I make him stop（不能说to stop）.
Let him come at seven．
I will have him do it for me．
He watched me paint the door．
He heard her sing．
I felt the house shake．
He was made to stop．（在被动语态后不定式要带to）
She was heard to sing．
The house was felt to shake．
Live and let（others）live．（宾语others省略）
He made（others）believe that he knew many rich and influential people．
I heard（others）say some people were demonstrating．
I helped（others）make cakes．
1141 约有20个“不及物动词＋介词”这样的动词短语可以用作宾补动词，后面跟不定式作它们宾语的补语。
I telephoned to him to come at once．
I have arranged for him to go to college．
All depends upon him not to interfere．
I wished for it to be done．
The store advertised for a clerk to do the work．
I motion to them to go away．
5．用作独立成分的不定式
1142 和作独立成分的分词一样，作独立成分的不定式和句子的哪一个词都没有关系，但可看作是在修饰整个句子，说明这个句子说出的方式。另外，作独立成分的不定式不能以分词代替，尽管它们的作用很相近。
(1)To speak（or say）the truth，I cannot go today．（其他类似的短语有to tell the truth，to tell you the truth，truth to tell，truth to say，truth to speak）
To be frank（or To be frank with you，To be plain，To put it straight），he is not your friend．
To make a long sentence short（or To bring the story short，To cut the matter short，To be brief），he married her and they lived happily together．
(2)To get back to my story，now the girl refused to marry him.（其他类似短语有to return to my subject，to go on with my story，to return，to continue the study of porcelain）
To change the subject（or To proceed to another subject），do you know an excellent movie is being shown?
(3)To use his own words（or To use the expression of the time），it is not worth a damn.
To conclude（=In conclusion，Lastly），man is a curious animal.
To say the least of it（=at least），he is an honest man.
China，Japan，Vietnam，to name a few，are in Asia.
To give a simple example，“good” is an adjective in “He is a good man.”
(4)To make matters worse（or To complete the sum of her misfortune，To crown her misery，To crown all，To top it all，To top it off），she lost her only son.
To do him justice（or To give him justice，To give him his due）（=To judge him fairly），he has done his best，he has achieved something.
To begin with（=In the first place），the situation is not favourable.
(5)Strange to say（or Curious to mention），he suddenly died yesterday.
Horrible to relate，he was killed last night.
Sad to tell，he became bankrupt.
This Chinese cannot read Chinese，not to say（or much less，let alone）German and Japanese.
This Chinese can read German and Japanese，not to say（or to say nothing of，not to mention，not to speak of，let alone，much more）Chinese.
They are，to say the least，hypocrites.
He may，so to speak，lose face.
6．用在感叹句中的不定式
1143 不定式（有时to省略）可以用在感叹句中。这种感叹句是一个不完整的句子，常常没有主语和谓语动词。
Oh，you coward，to treat a girl so!（不满）
You fool! To think that she would return home!
Oh God，to hear her sing!（赞美）
To think that he should die so young!（惋惜）
My own flesh and blood to rebel!
Money to have such power!（惊奇）
O to be at home!（愿望）
O to have been dreaming for forty years!（懊悔）
You an expert and not know this!（不带to的不定式）
A millionaire，and become a beggar overnight!
Talk about honest politicians!
What! She come to see me!
John marry an old maid! God forbid!
7．疑问词后的不定式
1144 带疑问词的不定式可以独立使用。
What to do?（=What are we to do?）
Where to go?（=Where are we to go?）
When to start our work?
How to Win Friends and Influence People
“How to Make Money and Spend It”
“How to Speak”
8．To的特殊用法
1145 a．不定式的标记to有时可以省略，特别是在下面情况：
(1)用在某些宾补动词后作宾语补语（参阅1140节）。
He let his children∧do anything they like．
I can make them∧understand me，but not∧obey me．
He help me∧cook every evening．
I heard Mary∧sing．
(2)用在介词but，except，than后作宾语（参阅1120节）。
He did nothing but∧wander about the village．
He has nothing to do except∧talk nonsense．
I would rather die than∧be insulted．
(3)用在不完整的感叹句中表示某种情绪（参阅1143节）。
A civil engineer and∧be unable to build a small hut!
