）is a party leader．
1054 ②表示长久特点的分词短语
A man respecting others（=who respects others）will be respected．
Can you teach a boy refusing to be taught（=who refuses to be taught）?
It is difficult to save a man enchanted by the beauty of a woman．
Books called the comics（=that are called the comics）are sometimes harmful to children．
Any books well read（=that are well read）are good books and any men well treated are good men．
(2)名词前作定语的分词
(a)用在名词前的不及物现在分词
1055 名词前的现在分词多数为不及物动词。
The trembling criminal hung his head．
Do you see the floating bridge there?
She is a doting mother．
The existing situation will last some years．
In the field are nodding trees，murmuring rivulets，smiling flowers，singing birds，swimming ducks and playing children．
He is an uncompromising diplomat．
It proves futile in spite of all untiring efforts．
This upright man always takes an unswerving course．
It is an unavailing plot．
There is an undying friendship between them．
(b)用在名词前的及物现在分词
1056 ①意义上的宾语为“人”的情况
及物动词的分词也可用在名词前面，但它们大多表示情绪。它们的意义上的宾语指一般人或某些人，是不说出的。例如：It is a charming story.=It is a story that charms us（me，you，or anyone）.又如：We have an encouraging prospect．=We have a prospect that encourages us．又如：This exciting experience made him sleepless．=This experience，which excited him，made him sleepless．
It is an interesting（or surprising，amazing，moving，entertaining，affecting）story．
He has a puzzling problem to solve．
In the forest there happened a shocking（or frightening）case of murder．
Her fascinating eyes and her tempting mouth put you in a reverie．
It is a misleading statement，a deceiving promise．
An unconvincing rumour spread over the city．
1057 ②意义上的宾语为“物”的情况
有少数及物动词的分词，它们的意义上的宾语也不说出，却是指“物”的。这时要经过琢磨才知道宾语是什么。
It is an arresting sight（=a sight that arrests somebody's attention），an imploring look（=a look that implores somebody's help），a revealing story（=a story that reveals things hidden or kept secret），a deserving cause（=a cause that deserves sympathy or help）.
He is a grasping attorney（=an attorney who are eager to grasp money）.
A knowing man（=a man who knows all the secret），an understanding man（=a man who understands others' feelings），a forbidding headmaster（=a headmaster who forbids others to approach or to like him），a loving father（=a father who loves children or others），a promising youth（=a youth who promises to succeed），a designing businessman（=a businessman who designs some intrigues），an unfeeling judge（=judge who feels no sympathy），an unforgiving father（=a father who does not forgive any fault），an unthinking playboy（=a playboy who does not think of the consequences），an unsparing housewife（=housewife who does not spare money），an unassuming scholar（=a scholar who does not assume importance），an unpretending manager（=a manager who does not pretend importance）.
(c)用在名词前的及物过去分词
1058 ①一般的过去分词
及物动词的过去分词常可用在名词前作修饰语。它表示同句谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在被进行的一个动作，也可表示那时之前一个被动动作的后果。
He is an honoured and respected professor（=professor who is honoured and respected）.
We live in a crowded area．
The oppressed nations are beginning to rise．
The persecuted patriot hid himself in the jungle．
I drink boiled water（=water that has been boiled before，but is no more boiled and is free from germs now）.
There are many trained nurses（=nurses who have been trained before，but are efficient now）in this hospital．
Don't tread on the broken glass（=glass that has been broken before，but may hurt somebody's feet now）.
Used cars cost cheaper than new ones．
There are thousands of wounded soldiers in this lost battle．
He is a qualified teacher．
1059 ②已失去动词特点的过去分词：
a/以-en（或-n）结尾的过去分词
有不少过去分词已失去动词特点，成为纯粹的形容词，它们有些以-en（或-n）结尾。
His honesty is a proven fact．
I like frozen fruit．
This is the tomb of forgotten heroes．
How hot is molten iron?
It is said the devil has cloven hoofs．
Some drunken sailors are fighting in the street．
Do you see the hidden meaning of this letter?
下面词组中也包含这种分词：
driven snow，woven thread，sawn timber，hewn timber，a sunken cheek，shrunken clothes，a rotten egg，a shorn lamb，a graven image，a terror-stricken child，a down-trodden people，ill-gotten money，a swollen face，a carven image，his broken promise
1060 b/带un-前缀的过去分词
“That is an unfounded rumour．”“No．it is an undoubted fact．”
There are unnumbered（or untold）crimes in this small city．
The enemy suddenly attacked this unguarded city．
His unaffected（or unfeigned）manners make me love him．
A rich man has to hear unearned praise from time to time．
What is the most important thing for an underdeveloped country?
That is an unheard-of（=extraordinary）case of murder．
He became the owner of undreamt-of wealth．
An unlooked-for（=unexpected）love letter came to me one morning．
An unwished-for（or unhoped-for）（=undesirable）accident happened to me．
Nobody can stand this uncalled-for（=unnecessary and improper）insult．
1061 c/有特别意思的过去分词
有少数过去分词，在用作纯粹形容词时，意思发生一些变化，已不再是作动词时的意思，如动词celebrate表示“庆祝”，但形容词celebrated表示“著名的”。
This is a celebrated city．
This is the most noted（=famous）mountain in Japan．
He is a confirmed pickpocket（=pickpocket who is unlikely to be changed）.
He is a past-master（=one who has much experience）in deceit．
He will suffer for his ill-advised（=unwise）action．
I have never seen such a beautiful place in my born days（=in my lifetime）.
1062 d/有主动意义的过去分词
大多数过去分词都有被动意思，例如the forgotten hero的意思是the hero that has been forgotten，又如boiled water的意思是water that has been boiled。关于这一点可参阅1040节。但有少数过去分词有主动意思，它们甚至起及物动词作用，可以有一个不说出的宾语，例如a drunken sailor的意思是a sailor who has drunk too much liquor。
A learned scholar（=A scholar who has learned very much）usually looks silly．
Experienced men（=Men who have experienced a lot）in this matter are not numerous．
A practised man（=A man who has often practised doing this）can do more than a greenhorn．
These cultivated people（=These people，who have cultivated their minds）are my good friends．
The king loves his devoted subjects（=his subjects，who devotes themselves to him）.
A dissipated youth（=a youth who dissipates his time and money）will ruin himself．
Is a contented man（=a man who contents himself with what he has）always happy?
The mistaken traveller has had a narrow escape．
(d)用在名词前的宾补动词的过去分词
1063 某些宾补动词的过去分词可以用在名词前面作定语。这是一类特殊的宾补动词，它们用在下面这类句子中：
They declared him to be a traitor．
They proved the statement to be false．
He professed himself to be a scientist．
下面句子包含了以这类动词作定语的过去分词：
This is the reputed scene（=the place which is reputed to be the scene）of robbery．
