Everyone except him was punished．（但：Everyone was punished，but not he．）
6．自身代词
49 a．当某人或某物既是动作的执行者又是动作的承受者时，可用自身代词作宾语，表示动作的承受者。这样用时，这种代词也称为反身代词（Reflexive Pronouns）。动作的执行者可以由主语或宾语表示。
(1)主语为动作的执行者。
He（performer）praised himself（the receiver）．（这里自身代词用作动词的宾语）
Mary devotes herself to music．
John gave himself a punishment．
They think themselves clever．
She looked at herself．（动作承受者的自身代词在这里作介词的宾语）
You can see for yourself．
The children take care of themselves．
The murderer became afraid of himself．
有些由自身代词构成的介词短语有其特殊的意义。
Simplicity is in itself（=independently）a form of beauty．
It will grow of itself（=naturally）．
He apologized of himself（=voluntarily）．
They did the exercise by themselves（=without aid）．
The machine works by itself（=automatically）．
用自身代词作补语。
He is not himself（=well，or his usual self）．
You don't look yourself．
India is herself．
(2)宾语为动作的执行者。
I advise him（执行者）to defend himself（不能说him）．（动作的承受者为不定式to defend的宾语）（但是I asked him to defend me．中不用myself）
You cannot ask a person to criticize himself．
I found John thinking himself（作现在分词的宾语）important．
I heard her reproaching herself．
I prevented my son from indulging himself（作动名词indulging的宾语）in wine．
The doctor brought Jim to himself（作介词to的宾语）．
(3)动作的执行者由物主代词或名词所有格表示。
I advised our（执行者）defending ourselves（作动名词defending的宾语）.
I heard of John's poisoning himself．
(4)动作的执行者由one's或for one表示。
Sacrificing oneself（作动名词sacrificing的宾语）is a noble action．（在sacrificing前one's省略掉）
It is hard to know oneself（作不定式to know的宾语）.（在to know前for one省略掉）
50 b．自身代词还可在口语中用来代替普通的人称代词（如I，me，she，her等），使意思更加清楚。
My sister and myself（=I）did not go．（构成并列主语）
Neither myself（=I）nor my husband has been invited．
Myself and wife have both been invited．
Yourself and your associates should be here by ten．
He is as old as myself（=I）．（用在表示比较的从句中）
He is older than myself（=I）.
Why did he not ask yourself（=you）?（作宾语）
The thief was himself（=him）．（作补语）
I do it for yourselves（=plural you）．（作介词的宾语）
This is for self（=myself）and friend（=my friend）．
Nobody but myself（=me）saw the robbery．
Men like ourselves（=us）must work hard．
Who suffers most? Himself．（用在省略句中）
Myself will go．（这类句子很少见，甚至是错误的，自身代词一般不能作主语，应当说：I myself will go．）
51 c．如果用在介词短语中表示位置，可以用me，him，her等，而不宜用自身代词。
I look above me（不是myself）．
Let me have good men about me（不是myself）．
I talked about myself．（这时介词短语不是说明位置）
We have good friends among us．
He drew me after him．
He closed the door after him．
He stretched his hands before him．
She brought her child with her．
He kept a dog with him．
They divided the property among them．
He pulled the desk toward him．
The book has pictures in it．
This village has several roads to it．
52 d．自身代词还可用来对前面的名词或代词加以强调。省掉它，全句的意思不受太大的影响，这是和反身代词不同的地方。这样用时也可称其为强调代词（Emphasizing Pronouns）。
(1)强调代词的意义在不同情况下可有不同意思。
John himself（=and nobody else）designed the house．
John himself（=without help）did the exercise．
The writer himself（=Even the writer）does not understand what he writes．
Even the mother herself（or The very mother herself）cannot recognize him．
I don't like philosophy myself．（=Personally或So far as I am concerned，I don't like philosophy．）
(2)强调代词可以强调各个位置的成分。
John himself，but not his wife，will come．（这里强调主语John）
She loves John himself，not his wealth．（这里强调用作宾语的John）
It is time for poor John himself to learn cooking．（这里强调作介词宾语的John）
The thief is John himself．（这里强调用作补语的John）
(3)在强调主语时，它可以放在不同位置，紧跟在主语之后的情况最多。
John himself has told Mary．
John has himself told Mary．
John has told Mary himself．
以上三句意思差不多，但下面这句的意思不同：
John has told Mary herself．
(4)有时用来强调宾语或补语，这类句子虽然不错，但很少见。
She loves him himself，not his wealth．（少见）
That depends on her herself．（少见）
The thieves are not we，but they themselves．（少见）
但下面两句是常见的：
She loves him.或She loves himself．
7．It的用法
53 It有许多不同的用法，主要有下面几种情况。
a．指前面提到的东西。
（1）He bought a book and gave it to me．（代表前面的中性名词，这类情况最多）
（2）He has a baby，he loves it（or him or her）．（It可以代表baby）
He has got a pig，he has kept it five months．（It可代表动物）
Providence? It is always hidden．（It可以指“上苍”）（但God要用He和Him代表：All comes from God and must go back to Him again．）
Nothing（或Everything）is lost，is it?（或isn't it）?