John∧marry a battleaxe!
(4)当一个不定式通过and或or与另一不定式并列时。
He wants to buy and∧sell some articles．
It's better to wait here and∧take a taxi．
I am anxious to go and∧ask him about it．
I decide to write to him and∧make a suggestion．
You are free to talk or∧laugh here．
但两个不定式相距较远时to不宜省略，如I wish to live on an island with my lover after marriage and to live peacefully．
1146 b．下面情况下to需要重复：
(1)当一个不定式和另一不定式加以对比时。
I have come not to comfort you，but to bury you.
I am forced either to do business or to get married；I can't go to college．
I like to criticize but not to be criticized．
To cheat is as guilty as to rob．
(2)当句中有系列不定式时。
They have come to talk，to sing，to get drunk．
Is it necessary for her to weep，to tell her sad story，to complain to her husband from morning till night?
1147 c．To可以用来代表整个不定式短语，如果前面有一个类似的动词词组。
“Do you like to talk with those people?”“I do not like to（talk with those people）．”
You can stay here if you want to（stay here）.
I teach him everything I am able to（teach him）.
“What would you say to drinking something?” “I should be glad to（drink something）．”
“I think I shall have to give up my study．”“But I advise you not to（give up your study）.”
I cannot smoke any more．The doctor forbids me to（smoke any more）.
I would like to buy and sell，but I don't know how to（buy and sell）.
“You can elect any person you like．” “But I don't know which to（elect）.”
有时连这个to也一并省略。
“Do you like to talk with those people?” “I don't like（to talk with those people）．”
I teach him everything I think fit（to teach）.
“I think I shall have to give up gambling．”“I would advise you．”
I would like to buy and sell，but I don't know how．
在1140节中谈到的不带to的不定式有时也可省略。
“He refuses to come．...I will make him（come）.”
It is wiser to forbid children to smoke than to let them（smoke）.
“He never goes out with any girl．”“But I saw him（go out with a girl）one day．”
四、动词的“4”个体
1148 “体”（又叫动相）（Aspect）是动词值得注意的一个特点，它表示动作完成的程度。12个时态不仅表示了时间，还表示了动作完成的程度，但时态讨论部分没有对完成程度作充分讨论。为了更好地了解时态，须对“体”做一番研究。一个动词有4个主要“体”，表示完成的4种程度。它可以表示一个动作的全过程，它的开始或终结，以及它的反复。“体”可以由单一动词表示，如blacken，marry，grumble，也可由动词短语（也就是一个动词和另外词的组合体）表示，如get married，come to terms，give up gambling，talk and talk，use up，cease to play。
为了对4个“体”有所了解，请先看下面这一段话：
Now it was time they ate（全过程）their lunch．As soon as the meal was ready，Mother cried，“Wash your hands，John，before you start eating（动作的开始）.”About three minutes passed and John was already full up．“You often eat（反复动作）between meals，so you lose your appetite．Wash your hands again after you finish eating（动作结束）.”
