Frankly（speaking），I cannot co-operate with anyone．
This machine costs，roughly（speaking），ten thousand dollars.
Biologically speaking（=Speaking from a biological viewpoint），man is as selfish as any other animal．
(b)宾补动词的分词＋名词（代词）＋补语
Supposing him willing，when can he start work?（=If he is willing，etc．）
Supposing this to be true，he is certainly the murderer．
(c)及物动词的分词＋名词（代词）＋副词（或副词短语）
Setting aside（or apart）（=Apart from）the question of capital，this business has many other problems．
Leaving（or Putting）ability on one side（=Apart from ability），a man has to know many things．
Viewing it from this standpoint，his fault may be excused．
Taking all things together（or into consideration）（=On the whole），the situation seems hopeless．
Everyone has to observe the rules，not excepting（=including）the principal．
（比较：We all have passed the exam，without excepting the worst students in class．）
（比较：All must come，the smallest pupils excepted．）
(d)不及物动词的分词＋介词＋名词
Talking of（=With regard to，Now that we talk of）motorbikes，have you seen the latest type?
Talking of John，this small man is wonderful．
Coming to（=Talking of）this question，I say no and yes．
Coming to details，thirty-five students have failed．
Getting back to our story，the princess was killed，but...
Judging from（=According to）his report，we have all failed．
Allowing for（=Considering）the minor deficiencies，the show is a success．
The journey usually takes a week，allowing for delays caused by bad weather．
Allowing for all accidents，there will be at least five thousand apples left．
According to Claudianus，death levels all things．
According to the newspaper，the enemy has been defeated and driven back．
［但：You must cut your dress according to（=in conformity with）your cloth．在这里according to your cloth不是独立成分，而是状语，修饰cut］
The crops failed owing to（=because of）the long drought．（这里owing to the long drought也不是独立成分，而是状语，修饰failed）
(e)分词＋that＋从句
有些分词可跟that引起的从句，分词和从句在作用上与连词引起的从句差不多。
We started at nine，notwithstanding that（=though）（较正式）it was raining．
He was prudent notwithstanding that he was young．
He knows too much considering（or seeing）that（=since this child is only five years old．）
He is ungrateful considering that（or seeing that）he has received from us so much assistance．
Considering that（or Seeing that）all members had been present，we began the meeting．
Seeing that I was no more useful，I was fired．
Granting that（=Although）it is true，what follows?
Granting that he has made a mistake，he is not to blame．
Admitting（or Assuming，Allowing）that he is drunk，that is no excuse．
Admitting（or Assuming，Allowing）that you have done your best，you should apologize to her．
Supposing that（=If）he is a cheat，our money is lost.
Supposing that there is no more money to spend，will you steal?
(f)用作介词的分词
在下面句子中，分词后只跟宾语（不跟副词、副词短语及从句），因此可以看作是介词，而有些分词短语修饰动词，故不是独立成分：
We had several disputes concerning（=about）socialism．
He informed me concerning his family．
He knows nothing regarding this case．
Regarding his studies，what would you suggest?
I know something respecting that man．
Respecting his conduct，I have nothing to say．
He gave me a report touching the political situation．
Touching religion，I have some doubts．
You have done well considering（=on account of）your age．（=Although you have not done very well，yet you really have，just because you are still young．）
You have not done well considering your age．（=Although you have done well，yet you really have not，because you are advanced in years．）
Considering the low price，the car is worth buying．
Considering the high price，the car is not worth buying although it is good．
There are fifteen students counting me（or including me，me included）.
Barring（=Except for）accidents，we shall arrive at two．
Bating（=except for）（陈旧用法）this point，I agree with you．
Wanting（=Without）（书面语）endurance，one might fail in his career．
Wanting water，plants cannot live long．
Failing（=Without）John，we can do nothing．
Failing wine，I will drink water．
Failing prompt payment，the goods must be returned．
It is one month wanting（=minus）two days．
He died following（=after）an attack of cholera．
The law was effective beginning（=on and after）May 1．
We started notwithstanding（=in spite of）（书面语）the rain．
She went to the office notwithstanding her illness．
He was held in custody pending（=before the conclusion of，until）（书面语）trial．
We have to wait pending the settlement．
The war was suspended pending the negotiations．
Students must not consult dictionaries pending the examination．
Saving your presence（=Not meaning to offend you）（陈旧的道歉方式），your son is naughty．
1098（2）过去分词
只有少数过去分词可以用作独立结构。
Forty students of this class have passed this year，compared（or comparing，as compared）with thirty-two last year．
Compared with most of the girls nowadays，Mary is still a good girl．
Granted（=Granting）that you are in the right，you should not get angry．
Provided that（=On condition that）he will keep silent，I will let this matter alone．
Provided that he acknowledges his fault，I will pardon him．
Given（=With）prudence and patience，anybody can achieve something．
I can persuade him，given enough time and money．
下面句子中的分词前面可以有连词：
Insert a preposition where needed（=Where it is needed）.
