比较：There is no（or little）use（or good）（in）loitering the hours away．
但：Is it of any use（or worthwhile）to spend so much?（疑问句）
Falling in love is easier than to keep in love．（使句子多样化，可两者同时用）
To read books is good，but observing nature is better．
b．不定式作及物动词的宾语
1113 不定式可用作及物动词的宾语。适合用不定式作宾语的动词大约有90个。
He wishes to go there．
John decided to marry her．
I cannot afford to get sick．
She promised to bring her book to me．
They sought to kill their enemy．
He needed to be admired．（被动不定式）
The child wants to be caressed．
He wished to have learned English．（But he did not succeed．）
I intended to have married Helen．（But I did not marry her．）
They wished to have organized a party．（But they did not succeed．）
We planned for him to come．（有些动词可跟有带意义上主语的不定式）
We arranged for them to strike against bad working conditions．
The red light means for the cars to stop.
We resolved to be going．（不定式的进行式可表示即将发生的动作）
He wants to be dressing．
I long to be seeing her．
I shall（or will）hope（or expect）（=hope or expect）to see him．
1114 上面所提的动词后不能跟动名词作宾语，而另一些动词，大约有50个，既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词作宾语。
I proposed to abolish（or abolishing）the rules．
We omitted to do（or doing）it．
He neglected to pay（or paying）the fee．
有个别动词后可跟不定式或动名词，但意义不同。在下面句子中to think为状语，表示目的，而thinking则作宾语：
You must stop to think（or thinking）.
c．“疑问词＋不定式”作及物动词的宾语
1115 有些及物动词可以用不定式作宾语，但不定式需加一个疑问词。这种带疑问词的不定式可以看作是由疑问词引起的从句的简短形式。能这样用的及物动词约有70个。
I cannot tell what to do（=tell what I must do）.
I wonder where to buy it（=wonder where I can buy it）.
Can you explain how to make charcoal（=explain how we can make charcoal）?
Consider whom to apply to（=consider whom we must apply to）.
I don't know whether to laugh or to get angry（=know whether I should laugh or get angry）.
d．“疑问词＋不定式”作双宾动词的间接宾语
1116 有些双宾动词可以用不定式作它们的间接宾语，但不定式前必须加一个疑问词。这种带疑问词的不定式可以看作是由疑问词引起的从句的简短形式。可以这样用的双宾动词约有10个。
He advised me what to do（=What I must do）.
I told him where to learn music（=Where he can learn music）.
He teaches the students how to make friends．
He shows me how to go to England．
e．不定式作主语补语
1117 不定式可以用在系动词，特别是动词be后，作补语，说明主语指什么。
My purpose is to help him（=is that I may help him．）
His plan was to set up a big company．
The policy of our country is to make friends with all peoples．
His problem is where to find a land of peace．
Our questions are，always，what to buy and how to sell．
The proposal is for every student to work eight hours a day（=is that every student should work，etc．）.
My hope is for all members to come together once a year．
That is to say（=means）you made a mistake but didn't admit it．
This（=This letter）is to certify Mr．John Lin is a salesman of our firm．
This matter is for you to consider．（句子主语matter也是不定式consider的意义上的宾语）
These apples are for the children to eat．
To live（or Living）is（=means）to do（or doing）something worthwhile．（说明意义）
To become a slave is to give up one's freedom．
To see her is to love her．（If one sees her，one will love her．）（表示条件及结果）
To gamble is to commit suicide，but not to get rich．
To criticize others is to make enemies.
To read is to travel in distant countries and ancient lands．
What we must do is（to）fight to the last．（在美国英语中，如果主语从句中包含主要动词do，则不定式前的to常常省略）
All（or The only thing）she did（or must do）was （to）keep silent．
The least you can do is（to）pardon him just this once．
（To）Eat and drink must be what we all like to do．（语序颠倒）
f．不定式作宾补动词的宾语
1118 不定式可用作宾补动词的宾语，这时不定式先由it代替，同时移到句尾（或从句末尾）。这种不定式通常可以变为一个由that引起的从句。
I thought it good to wait（=that I should wait）there．
She judges it useless to be quarrelling（=that anyone should be quarrelling）with him．
I make it a rule to get up at five．
He believed it his duty to tell you the secret．
I found it necessary to keep silent about this．
He regards it as of great importance for his children to be strictly trained．（加上意义上的主语）
I supposed it a great pity for them to oppose my plan．
（比较：I thought it good waiting there．I judged it useless quarrelling with him．）
（比较：It is considered of little use for Asians to study art．It is thought a pity to misunderstand freedom．）
g．不定式作名词的同位语
1119 不定式可以用作名词的同位语。
I have only one aim in life—to eat and to sleep．
His plan，to go abroad after his marriage，has been approved by his father．
My father gave me three choices：to go to college，to do business，to get married．
He has achieved his aim to swim across the river．
All agreed to his proposal to rebuild the temple．
（比较：I have only one aim in life—eating and sleeping．）
h．不定式作介词的宾语
1120 动名词可作介词的宾语，不定式却不能。但在介词about，save，except，but，than或instead of后，间或可用不定式作宾语。
He is about to（=will soon）leave the city．
Uncle is about to die．
We saw no alternative except（or but，save）to fight．
He never came except to borrow．
Nothing remains but to wait and see．
What is left but for me to kill him or for him to kill me?（在but和不定式之间有不定式意义上的主语）
I see no solution except for all of us to wait and see．
He did nothing but eat，drink and be merry．（在do后，to可以省略）
He can't（do anything）but laugh．（=He cannot choose but laugh．）
What has he done，but（or except，save）loiter around all day?
