John is the supposed father（=the man who is supposed to be the father）of this child．
He is an avowed member（=a man who has avowed himself to be a member）of this party．
He is a professed scientist．
The confessed（or admitted）thief was sent to prison．
(e)用在名词前的不及物动词的过去分词
1064 有几十个不及物动词的过去分词可用在名词前作定语。它们多数表示一种变化，一种完成的动作，一种状态。它们已失去动词的特点，不再有被动意义，几乎成了形容词。
A retired official（=An official who has retired or is retired）lives next door．
He is a returned student（=a student who has returned from abroad）.
The decayed tooth should be pulled off．
A married man is more stable in character than a bachelor．
Thousands of people mourned for the deceased actress．
Both fading（现在分词表示未完成的动作）and faded（过去分词表示完成的动作）flowers were blown about in the strong wind．
Here and there were decaying or decayed leaves．
We see changing and changed modes of life every year and every day．
下面词组中各包含一个这样的过去分词：
abdicated emperor，absconded debtor，aged poet，arrived guest，assembled company，eloped pair，escaped prisoner，failed candidate，fallen angel，fled robber，perjured witness，travelled writer
departed glories，expired lease，foregone conclusion，mouldered temple，risen sun，rotten fruit，shrunken clothes，sunken rocks，vanished civilization，withered leaves
well-read and well-behaved young mail，plain-spoken politician，free-spoken man，full-grown girl，full-blown roses
(3)在名词后作定语的分词
1065 分词也可放在它们所修饰的名词后面。
(a)简单分词
1066 简单分词，不管是现在分词还是过去分词，放在名词后的情况是比较少的，但在下面情况下可以放在名词后面：
①如果它受到强调，感到像一个从句。
I want to know the person coming（=who comes or is coming）.
Who were the people participating（=who participated）?
I went into the room adjoining—and saw something I can't tell．
No man living can do that．
I went to meet her at the place indicated（=which had been indicated）.
They threw into prison all the persons suspected（=who were suspected）.
The prisoner acquitted went home directly．
The matter being investigated（=that is being investigated）is a military secret．
The work being done（=that was being done）prevented him from going．
下面词组中各包含一个这样的分词：
The money spent（=that has or had been spent），the day appointed，the fact alleged，the reason given，the plan suggested，the party interested，the guests invited
②如果它用来进行对比。
The visitors coming and going are so numerous．
He is a person revered and beloved．
In many countries，words spoken are different from words written．
③如果名词是一个无关紧要的词或被修饰的是一个代词。
Those remaining had to wait two days more．
Virtue is a thing unseen．
He is like one charmed．
All involved will be sent to jail．
The point controverted is insignificant．
④如果名词前有一个形容词最高级或类似的形容词。
This is the most difficult job known．
He is the fattest man living．
The chief（or only，one）guest invited was me．
This is the only chance left．
We welcomed every client（or all clients）coming．
Every man arriving received a gift．
⑤如果分词和其他词构成固定词组（短语）。
I will stay here for the time being．
We danced for two days running．
They were at daggers drawn．
I know the bank concerned．
The votes cast represent their opinion．
There is 20 dollars remaining．
⑥如果分词前加so或thus。
Fish thus（or so）cooked is delicious．
Money thus（or so）earned is money stolen．
⑦如果分词是某些特定的词（这时分词也可放在名词前面）。
He is a poet born（or born poet）.
He is a novelist born and bred（or a born and bred novelist）.