Don't make it，unless required（=unless it is required）.
Let me know when finished（=when it is finished）.
You may omit the word or not，as required．
比较：If possible，if any，when necessary，where necessary，where possible
Please come here at 6 a．m．if possible.
There is little，if any，coffee left．
They will use force，when necessary．
Shorten this long sentence where possible．
D．不定式
1．概说
a．不定式的形式和用法
1099 不定式的形式如下：
主动 被动
一般式 to write to be written
完成式 to have written to have been written
进行式 to be writing
1100 不定式除了是动词，还可以同时用作：
(1)名词（主语、宾语等）
To err（作主语）is human，to forgive divine．
We want to rest．（作宾语）
(2)副词（状语）
We eat to live（作状语，修饰eat），but not live to eat．
I have come to hand you a letter．
We spend money to have a good time，but not to suffer．
(3)形容词（定语）
He is the boy to marry（作定语，修饰名词boy）Lilian．
Is this the way to treat your wife?
(4)独立结构
To speak the truth，there is some distance between her and me．
Sad to say，we have done everything to save him，but...
还可用在感叹句中。
O to see my parents again!
You fool! To think she will marry you!
b．不定式的动词特点
1101 和动名词及分词一样，不定式有动词的特点。
(1)不定式可表示主动或被动。
He wants to be respected（被动式），but hates to respect（主动式）others．
I tried to defeat（主动式）him，but only to be defeated（被动式）.
1102（2）不定式可表示时间。
不定式表示的时间通常和同句谓语动词表示的时间相同。
He seems（or appears，is said，is believed）（一般时间）to study（一般时间）English．（=It seems that he studies English．）
He seems（现在时间）to be studying（现在时间）English.（=It seems that he is studying English．）
He seemed（or appeared，was said，was believed）（过去时间）to study（过去时间）English．（=It seemed that he studied English．）
He seemed（过去时间）to be studying（过去时间）English．（=It seemed that he was studying English．）
He will try（将来时间）to study（将来时间）English．
I shall do（将来时间）something to assist（将来时间）him．
用不定式的完成形式表示的时间比同句谓语动词表示的时间早。
He seems（现在时间）to have studied（过去时间）English．（=It seems that he has studied or studied English．）
Spaniards are said（现在时间）to have ruled（过去时间）the Philippines．（=It is said that Spaniards have ruled or ruled the Philippines．）
He seemed（过去时间）to have studied（过去的过去）English．（=It seemed that he had studied English．）
如果谓语动词表示希望、愿望、决定等，不定式表示的时间比同句谓语动词表示的时间晚一些。
He hopes（or means，wants，wishes，expects，is inclined to，is anxious to，would like）to study（比现在晚的时间，将来时间）English.（=He hopes that he will study English．）
He wishes（现在时间）to be studying（即将到来的时间）English．
He hoped（过去时间）to study（比这个过去时间晚的时间）English．（=He hoped that he would study English．）
He resolved（or was impatient）（过去时间）to be studying（这段过去时间之后紧跟着到来的时间）English．
过去时谓语动词后的不定式完成形式表示过去未实现的愿望。
He hoped（or wished，intended）to have studied English．（=He hoped to study it，but he did not succeed．）
比较下面句子中不定式和谓语动词表示的时间：
I “am” sorry to have lost your key．
I “remember” to have seen her．
He “was” reported to have died．
I don't “want” to see anyone．
You “had better” to be leaving．
He “is” prudent enough to do so．
To have studied English at least six years “is” the qualification for this position．
He “was impatient” to have finished the job．
1103（3）不定式后可跟宾语或补语，或什么都不跟。
He wants to organize a company．（一个宾语）
It is something to know astronomy．
He wants to teach you a lesson．（两个宾语）
He asked his wife to fry him some fish．
He wants to keep everything clean．（宾语及补语）
We are trying to make our life longer．
He wants to be a saint．（补语）
To be a father is not easy．
Women like to argue and men like to fight．（不跟宾语或补语）
Women like to talk，but not to think．
1104（4）不定式可以由一个副词、副词短语或状语从句修饰。
He refused to wait here．（副词）
He does not want to work hard．
He decides to stay for a few days．（副词短语）
Is it pleasant for birds to fly from tree to tree?
It is comfortable to sleep when it is raining．（状语从句）
To stay where you are is sometimes the best way to meet an emergency.
1105（5）不定式可以有意义上的主语。
不定式意义上的主语由介词for引出。
To learn music is difficult．（意义上的主语未说，不知是谁学音乐）
For me to learn music is difficult．（指出是我学）
His purpose is to learn music．（可能是他学）
His purpose is for his son to learn music．（他的儿子学音乐）
There is nothing to eat．（不知给谁吃）
There is nothing for you to eat．（给你吃）
He saves his money to spend on books．（可能是他自己花）
He saves his money for his brother to spend on books．（他的弟弟花）
The book is difficult to understand．
The book is difficult for children to understand．
The pig is old enough to kill．
The pig is old enough for the butcher to kill．
1106 当不定式跟有（3）、（4）、（5）所提到的成分时，称为不定式短语（Infinitive Phrases）。如果不跟什么，就叫作简单不定式。不定式短语有很强的动词特点，而简单不定式的动词特点不多，它甚至没有动词特点。
1107（6）不定式通常（但不一定所有时候）都表示一种潜在可能性。
和动名词、分词不同，不定式可能包含“能够”“可能”“一定”“应当”“愿意”等概念。
I will tell you how to make（=we can make）sausage．
The book is interesting enough to attract（=so interesting that it can attract）children．
He has not a single cent to spend（=that he may spend）.