He has nothing to do but grumble and grumble．
She died rather than be insulted．（在rather than后，to一般省略）
She would（or had）rather die than marry him．
She could not do better than die，could not do otherwise than die．
Rather than marry him，she would rather die．
He is taught rather to read than to write．（在并列不定式前，to保留时比省略时多）
He prefers to stand firm rather than（to）surrender．
Is to give better than（to）take?
He advises me to wait a few minutes rather than（to）go out in the rain．
He knows better than to say（=is too wise to say）any silly thing．（在know better than后必须加to）
He knows better than to criticize anyone．
He has a better heart than to abandon（=has a good heart and will not abandon）his wife．（在“比较级＋名词＋than”后必须加to）
He has more prudence than to spend much money．
比较：He has been standing firm rather than surrendering．He prefers remaining single rather than having a family．
I told him to work instead of to study．
My purpose is to advise him instead of to cheat him．
Don't worry．I have come to see you instead of to borrow anything．
She is a woman to be loved，instead of to be understood．
They advised him to fool around，instead of to do something serious．
They let him fool around instead of do something serious．（to有时省略，前面不定式不带to时，后面的也不带to）
I make my students ask questions instead of accept all I say．
比较：He gives his mind to strengthening his own power instead of serving his country．
如不定式前带有疑问词，则可在适当介词后作宾语。这时不能用动名词作介词宾语，因为动名词前不能加疑问词。
He paid much attention to how to pronounce this word．
He doesn't seem interested in what to study in college．
He is curious about where to discover an oil field．
He is not sure of whom to apply to．
3．作状语的不定式
1121 作状语的不定式可以用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。它不能由分词代替，因为那样会使意思发生变化，甚至变得无法理解。
a．修饰动词的不定式
1122（1）作状语的不定式可表示目的。
He came to see me（=so that he might see me）.
He studied hard to pass the exam．
I would give much to learn it．
He worked hard in order（or so as）to pass the exam．（in order或so as可加强表示目的作用）
He sang on purpose（or in an attempt，with a view）to show off．
He raised his hand as if（or as though）to（=as if he would）beat me（=to pretend to beat me）.
To understand the book better，he read it again．（不定式可以放在句首）
I stood aside for her to enter．（带有意义上的主语）
He blew the whistle for the car to stop．
In order for his son to study abroad，he has been very thirty for ten years．
Some must die for others to live．
I bought flowers（bought的宾语，同时也是to give的意义上的宾语）to give Eva．
I picked up some photos to show friends．
I held the letter for her to read．
To master music，a teacher is required．（错误，因为不定式意义上的主语不明确，应改为To master music，you require a teacher．或If you wish to master music，a teacher is required．参阅1091节）
To win the war，all information must be amassed．（也是错的，应改为To win the war，we must amass all information．或All information must be amassed，so that we may win the war．）
Come and take it．（and take代替to take，语气更强，在美国英语中and可以省略）
Could you come （and）be my friend? She won't come （and）join us．
Go （and）play tennis．Let's go （and）have fun．
Try（and）do your best．
1123（2）作状语的不定式可表示未料想到的后果。
He escaped the sword only to perish by famine（=but as a result he perished by famine）.（常带only这个词，表明这是结果不是目的）
He worked hard only to fail．
He earned millions of dollars only for his son to squander it．（带有意义上的主语）
He tried to kill himself only to be saved．
He left his native country never to return．（never这个否定词可表示没实现预期的目的）
We parted never to see each other．
He lived to see（=until he saw）the second world war．（当不定式明显表示后果时，无须加only这个词）
He awoke to find himself caught by policemen．
He rose to be principal of the school．
He has done much for the community to be made the president（=so that he is made the president）.
He grew up to be a philosopher．
1124（3）作状语的不定式表示条件。
在不定式这样用时，谓语中常包含will，shall，should,would，must，can或could这样的助动词。
One will get into trouble to attempt（=if one should attempt）such a business.