An artist born and brought up（or a born and brought up artist）must be different from an ordinary man．
The terms above-mentioned（or-cited，-specified，-said，-named）should be carried out．
The person before-（or afore-）mentioned died in 1950．
The expected visitor came in the year following at the time appointed．
(b)分词短语
1067 ①现在分词短语
现在分词短语必须放在所修饰名词的后面，它相当于一个包含一般时或进行时谓语的从句（完成分词不能这样用）。
It is a question puzzling（=that puzzles）many people．（带有宾语）（比较：It is a puzzling question．）
He was a businessman growing（=that grew）rich in recent years．（带有补语）（比较：He is a growing boy．）
The gentleman talking（=who is talking）so loudly is my uncle．（带有副词）（比较：Can you read her talking eyes?）
The lady visiting（=who visited）us from time to time taught us French．（带有副词短语）
The girl coming to learn music is only six years old．（带有不定式作状语）
“Anybody getting up as soon as the cock crows will be rewarded，”said my father．（带有状语从句）
1068 ②过去分词短语
过去分词短语也必须放在所修饰名词的后面，它相当于一个包含被动谓语的定语从句。这个谓语可以是完成时态，也可以是一般时态。若分词是被动进行形式（即由being开头的短语），这个谓语又可以是进行时态。
Dogs cruelly treated（=which have been cruelly treated）will be vicious．（带有副词）
The woman abandoned（=who had been abandoned）by her husband called on me one day．（带有副词短语）
I drink water boiled（=which has been boiled）at least ten minutes．
Book called（=that are called）the comics may be harmful to children．（带有补语）
Boys disciplined（=who are disciplined）when they are young will become good citizens．（带有状语从句）
I shall study the subject being studied（=which is being studied）by so many students．（带有being）
The text-book being used（=which is being used）in this school is “Let Us Learn French”．
(c)前面带as的分词
1069 连词as可以用在分词前面。
The news as arriving（=The news as it arrives，Such news as arrives）today is not believable．（There may be different news）.
The results as proclaimed（=The results as they have been proclaimed，Such results as have been proclaimed）in today's newspapers are encouraging．
His ability as displayed during the last three months was inadequate．
I will tell you a story as told by my mother．
b．作主语补语的分词
1070 现在分词和过去分词都可用在is，was，grow，feel这类系动词后作补语（亦称表语）。由于它们修饰、解释主语，可以称作主语补语（Subjective Complements）。它们已失去动词的特点，后面不能跟宾语或补语。
It is interesting（or charming，astonishing，exciting）.（这些表示情绪的现在分词这里用作纯粹的形容词，尽管看起来像谓语动词，却不是谓语动词）
He was interested（or charmed，astonished，excited）.（这些表示情绪的过去分词这里也是用作纯粹的形容词）
She is very（or greatly）delighted（or disgusted，concerned，pleased）.（带有表示程度的副词）
He felt interested（or charmed，astonished，excited，annoyed，assured）.
He appears（or seems）pretending（or sparing，unthinking，grasping，forbidding）.（还有少数其他现在分词也可用作纯粹的形容词，不是作谓语动词）
It looks decayed（or withered，rotten，sunken）.
He remains unsatisfied；the matter remains unsettled and untouched．
His illness continued unchanged．
He became excited（or discouraged）.
He got scolded．
He grew tired of life．
The situation proves encouraging．
注：在He is studying，I was playing，They will be singing以及He is worshipped，I was attacked，They will be insulted和He has come，I have slept中，斜体动词没有形容词特点，完全是动词，因此应当称作谓语动词，但有人仍把它们称作现在分词及过去分词。
c．作宾语补语的分词
1071 分词也可用在see，hear，set，make，keep这类宾补动词后，作宾语的补语，修饰或谈及宾语的情况，它们称为宾语补语（Objective Complements）。它们仍具有动词的特点，可以有宾语、补语及修饰语。另外，如果这些宾补动词表示感官作用，它们可以转变为及物动词，同时现在分词或过去分词可变成that从句中的谓语动词。
I saw（宾补动词）him（宾语）running（现在分词作宾语补语）off．［=I saw（及物动词）that he was running or ran（谓语动词）off．］
I found（宾补动词）those people（宾语）working（现在分词）hard．［=I found（及物动词）that those people were working or worked（谓语动词）hard．］
They heard her singing．
Did you notice that fellow stealing it?
