That is an American-equipped army．
French-built bridges are excellent．
He is an American-educated engineer．
1081（7）分词＋及物动词的过去分词
The moss-covered rocks（=rocks covered by moss）are slippery．
It is a state-owned newspaper（=newspaper owned by the state）.
Many great scholars are self-taught．
Hand-made paper may be better than machine-made．
I love a moon-lit scene．
Can a god-forsaken sinner do anything?
f．类似分词的词组
(1)概说
1082 在结束对形容词型分词的讨论以前，我们可以谈一谈与之相似的一些词组。这种词组大多用在名词、系动词及宾补动词后面。它们中间有些由介词加一个表示动作的名词构成，具有形容词及动词的特点，在语法作用上接近现在分词。
There is someone on the watch（=watching）.（用在名词后面）
It is a subject under study（=being studied）.
They are at work（=working）.（用在系动词后面）
We are all of a tremble（=trembling）.
I find our civilization on the decline（=declining）.（用在宾补动词后面）
The story set the table in a roar（=roaring with laughter）.
此外，带有前缀a-的词有时也相当于一个现在分词，它主要用作补语。
What is amiss with our government?
He remains awake．
He is asleep．
其他这类词组还有下面这些，它们只是在形式上像分词，也可放在几个不同位置：
(a)带词尾-ed的名词
He is a gifted artist．
The old man is spectacled．
I found the roofs of Buddhist temples pointed and covered with gold-leaf．
(b)形容词＋带-ed词尾的名词
She is a good-natured woman．
His opinion is one-sided．
I find John absent-minded．
(c)名词＋带-ed词尾的另一名词
He is a chicken-hearted hero．
He seems muddle-headed．
She likes her skirt gold-laced．
(2)相当于现在分词的词组或单词
1083（a）含主动意义的词组
They are at study（or prayer，play，rest，work）（=studying，praying...），don't disturb them．
The cattle are at feed．
Let us think of our men in the fight（=fighting）on the border．
His limbs are in a quiver，he is speechless．
She is all in a flutter．
He is always in expectation of something miraculous．
The government can do nothing with criminals in flight．
Everyone and everything in this city seems to be in motion．
I am in receipt of a large fortune．
He is in study（=at study）.
She was in the act of killing herself when her husband came．
He is busy（or engaged，employed）in selling cakes．
The criminal was all of a tremble（or all of a flutter）（=trembling or fluttering）when he saw the policemen．
He is on the drink（=drinking），don't discuss this matter with him．
In the room were about twenty persons on the gamble．
This woman is always on the laugh．No wonder she is so fat．
John is on the prowl（or the look-out）for some profit to make．
He set the table on（or in）a roar．
Somebody is on the watch．Be cautious．
She is on the whimper．It is no use to advise her．
We found the influence of Britain on the decline（or the wane，the decrease）in the middle of this century．
Humanity is always on the march．We have never stood still．
I hear the kettle on the boil．
A million workers are on strike．
We were on tour（or tramp）over Japan．
1084（b）含被动意义的词组
His claim is still in dispute（=being disputed）.
A sumptuous feast has been in preparation（=being prepared）for three weeks．
The opera is in rehearsal．
Many beautiful products are on exhibition．
Nothing valuable is on sale in this street．
There is something on offer．It may be interesting．
A road is under construction（=being constructed）.
Fashion is the subject under discussion．
This question has been under study for a thousand years.
A bridge is in course of building（=being built）.
This evil practice is in process of abolition（=being abolished）.（比较：The government is in process of abolishing this evil practice．这里的of后面跟一个主动的动名词）
1085（c）带前缀a-的单词
He stood agape（=gaping）.
He was asleep（=sleeping）.
He remains awake．
He is ajar with the world．
He holds himself apart．
The ship's deck was awash．
They set the rumour afloat．
We saw all the village ablaze．
Something is amiss with my car．
The street is all aglow with lights．
All the world was astir when the spaceship started for the moon.
(3)接近过去分词的词组或单词
1086（a）名词＋ed
Most of these peasants are unlettered（=uneducated）.
She is an aged（=old）woman．
There comes a petticoated woman．
John is an unskilled worker．
Can you believe his honeyed words?