To say such a clever thing，he can't be a fool．
You will do well to consider（=if you consider）it．
To see her，you wouldn't believe she is already forty．
I should have been very pleased to have been present．（But I was not present．）（虚拟语气）
The servant would not have quitted to have been better treated．
I should be happy to be of service to you．
You will be happy for your daughter to be a lawyer．（带有意义上的主语）
You will get into trouble for your children to be fooling around．
To be really useful，a book must be read several times．
To study music，one must start at six．
I couldn't insult myself to save（=though I could save）my life．
1125（4）作状语的不定式可以表示产生某种感情的原因。
He was glad（or proud，angry，ashamed，excited，interested，disappointed）to learn the news（=as he learned the news）.（这样的不定式通常用在表示某种感情的形容词、动词或名词后）
He is sorry（or sad，grieved）for you to have been cheated．（带有意义上的主语）
He is amazed（or astonished，shocked）for Mary to receive that letter from a stranger．
He is happy for his daughter to marry a rich man．
He laughed to hear my story（=as he heard my story）.
I regret to have done such a silly thing．
He blushed to own it．
He enjoyed satisfaction to see the result．
He felt shame for his son to have stolen something．
He fell into despair to learn of her death．
She burst into tears to hear the news．
1126（5）作状语的不定式还可用来表示一个说话人所评说的事实（评语可以用陈述句、疑问句或感叹句的形式做出）。
She is cruel（说话人的评语，以陈述句形式说出）to abandon her beautiful girl（被评说的事实）.
You are very kind（说话人的评语）to say so（被评说的事实）.
He is ungrateful to abandon his old parents．
You are heartless not to care for your children．
John is a coward to escape his duty．
You must have offended her for her to speak like that．（带意义上的主语）
He is a brave boy to act immediately．
Lee is an ungrateful son to disappoint his parents so deeply．
She has ruined herself to marry such a man．
What has he done（说话人的评语，以问句的形式说出）to deserve this punishment（=that he should deserve this punishment）（被评说的事实）?（He has done nothing，so he does not deserve this punishment．）
Where have you been to be so happy（=that you should be so happy）?（Where have you been? Why are you so happy?）
How can you catch the train to start so late?
Are you not stupid to trust such a hoodlum?
Am I ungrateful to do everything I can for you?
Are you crazy to spend so much in a night?
Am I a cow to be fed with grass?
Is he a god to be worshipped in such a crazy manner?
What a fool he is（说话人的评语，以感叹句形式说出）to spend all the money he has（=that he should spend，etc．）!
What a bad boy（you are）to be so rude!
Fool! To fall in love with every girl he meets!
How ridiculous of him to say that!
b．修饰形容词的不定式
1127 不定式只能修饰某类形容词，而且有其独特的修饰方式。
1128（1）系动词＋表示企图的形容词（相当于一个及物动词）＋不定式
We were impatient（=eagerly wished）to start．
He is all wild to buy a bicycle．
He is anxious（or eager）（=longs）to learn medicine．
He seems willing（or ready）to help anyone．
He is quick to see another's fault．
He is inclined（or disposed）to loiter around．
We were reluctant（=did not want）to stay here any more．
He remains shy to speak with girls．
He was afraid（=feared）to go alone at night．
He is slow to sympathize．
He is long to make up his mind．
He seems in no hurry to go．
We were anxious for you to try again．（带有意义上的主语）
He is pleased for his friends to come over．
He is in no hurry for us to go．It is still early．
We were anxious（or eager，impatient）to be doing something．（进行式表示即将发生的情况）
1129（2）系动词＋表示潜在可能的形容词＋不定式（这种结构相当于一个带助动词的谓语，下面括号中的解释只是大致情况）
He is likely to（=will probably）win．It is likely to rain．
He is sure to（=will surely）fail．
He is certain to come at seven．
He is liable（or prone，apt）to lose his temper．
A great war is expected to break out．
He is qualified to（=can）be a professor．
He is unfit to（=cannot）work．
He is able to（=can）read German and Russian books．
He is worthy to be our leader．
I am allowed to（=may）go wherever I like．
He is permitted to（=may）do any job．
You are free to（=may）use my library．
You are welcome to（=may）live with us．
This is sufficient to（=may very well）convince him．
I am obliged to（=must）do it．
The plane is due to（=should）arrive at eleven．
1130（3）主语＋be＋形容词＋及物动词的不定式（其意义上的宾语是句子主语）=it＋be＋形容词＋不定式＋变为宾语的主语
The water（句子主语，同时又是不定式to drink的意义上的宾语）is good to drink．（=To drink the water is good．=It is good to drink the water．）
Your question is impossible to answer．（=To answer your question is impossible．）
This large desk seems troublesome to move to another place．
He is hard to work with（相当于及物动词）.（=It is hard to work with him．）（不及物动词＋介词=及物动词短语）
This man is dangerous to depend upon．
He seems troublesome to make friends with（及物动词短语）.
This is good water to drink（=water good to drink）.
That is a hard question to answer（=a question hard to answer）.
The child is hard for his mother to take care of．（带意义上的主语）.
These are safe paths for strangers to drive their cars along．
c．修饰副词的不定式
1131 副词too，enough和so...as中的so，可以由不定式修饰。
He seems too old to work．（=He seems so old that he cannot work．）
He is too excited to speak．（=He is so excited that he cannot speak．）
The boat is too clumsy to sail fast．
She is too fat not to lag behind．（=She is so fat that she is sure to lag behind．）