I saw the thief caught（过去分词）by policemen．［=I saw that the thief was caught（被动谓语动词）by policemen．］
Do you own yourself defeated?（=Do you own that you have been defeated?）
He declared himself satisfied．
I must see everything done properly．
I found everything changed．
如果宾补动词不表示感官作用，分词则不能变为that从句中的谓语动词。
He left his children playing in the street．
The joke set all of them laughing．（不能说The joke set that all of them laughed．）
They must keep the pot boiling．
I have kept you waiting a long time．
He sent the ball flying．
They caught him doing evil．
I can't make myself understood．
His actions make him respected，but not his words．
I have a house built on the mountain．
Please get the luggage carried into the room．
分词也可由being开始。
He watched the pictures being hung on the wall．
I found myself being looked after by ten servants．（=I found that I was being looked after by ten servants．）
在某些宾补动词后，现在分词前可加连词as。
He described the city as expressing the modern idea of speed．
He quoted Confucius as saying this．
He recorded the movement as beginning a new era．
He accepted me as having seen much of the world．
The results show their lessons as having been neglected．
He looked upon the accident as being caused by a grave misunderstanding．
在个别动词的被动结构后也可跟带as的分词短语。
The story was told as having happened to himself．
An old man was represented as standing among his sons．
I was given a dictionary as being the best students．
d．作解释性修饰语的分词
1072 作为解释性修饰语（Explanatory Modifiers），它常常放在主语前面或后面，通过逗号和主语分开，就像一个作状语的分词一样。但是作状语的分词可表示时间、原因、条件、让步等，可改为一个状语从句，并修饰谓语动词。作解释性修饰语的分词若说明伴随的情况，不能变为状语从句，这时对主语的说明多于对谓语的说明。（参阅1602、1605、1611、 1617各节）对下面两对句子加以比较，就可看出这两种用法的差别：
Gasping and excited（作状语的分词），Richard aroused suspicion．
（=Because he gasped and was excited，Richard aroused suspicion．）
Gasping and excited（作解释性修饰语的分词），Richard arrived home．（Approximately=Richard gasped and was excited when he arrived home；或Richard gasped and was excited，and thus he arrived home．）
Not seen by anyone（作状语的分词），David stole the watch．（=As he was not seen by anyone，David stole the watch．）
Not seen by anyone（作解释性修饰语的分词），David ran past．（Approximately=David was not seen by anyone when he ran past；或David was not seen by anyone，and thus he ran past．）
下面是一些包含解释性修饰语的句子：
Shivering and greatly ashamed，Lilian lowered her head．
Starving，John wandered about．
Kneeling and shutting her eyes，Mary prayed to the goddess．
Bleeding and fainting，he waited for the ambulance.
Closing the door，he shut out the beggar．
Shouting aloud，he called to me．
Walking along the bank，the poet sang a sorrowful song.
Dressed in white，she suddenly appeared．
Supported by his sons，the old man came out．
这些分词放在主语后时强调意味最弱，放在句末时强调意义最明显。
Richard，gasping and excited，arrived home．
David，not seen by anyone，ran past．
Mary，kneeling and shutting her eyes，prayed to the goddess．（只有主语为名词时，分词才可放在它后面，如果是代词，譬如说he，就不能放在这个位置）
Richard arrived home，gasping and excited．
David ran past，not seen by anyone．
Mary prayed to the goddess，kneeling and shutting her eyes．
He went away，laughing．
They were at table，chatting merrily．
She sat on the window-sill，looking out．
He begged his mother to pardon him，promising to be obedient to her．
She arrived home，carrying a basket of vegetables．
He arrived home，drenched with rain，dejected and exhausted．
The kitten watched it，fascinated．
Thirty were killed，including Lawrence and all his family．
但：Thirty were killed，Lawrence included（or excluded，excepted）.（带有意义上的主语Lawrence）
分词being在主语前时常常省略，在主语后时有时省略，在句末时偶尔也可省略。
（Being）Weary and tired，the old man tilled the land．（being后面可跟形容词）
The old man，（being）weary and tired，tilled the land．
The old man tilled the land，（being）weary and tired．