(b)形容词＋名词＋ed
She is a middle-aged woman，but her heart is still young．
He was rather heavy-handed（=clumsy）when he handled chopsticks．
I bought a high-priced（=expensive）radio-set．
He is a cold-blooded animal．
The peasants are bare-footed．
He is ill-humoured，don't joke with him．
He is short-sighted．
He is sensitive to any criticism，he is thin-skinned．
He is ill-starred（=unlucky）.He cut his finger even when sharpening a pencil．
He is bad-tempered（=irritable）.Leave him alone．
He is evil-minded．Nobody calls him friend．
(c)名词＋名词＋ed
The headmaster is a silver-haired gentleman．
He wears a pair of horn-rimmed spectacles．
He is a bull-necked man．
That hook-nosed drunkard is my uncle．
He is a lion-hearted（=brave）king．
Mrs．Whitestone is an ox-eyed battleaxe．
This old man is a self-willed（=obstinate）politician．
3．作状语的分词（副词型的分词）
a．相当于状语从句的分词
(1)用法及意义
1087 作状语的分词在书面语中比口语中用得多。在口语中它通常都用状语从句代替。不管现在分词还是过去分词，它们都可用作状语修饰动词，其作用相当于一个以as，because，when，after，if，though等连词引起的状语从句。它可以放在主语前面、主语后面或句末。
Seeing（=As or Because he saw）the policemen，the thief ran away．
Trusting（=As he trusted）as he did in his friend，Adam handed the money to him．（as he did加强现在分词的语气）
（Being）Written（=As it was written）in haste，the book had many defects．（在过去分词前being通常省略）
（Being）Interested（=As he is interested）as they are in music，they plan to study it．（as they are加强过去分词的语气）
（Being）（=As he is）A little boy，John knows very little of the world．（即使后面跟形容词或名词，being有时也省略）
（Being） An optimist，he drank and slept as usual．
（Being）Tired and sleepy，she went to bed．
Walking（=When I was walking）along，I met John．
Feeling（=When or As it feels）hungry，the animal hunts for food．
Watched（=When or As she was watched）by the passengers，she lowered her head．
Having dressed（=After I had dressed）myself，I went to school．
Having been suppressed，the rebellion died down by degrees.
Sitting（=After he sat）down，he read papers．
Entering（=After I entered）the room，I took a rest．
Having written（=After I wrote）very important letters，I started for the post office．
Turning（=If you turn）to the right，you will see the church．
Speaking with him，you would think him a professor．
Left（=If it is left）alone，the situation will grow worse．
United we stand，divided we fall．
Working（=Though he worked）hard as he did，he was still unable to support the family．
Finding it useless to argue，I argue the more．
Having been married fifty years，they still love each other passionately．
1088 并不是都可以用从句代替分词短语的，有些表示伴随情况的分词短语很难用一个适当的从句代替。这时常可把句子改为一个并列句，来表示两个动作同时发生的情况（可参阅1072节）。
Carrying a basket，she went to the market．（大致相当于She carried a basket and thus she went to the market．）
Escorted by a guard，Lee arrived home at night．
Dressed in black，he came up with a revolver．
(2)分词短语的位置
1089 副词型分词短语在不同位置表示不同的强调程度，大体说来，它放在主语后时强调意味最弱，放在句末时强调意味最浓。
Having studied medicine eight years，John became a doctor．（放在主语前）
John，having studied medicine eight years，became a doctor．（放在主语后）
John became a doctor，having studied medicine eight years．（放在句末）
另外还有一些其他考虑，例如分词短语不宜紧跟在代词主语后面，像下面句子那样：
He，hearing her voice，stood up．
此外，如分词短语表示的动作在谓语动词表示动作前一刻发生，则分词短语不能放在句末，因此下面这句是错的：
He stood up，hearing her voice．（错误）
应当说：
Hearing her voice，he stood up．（正确）
He stood up，having heard her voice．（正确，但分词受到强调）
若分词表示的动作紧接着谓语所表示的动作之后发生，则分词短语宜放在句末。
He stood up，listening to her order．（正确）
Arriving at the airport，he received their warm welcome．（正确）
He arrived at the airport，receiving their warm welcome．（也对，因为分词表示动作紧接谓语表示动作之后发生。但分词receiving在所受强调程度上不如上句中的谓语received）
The poet sauntered along the bank，singing a sorrowful song．（正确，因为两个动作同时进行）
Singing a sorrowful song，the poet sauntered along the bank．（也对，但分词singing所受强调程度较弱，这里sauntered更受强调）
另外表示条件和让步的分词短语不能放在句末。
You will see the church，turning to the right．（错误，分词短语应该放在前面）
He's still unable to support the family，working hard as he does．（错误，分词短语应该放在前面）
b．前面带连词的分词短语
1090 由分词短语表示的状语，有时前面可以有一个连词，使意义更加明确。
While（or When）passing（=While it passed）through a forest，the car suddenly stopped．
Before leaving（=Before I left）Hong Kong，I said goodbye to all my friends．
After taking a walk，he took supper．
Though living near each other，we never met．
He spoke English very well as if having been in England．
We got married when studying at A．B．School．
Whether sleeping or walking，he thought of her．
If（being）caught（=If he was caught），the thief would be punished．（在过去分词前being常被省略）
The thief would escape again，though（being）caught．
A good book will become a bad one，unless（being）well read．
As if（being）discovered by someone，the thief began to run away．
即使不在过去分词前，being也总是被省略。
While（being）at home，he worked at his plan．
Unless（being）ill，he is always present in class．
Though（being）inside the palace，he lives a miserable life．
Though（being）a delicate child，he has to earn money for his family．
The rat，as though（being）dead，suddenly ran away．
但要注意，分词短语意义上的主语应是句子的主语。
While picking flowers，a wasp stung the child．（错误，因为picking不是主语的动作）
While picking flowers，the child was stung by a wasp．（正确，因为pick是主语的动作）