（3）He tried to get up，but found it impossible．（指句子前面某部分表示的意思）
He learns music，and it will take him many years．
I must say something，but it is impossible．
（4）He arrived yesterday，but nobody knows it．（代表前面整个句子，但在这种情况下用that更好一些）
John hates children，and it is strange．
That she knows him and they have been schoolmates，it is a fact．
（5）He is an idiot，and he looks it（or that）（=an idiot）．（It用在系动词look后面时，可指前面出现的一个名词或形容词）
They are strong and should be it（=strong）．
54 b．指句子后部的东西。
It也常代表句子后部的某些词、短语或从句，可用作主语，也可用作宾补动词的宾语。
用作主语。
(1)It was shocking，that accident．（代表名词）
It is a vicious animal，that dog of yours．（代表名词）
(2)It seems impolite to talk loud．（代表不定式短语）
It takes about four years to understand grammar．（代表不定式短语）
A bloodier crime than this（长宾语提前）it's hard to imagine．（代表不定式短语）
(3)It is wonderful，swimming in summer．（代表动名词）（较少见）
(4)It astonished her that you should suddenly disappear．（代表名词性从句）
It puzzles me why you did not let me know．（代表名词性从句）
作宾补动词的宾语。
(5)I suppose it wrong to tell lies．（代表后面的不定式短语）
(6)He thinks it foolish to learn music．（代表后面的不定式短语）
I think it impossible that he should ill-treat her．（代表后面的名词从句）
I suppose it mysterious how he got rich．（代表后面的名词从句）
It is...that...结构用来对句子的某部分加以强调。
(7)It is he that has brought me up with a true love．（通常说He brought me up with a true love．如对这个句子的主语he加以强调，可用上面这种结构）
It is me that he has brought up with a true love．（对原句的宾语me加以强调）
It is with a true love that he has brought me up．（对原句的介词短语加以强调）
It was after my parents died that he brought me up with a true love．（原句为He brought me up with a true love after my parents died.上面结构是对原句的状语从句加以强调）
试比较下面句子：
It is ten days since I arrived．
It was ten days ago that（or when）I arrived．
It was in China where（or that）we met．
55 c．泛用的情况。
(1)作主语，表示天气、时间或距离。
（a）It was fine（cold，cloudy，rained，frozen，snowed，threatened to rain，was blowing hard，lightened and thundered）．
（b）It was ten o'clock（still early，getting dark，time to go，Sunday，spring morning，too long，three years now，long long ago）．
（c）It is too（or so）far（two miles away，within 300 meters of the bridge，far far away，a long way）.
(2)作宾语，不代表什么东西，只给句子以某种特色，有一些俚语的味道。
（a）作动词的宾语。
He footed it through the muddy road［hiked it，ran it，walked it to the town；lorded it over them，duked it，bossed it；roughed it，pigged it；fought it out，battled it，had it out with Mary；took it out of（or on）John，gave it（hot）to her；will catch it，had it in the face；brazened it out，braved it out；chanced it］．
“Go it!” cheered the audience．You are coming（or going）it（too）strong. Don't draw it strong，draw it mild．
He had it his own way，would have it that I was wrong. As（ill）luck would have it，her brother died．As he put it．“No money，no talk．” Take it easy．As I take it，he knows nothing．
Hang it all! Deuce take it! Damn it! Dash it! Bother it!