I shall be happy to see（=if I may see）my family again．
This is the duty for you to do（=which you must do）.
They all are your brothers and are to be treated（=must be treated）as such．
This is a great novel for all of us to read（=which all of us should read）.
My advice is for her to go（=that she should go）to college．
A man to teach（=who will teach）us English will come next Friday．
但并不是任何不定式都可以改为包含助动词的从句。
I like her to wear a short skirt．
To err is human．
I want to save some money．
2．起名词作用的不定式（名词不定式）
1108 不定式可以起名词的作用，可以用作主语、宾语、补语或同位语。在很多情况下，它都可以由动名词代替，除非它前面有what，how，when这类疑问词，因为动名词前是不能有这类词的。
a．不定式作句子的主语
1109 不定式可以用作句子的主语。
To know oneself is difficult．
To tell a lie is not always easy．
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek．
Never to have made any mistake is impossible．
To build a house requires a lot of money．
Never to promise becomes a gentleman．
To gamble is to commit suicide．（两个动作实际上是一回事）
To do everything is to do nothing．
For one to know everything is difficult．（前面可加意义上的主语）
For me to study music requires a lot of effort．
For his brother John to go to sea seems natural．
How to get rid of rats and flies is a big problem．（不定式前带有疑问词）
What to do and where to go is unknown to most of us．
To be writing and reading is a bore．（不定式的进行式表示动作的反复）
There is no greater shame than for you to forget her．（不定式用在比较从句中）
Nothing is so easy as for one to tell lies．
1110 在用作主语时，不定式常常被放到句尾，前面用it代替它。
It is difficult to know oneself．
It is not always easy to tell a lie．
It won't hurt you to stay here a day or two．
It requires a lot of money to build a house．
It is impossible for one to know everything．（带有意义上的主语）
It is unknown to us what to do and where to go．（带有一个疑问词）
What would it be best to do? And which is it right to select?
A rogue more cunning than Alan，it would be hard to imagine．（不定式的宾语如果比较长，可移到句子前部来）
That he speaks English perfectly，it is easy to see．
It is very kind of you to come．（有时of可用来代替for）
It would be wiser of us to act right now．
It is extremely cruel of John to kill animals．
How careless（it is）of you to break the glass!
（It is）So kind of you to help me !
1111 当一个及物动词的不定式和它的宾语一起用作句子的主语时，这个不定式可以移到句尾，而不定式的宾语变为句子的主语，它同时也是不定式意义上的宾语（可参阅1130节）。
To write the letter took him a long time．—The letter took him a long time to write．
To build the bridge requires five million dollars．—The bridge requires five million dollars to build．
To make this dress cost ten dollars．—This dress costs ten dollars to make．
To read newspapers is interesting．—Newspapers are interesting to read．
To teach these children are very hard．—These children are very hard to teach．
To land on the moon is expensive．—The moon is expensive to land on．
1112 用作主语时，不定式在许多情况下都可以由动名词代替。
Building（or To build）a house requires a lot of money．
Telling（or To tell）lies is not always easy．
Maintaining（or To maintain）a business is harder than starting（or to start）it．
但在下面类型句子中，不定式似乎比动名词要更普通些：
To walk ten miles at a stretch was not an easy job．（指具体某次的情况）
To read aimlessly is a waste of time．（这话由一个这样做过的人说出）
To respect others is to be respected．（=If you respect others，you will be respected by others．）（表示条件）
To set up a factory requires much time and money．（=If you set up a factory，you will have to spend much time and money．）
To love your neighbours is to be loved by them．
Not to speak much is the best way to avoid trouble．（带有否定词）
Never to offend anyone is my principle．
It is against nature to remain single．（用it作先行主语）
It shocked me to see the bloody spectacle．
在下面类型句子中，用动名词作主语似乎比用不定式作主语更普通：
Walking ten miles at a stretch is not an easy job．（指一般情况或习惯动作）
Reading aimlessly is a waste of time．
Losing her fortune deprived her of her reason．（=As she lost her fortune，she lost her reason．）（表示原因）
Paying off the debt freed him from all worry．（=As he had paid off the debt，he was free from all worry．）
No smoking is allowed．（有一形容词修饰）
This dancing is crazy．
That silly debating came to nothing．
Any reading increases our knowledge．
It is useless advising a drunkard．（带有It is useless或类似意义的词）
It is（of）no（or little）use（or good）playing all day．