If caught，the police will punish the thief．（错误）
If caught，the thief will be punished by the police．（正确）
When ten years old，my parents died．（错误）
When ten years old，I lost my parents．（正确）
c．错误联系的分词短语
1091 从上面例句可以看出，分词意义上的主语（也就是动作的执行者）应是句子的主语，也就是说分词和谓语所表示的应同是主语的动作。
Walking（=When John walked）alone，John met Mary．（为同一个人的动作）
The car suddenly stopped，while passing（=While the car was passing）through a forest．（同一样东西的动作）
下面的句子都是错误的：
Having answered the first question，the second must be answered．（错误，意思混乱，分词短语表示的不可能是主语的动作）
Arriving home，my family gave me a cordial welcome．（错误，意思混乱，arriving不是family的动作）
Being a movie fan，Charles Chaplin is his favourite．（错误，Charles Chaplin不是movie fan）
Standing on the mountain-top，the whole village could be seen．（错误，village不在山顶）
Though arriving late，the teacher did not reproach Lee．（错误）
If caught，the police will punish the thief．（错误）
Though considered a criminal，John's business continued to prosper．（错误）
以上各句应分别改为：
Having answered the first question，we must answer the second．（=After we have answered the first question，we must answer the second．）
Arriving home，I found my family giving me a cordial welcome．或When I arrived home，my family gave me a cordial welcome．
Being a movie fan，he likes Charles Chaplain very much．
Standing on the mountain-top，I could see the whole village．
Though Lee arrived late，the teacher did not reproach him．
If caught，the thief will be punished by the police．或If the thief is caught，the police will punish him．
Though John was considered a criminal，his business continued to prosper．
d．带有意义上主语的分词状语
1092 如果分词的意义上的主语和谓语的主语不是同一个人，则在分词前应加上它意义上的主语，使意思明确。
1093（1）带意义上主语的现在分词
John arriving home（=When John arrived home），Mary asked him to dine．
The sun having risen（=When the sun has risen），we start work．
The weather being fine（=Because the weather was fine），we went out for a walk．
The storm having damaged everything（=Because the storm had damaged everything），many became homeless．
There being nothing to do（=Because there was nothing to do），we played games．
We closed our store，there being no customers（=because there were no customers）.
Time（or Weather）permitting（=If time or weather permits），I will see you soon．
All（or Other）things being equal（=If all［or other］things are equal），ancient people are not much inferior to modern people in intelligence．
All being well（=If all is well），we shall prosper next year.
God willing（=If God is willing），we shall stand up again．
Advice failing（=If advice fails），we have to use force．
John strode along，his children following（=and his children followed）close behind．（表示伴随情况）
I read a novel，my wife sewing（=and my wife sewed）by my side．
1094（2）带意义上主语的被动分词
The table being set（=When the table was set），we began to dine．
The fish having been fried（=When or After the fish had been fried），we cooked mutton．
So much money having been spent（=Because so much money has been spent），we wish to see the result．
So much money having been spent（=Though so much money has been spent），we have not seen any good result．
1095（3）带意义上主语的过去分词
All things（or Everything，all）（being）considered（=If all things are considered），he has done his best．
There are 60 students，all（being）told．
This（having been）ended，we dispersed．
This（having been）done，we went to bed．
Given health and patience（=Health and patience being given），one could do a great thing．
Given good luck（=Good luck being given），a fool could be a sage．
Given the same situation，I can do nothing either．
在下面句子中being常常省略：
The meal（being）over，we went for a drive．
His mouth（being）full of chocolate，he said I was a glutton．
Jesting（being）apart，do you really love her?
He sat there，his face（being）serious and his attention（being）steady．
He came in，a stick（being）in his hand，his eyes（being）aflame．
John climbed along，face（being）downward．
He tumbled down，head（being）foremost．
He came in，gun（being）in hand．
He leaned on the wall，pipe（being）in mouth．
He appeared，his hair（being）a wreck．
We decide to go on a pleasure trip，John（being）to provide a big car．
I now pay you half the sum，the other half（being）to be paid next month．
e．在with后带意义上主语的状语分词
1096 带意义上主语的状语分词前面有时可加介词with或without，这时它们表示伴随的情况。加上with或without不影响句子的意思，但影响它的结构。
With night coming on，we came home．
She went to the market with her son following her．
She came without anyone accompanying her．
He passed by without anyone noticing him．
I read newspapers with the morning sun shining through the window．
I stood before her with my heart beating fast．
We sat face to face，without a single word said．
With his hand put into his pocket，he was ready to pay me．
He is now a beggar，with all his fortune squandered on a woman．
He ran away with his shoulder terribly wounded．
She came to me with eyes red（=with eyes being red）.
He felt lonesome，with her away．
With the moon up，we took a walk．
f．联系错误但并未错用的状语分词
1097（1）现在分词
一些分词结构，尽管联系错误（即不是句子主语的动作），却已成为习惯用法，被认为是正确英语。它们大多数都是独立成分，这样用的几乎全都是现在分词。
(a)副词＋speaking
Generally speaking（=If we are to speak generally），he is honest．