（b）作介词of或for的宾语。
He had a hard time of it，made a jolly life of it，had the best（the worst）of it．He made a revenge of it．What a dinner I have of it! He made a bolt for it，had to run for it．Though he had done nothing，he was in for it．He was hard put to it．
(3)作主语，代表作主语的另一人称代词，常和系动词和with引出的短语连用。
It is well with her．（比较：She is well．）
It is all over（or up）with us．
It is always so with children．（比较：Children are always like that．）
It fared well with me．
How is it with your family?
It seems to be the case with women．
(4)其他情况。
（a）“Who is it?” “It is me．”“It cannot be John．”“Is this Mr．Huntington?” “It is．”（It用来表示一个身份尚不明确的人，译为汉语时常不译出，如上面句子可译为：“是谁?” “是我。” “不可能是约翰。” “是亨廷顿先生吗？”“是的。”）
（b）What a pretty girl it is!（多漂亮的姑娘呀!）（用在感叹句中，表示亲密）
What an ass it is!（真是个大笨蛋!）（用在感叹句中，表示鄙视）
（c）It says in the Bible（or the newspapers）that...（说The Bible says...更好）
（d）He is really “it”（=a stupid fellow，or an important person）．
She is really “it”（=a sexy girl）．
That is it（=something I want to know）．
That is about it（=nearly the case）．That must be it．
56 d．省略的情况。
在某些情况下it可以省略不用。
(1)作宾语时省略。
I don't know what it is，but I'll find out．
“Who has come?” “I don't know．”
“How is it done?” “They will show．”
I say．I can't say．
I will try．I will not give up．
“I don't understand.” “I will explain!”
I don't hear．I don't notice．
You can ask him.
I can't tell.
I forget．I don't remember，because I don't mind．
You will see．Nobody can deny．
I cannot refuse，I must accept．
(2)作主语时省略。
（It）Seems easy．
（It）Sounds funny．
（It）Doesn't matter．（It）Looks like we are okay，but...
（It is）My mistake．（It is常被省略）
（It is）Very kind of you to see me．
8．用名词代替代词的情况
57 名词有时也可用来代表第一、第二或第三人称的代词，来表示某些特定的意义。为了同样的目的也可用特别的代词代表普通的代词。
a．一种情况是用名词或名词短语代替第一人称的I或we。
（1）The present writer is glad to say he happened to have brought his camera with him when the accident took place．（=I am glad to say I happened to have brought my camera with me when the accident took place．）（这里用the present writer代替I，使报道显得更客观，仿佛是第三者所见。这时全文要自始至终从第三者的角度叙述，要用he，his等代词代替I，my等代词）
（2）The undersigned is a forty-year-old Chinese．（用在署名的文件中）
（3）Your（humble or obedient）servant（为信末套语，在英国用得较多）
（4）One（or A man，A body，An individual，A woman，A girl，A person）is not so foolish as to do that．（用这些代词代表I，显得更客观，动词很少用过去时态，意思接近“谁也不会这样干”）
（5）What can a fellow（or a chap，the old boy，the old man，this baby，yours truly，yours respectfully）do?（玩笑语）
Tell a body（=me）．
（6）Caesar is listening．（高傲的说法）
Let him come and see Dr．Lee．
Why don't you let your uncle know?（对晚辈说）
（7）They ignored present company（=us，who are here now）．
有时可用we代替I，如：
（8）We（国王在公告中对自己的称呼）are satisfied with their services．
It seems to us he has done his best．
We have read it ourself（不是ourselves）．
（9）We（指编者或作者）have tried to express the public opinion．（社论中用we）
（10）口语中谦逊的说法。
Let us（=me）have a look．Where could we（=I）get it?