A．一般形式
1．一般体
1149 我们先研究一下一般形式的4个“体”。
多数动词都表示一个动作的全过程，这种动词可以说属于一般体（Simple Aspect）。这种“体”表示一个能延续较长时间的动作或状态，在不表示特殊体时都用这个“体”。
He spoke to me．（表示动作的动词）
He studied English．
Mary walked to the distant hill．
He wrote letters．
He hates me．（表示状态的动词）
I know it．I think you are right．
That belonged to Mary．
This resembled that．
He is a crazy fellow．（某些系动词）
This city seems dirty．
She looks sad．
This fruit tastes sweet．
2．起始体
1150 先看下面这段短文：
These two countries had been at peace for many，many years．In 1820，however，they harshly criticized each other，so their relations were tense．After a year，they fought a war，which continued for forty years．Then their diplomats discussed how to end the bloodshed．They talked for ten years before they agreed．
可以看出，斜体动词，从上下文判断，都表示重要的变化，但这些一般体的动词没有把变化清楚讲出。现在再看下面短文，注意斜体动词及动词短语，看它们如何清楚表现出新动作或状态的开始。这些强调动作开始的动词或动词短语可以说属于起始体（Ingressive Aspect）。由于它们也表示一个短暂的动作，这个“体”也可称作短暂体（Instantaneous Aspect）。
These two countries had been at peace for many，many years．In 1820，however，they began to harshly criticize each other，so their relations became tense．After a year，they started a war，which continued for forty years．Then their diplomats came to the table to discuss how to end the bloodshed．They talked for ten years before they arrived at an agreement．
1151 从上面例子可以看出，英语中有许多对动词或动词短语，如were和became，fought a war和started a war，agreed和arrived at an agreement，意思相近，却属于不同的“体”。在语法上，用哪种“体”都对，但在修辞上，选择能表示确切的“体”的词则更好一些。在下面例子中，起始体由“i”表示，一般体由“s”表示。
(a)I know（s）love is sacred；I learned（i）it when I was a mere child．（起始体或一般体都可由单个动词表示）（把know和learned，也就是一般体和起始体的位置互换，会使句子显得很别扭，尽管它们的意思相同）
I have（s）a very lovely dog，and I got（i）it from a friend．
I keep（s）my books on the shelves，and I put（i）them back every time I use them．
I have employed（s）this secretary for a long time，and I engaged（i）her in 1965．
He borrowed（i）ten thousand pounds five years ago，and now he still owes（s）me five hundred．
I arrived（i）there on April 1，and stayed（s）there two months．
(b)“I know（s）John very well．”“When did you make his acquaintance（i）?”（起始体可以由动词短语表示）
At first I thought（s）that nobody could do that，but then it occurred（i）to me that John could．
I can't remember（s）my promise unless I am reminded（i）of it．
Since he was frightened（i）by a ghost，he has been afraid（s）to go in the dark．
He is in love with（s）Mary．He fell in love with（i）her last year．
(c)He cannot wake up（i）early this morning，because last night he lay awake（s）all night．
“I have not seen（s）him for a long time．I don't remember when I lost sight of（i）him.” “But I caught sight of（i）him among the crowd the other day．”
Everyone laughed and laughed（s），except Mary，who kept serious a few moments，but then burst forth laughing（or crying）（i）.
After he spoke（s）to me for two hours，I broke silence（i）.
(d)Ask her to wait．I'll put on（i）my coat．It would be impolite to wear（s）these pajamas．
I go to bed（i）at ten，fall asleep（i）about half an hour later，and I sleep（s）eight hours．
He has held（s）the political power for ten years．He seized hold of（i）it from another party．But I believe he will lose his hold of（i）it very soon．
You can do（s）the job，but when can you begin（or start，commence）（i）it?（commence为书面语）
It is easy to manage（or run，handle，conduct）（s）the business，but difficult to start（i）it．
All of them had already stood（s）in front of the principal，and then I took my place（i）beside Lily．
(e)I am sick（s）．I got sick（i）two days ago when I walked in the rain．（有些系动词表示一般体，有些表示起始体）
He looks old（s）．He grew old（i）last year，when he lost his wife．
“She appears mad（s）．” “She is．She ran mad（i）because all of her four sons were killed on the battlefield．”
“She looks pale（s）.” “She turns pale（i）every time she gets frightened．”
He is a robber（s）．He turned robber（i）merely for revenge．
He commenced writer（i）in the beginning of this century，and is a writer（s）of international fame today．
He is a victim（s）of love．He does not know how and when he fell a victim（i）to her charms．
A thing becomes of great importance（i）the moment you think it is（s）．
(f)“I must set it right（i）．” “Yes，if you do not think it right（s）．”（起始体或一般体也可由宾补动词和宾语补语表示出来）
The children make the floor dirty（i）．Their mother leaves it dirty（s）and doesn't care．
“I consider the situation difficult（s）．”“But who renders it so（i）?”