（Being）An orphan at six，John had been brought up by his uncle．（being后面可跟名词）
John，（being）an orphan at six，had been brought up by his uncle．
（Being）A man of few words，David has taught German ten years.（being后面可跟名词）
David，（being）a man of few words，has taught German ten years．
（Being）Always in a bad humour，Mr．Browning has never dined with his relatives in his life．（being后面可跟介词短语）
Mr．Browning，always in a bad humour，has never dined with his relatives in his life．
1073 在下面句子中，sat，stood等谓语动词在作用上接近系动词，分词reading，talked，accompanied等在作用上倒接近谓语动词，因此后者显得比前者更为重要。
He sat reading newspaper．
He stood talking with some friends．
He lay singing a sorrowful song．
John came running to me．
She went shopping（or swimming，boating，begging，exploring，looking for him）.（表示went的目的）
He sat surrounded by his twelve children．
He lay burried in the mountain．
He came accompanied by his wife．
e．合成词中的分词
1074 分词短语很少放在名词前作定语，但如果它由两个词构成，又是一个特定的说法，它可变为合成词，放在名词前面起修饰作用。这种合成词多表示一个具有长期性的特点而不是一个暂时性的动作，在第一个词（可以是副词、形容词或名词）和分词之间有一个连字号（-）。它用在名词前时最多，但有时也可用在系动词或宾补动词后作补语。
合成分词可以有许多不同的构成法：
1075（1）副词＋不及物动词的现在分词
A hard-working student（=student working hard）can never fail．
They tried to surround the fast-retreating army（=army retreating fast）.
We must endeavour to save our long-suffering nation（=nation having suffered long）.
Is he a far-seeing politician?
Our troubles are never-ending．
She has an everlasting sorrow in her heart．
The tide is incoming．
这类合成分词还有a rapidly-rising name，a never-failing aid，a far-teaching plan，a frequently-occurring accident，a high-ranking official，the out-going tenant，the forthcoming book，the outlying villages，late-flowering plants，home-coming soldiers。
1076（2）形容词＋系动词的现在分词
A young-looking gentleman（=gentleman looking young）will be the husband of this old widow．
I love sweet-smelling food（=food smelling sweet），but who does not?
This high-sounding project may be useless．
She wears a bright-shining dress．
He is an easy-going but not a thorough-going businessman.
This product is cheap-looking，though it is good．
1077（3）名词＋及物动词的现在分词
He is still a pleasure-seeking boy（=boy seeking pleasure）.
It is a heart-rending story（=story rending one's heart）.
The story is soul-stirring．
This discovery is epoch-making．
Can anyone refuse the saint-seducing gold?
He is a man-eating official．
I bought a paper-cutting machine．
We need an atom-smashing machine．
This act is self-sacrificing．
1078（4）名词＋不及物动词的现在分词
He is a night-walking patient（=patient walking at night）.
We are water-living people（=people living on water）.
This is an autumn-flowering plant（=plant flowering in autumn）.
We are law-abiding people（=people abiding by the law）.
1079（5）副词＋及物动词的过去分词
The above-mentioned examples（=examples mentioned above）are enough to prove this theory．
There is something mysterious behind the half-closed door（=door closed by half）.
Hand-shaking is a long-established custom（=custom having been established long）.
How can this badly-managed school（=school managed badly）teach children?
He never listens to this often-repeated advice．
This book is ill-written and worse-printed．
This text-book is widely-used．
Many people die because they are over-fed．
This strangely-formed spaceship will carry men to the moon．
Most people in this country are ill-clad，ill-fed and ill-housed．
1080（6）形容词＋及物动词的过去分词
I don't like any ready-cooked food．
I bought ready-made shoes yesterday．
The chicken has been full-grown．
This new-made dress cost very little．
He is always clean-shaven．
This is an old-established word．
Is the child native-born or foreign-born?
He is a thorough-bred artisan．
Foreign-manufactured goods sell more than native-made products．