58 b．有些名词或名词短语可用来代替第二人称的you。
(1)Your Majesty（or Your Highness，Your Excellency，Your Worship，Your Reverence）is（不是are）so kind．（表示尊敬）
(2)I shall never forget what Dr．Lee has done for me．（表示尊敬）
(3)What is my darling doing? My dear girl is getting tired，isn't she?（亲昵的说法）
(4)What is the woman doing? The woman must be crazy．（鄙夷的说法）
(5)My dear friend（or Uncle，You fool），I don't understand you．（用作呼语）
(6)My dear friend（or My good man）is mistaken．（表示亲密或讥讽）
(7)Someone call（不是calls）a taxi．One stay（不是stays）here．（命令）
有些代词有特别的意思，如：
(8)Poor girl! What is it crying for?（大人对孩子的亲密说法）
(9)How are we today? We are leaving，aren't we?（父母对孩子的说法）
(10)What is he（or she）doing now?（表示亲切）
59 c．有些名词或名词短语可用来代替第三人称的代词，表示特殊的意义。
(1)His（or Her）Majesty（=The king，The queen）will approve it．
His（Royal）Highness（=The Prince）will consider the matter．
His Excellency（=The Ambassador，The Governor）has started for France．
(2)The fool must be crazy．The beast will answer for it．（辱骂语）
(3)May He（=God）be with you．
May She（=the Virgin Mary）be with us．
(4)He（=what he writes）is much read today．
Few read her（=what she writes）in these years．
(5)Our hero decided to try．Our young John became angry．（这样说以引起读者的兴趣或注意）
另外，she或her有时可用来代替船只、电车、汽车、管道、引擎、手表、工具、项链及讲话人极感兴趣的任何东西。
9．似乎多余的人称代词
60 在口语中有时会把一个似乎多余的代词，用在另一名词的前面或后面。在书面语中应当避免这种用法，例如下面的这些情况。
a．一个名词（或其他东西）后面多余的代词。
（1）作主语
Charles Darwin（名词），he is a scientist．（正常说法是：Charles Darwin is a scientist．）
Vicious circle，what does it mean?（正常的说法是：What does “vicious circle” mean?）
Some of us，we had to wait many years．
We'll have us a real fine trip．
To work until midnight（不定式短语），it would certainly dishearten him．
That you should suddenly disappear（名词从句），it worried her．
（2）作宾语
（a）Charles Darwin（名词），I have often heard about him．（正常说法是：I have often heard about Charles Darwin．）
The man（名词，后面跟一个定语从句）who writes this book，I know him very well．（正常说法是：I know very well the man who writes this book．）
These scientists in charge of the work，I find them very young men．
（b）To do the same thing every day（不定式短语），he finds it unbearable．
（c）He（主格代词，后面跟一个定语从句）that loves me，I love him．（正常说法是：I love him who loves me．）
He who has the courage，let him do it．
She，who has helped me，I will try to help her．
（d）Whoever（关系副词）I love，him I love truly．（这是极为文气的说法，注意多余代词的位置，正常说法是：I love truly whoever I love．）
Whoever you trust，him you should beware of．
What he has won，that he will keep．
Whoever did that，them I shall reward．
Whatever is said in the Bible，that I believe．
b．一个名词（或其他东西）前面的多余代词。
He is a great scientist，Charles Darwin．（正常说法是：Charles Darwin is a great scientist．）
It is a wonderful invention，the electric lamp．
She talked to us，the head nurse．
She is no stranger to us，not your aunt．
需要注意的是，在It is easy to learn English. It is natural that they got married. 以及其他类似的句子中，it是必要的、不可省略的，而不是多余的。
另外，代词一般用在它所代替的名词后面，其位置不能对调。但在下面这类句子中，代词可以放在它所代替名词的前面，两者的位置可以互换：
On his birthday（状语），John（主语）invited friends to dine．（=On John's...，he invited...）
As no one looks after her（宾语），Ida ran wild．
When he was a child（状语从句），Lincoln（主语）studied hard．（=When Lincoln...，he studied...）
As none loved him（宾语），the boy became hardhearted．（=As none loved the boy，he became hardhearted．）
第4单元 形容词
一、形容词的用法及位置
A．作定语的用法
61 形容词有5种用法，10个位置。
1．形容词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词前面，被修饰名词可称为主体词（Headword），形容词和主体词结合起来，表示一个单一的意思。
I like good students．
He lives in an old house．
62 2．在某些特殊的组合中，形容词可放在主体词的后面。
He is the Consul General（or Notary Public）．
He showed his letters patent in the court martial as proof positive．（法律语言，多从法语中借用）
It is the greatest book imaginable（or the largest hospital available）．He is the richest man alive．（形容词最高级＋名词＋形容词）
He came on Monday last，and will come again on Monday next．Customs here are similar to customs there．The part inside has much to do with the part above.（名词＋作定语用的表示位置的副词）
He has nothing pleasant to say to you．He wants everything good．Something terrible will happen．Anybody present knows him to be a liar．（合成代词＋形容词）
I like any boy both honest and intelligent．We arrived at a place dirty，gloomy and desolate．（名词＋形容词）
John is the only boy dear to his mother（or a servant faithful to his master，a businessman greedy for money）．（名词＋形容词＋介词＋名词）