I found it clean（s）enough．Maybe the maid had washed it clean（i）．
（其他起始体动词还有paint it red，cut it short，raise it high，break it open，etc．）
Let us set the ball flying（=make the ball fly）（i）.
This accident set us thinking（i）.
He started the machine going（i）.
1152 一般体的动词可以在前面加begin或其同义词变为起始体。
We began（or started）to study poetry．
We began（or started）playing a game．
He commenced looking for a wife．
I started in to write a story after I had learned the rules．
We started out to practise as surgeons after we were graduated．
We set about to repair the road immediately after it was bombed．
It set in to snow（or snowing）.
We fell to eating the roast pigeons as soon as everyone was present．
He could find no other solace，so he took to drinking．
He was extremely stubborn，but finally he came to see his own fault．
At first he neglected my advice．At last he got to believe it．
He had been a playboy for two years．In the end he grew to know the danger．
1153 包含to或into的动词短语可能是起始体，除非这些介词只表示方向。
(a)They came to blows（=began to fight），came to an understanding（=began to understand each other），came to loggerheads（=began to quarrel），came to man's estate（=began to reach manhood）.
It came to the front（=began to be prominent），came to our knowledge（=began to be known to us），came to light（=began to be disclosed），came to a standstill（=began to be stagnant）.
They went to law（=began a suit in a law-court），went to bed（=began to rest），went to bad（=began to be debauched），rose to eminence（=began to be eminent）.
(b)It came into force（=began to be enforced），came into use（=began to be used），came into existence（=began to exist），came into sight（=began to be seen）.
They fell into company with John（=began to know John），fell into error（=began to make mistakes），fell into the shade（=began to be obscure），fell into the hands of the enemy（=began to be controlled by the enemy）.
They entered into correspondence（or negotiation，agreement，a war，a contract）with us（=began to correspond，negotiate，etc.，with us）.
They sank into poverty（=began to be poor）.
They turned（or changed，translated，transformed）this into that．
He united（or mixed）these things into one．
He divided one into many．
It grew（or developed，degenerated，ripened）into something different．
1154 由take开始的动词短语可能是起始体。
He took a fancy（or a liking）to it（=began to like it），took an interest in it（=began to notice it），took over the government（=began to control the government），took charge of the business（=began to manage it），took pity on him（=began to pity him），took possession of（=took over）the property．
1155 祈使句中的谓语动词（即使是一般体动词）总是起始体，因为动词表示的动作要求开始进行。
Come here．Do it at once．Love your neighbours．
Hate your enemy．Know yourself．Be a good boy．Let everybody mind his own business．
1156 有些一般体动词偶尔也可用作起始体动词。
When he told me the news，I was aware（=began to know）that the rumour was false．
He saw the broken window and was（=became）immediately angry.
Since he was（=got）married，he has been a different man．
He is just dead（=has just died）.
I first knew him（=made his acquaintance）in 1960．
He lay down and slept（=fell asleep）.
You will see her and love（=fall in love with）her．
I have thought him a good worker since I employed（=engaged）him．
3．终结体
1157 有些动词或动词短语表示一个动作的结束，这类动词则属于终结体（Terminative Aspect）。
1158 有些系动词表示终结体。
He proved（to be）honest．（=He was finally found to be honest．）
She grew up（to be）a pretty girl．
He turned out（=proved）a good man．
He came out a different man．
He went off a victor．
He emerged a victor．
1159 一般体的动词，如在前面加finish或其同义词，可以变为终结体。
We should now stop quarrelling（=quarrel no more）.
