Can he give up smoking?
Please quit（or leave off）playing tricks．
He ceased to sell（or selling）apples long ago．
1160 包含up，down，out，through，away等副词的动词短语可以表示终结体，除非这些副词表示方向。
(a)Everything was burned up．（up表示“彻底地”）
The river dried up．
He tied（or fastened，locked，chained，sealed，screwed，packed，shut，folded）it up．
He set（or mix，fix）it up．
(b)The tempest died down．（down表示减少到较少程度或完全消失）
The clock ran down．
The shoes wore down．
The factory（was）closed down．
The revolution（was）calmed down．
Slow down the car．
The fire burned down．
I must quiet down his excited mind．
(c)I will carry through the task．（through表示完成）
She got through（=passed）the exam．
He will read the book through．
I saw the matter through（from the beginning to the end）.
Go through with the novel．
When will you be through with（=finish）my book?
(d)The fire burned itself out（or burned no more）.
She had her sleep out（=slept to her heart's content）.
He sat out the play（=sat until it was finished）.
He slept out the night．
He can't hold out（=endure to the end）.
The fire（or The cup，The purse，The copyright，The week）is out（=is finished）.
(e)The water boiled away．
His last hope faded away．
1161 包含till，to或into的动词短语，若表示动作的结果或结束，也属于终结体。
He lived till ninety-nine．
He worked until midnight．
He was beaten till death．
She cried herself to sleep．
He argued to the end of time．
We fought to the last man．
He revenged himself to his heart's content．
To my greatest astonishment he suddenly appeared at mid-night．
He was loved to his ruin．
All efforts came to nothing．
He came to an untimely end．
He went to extremes（or rack and ruin，no good，the dogs）.
The plan went to pieces（or nought，the winds，the ground）.
He fell into the shade（=was no more noticed）.
He fell into oblivion（=was no more remembered）after many years of popularity．
1162 包含表示结果的不定式或从句的动词短语可以是终结体。
The child grew to be an old man．
He lived to see his son becoming the president．
He tried to avoid a small trouble only to meet with a bigger one．
He left his family never to return home．
He worked hard so that he got a medal．
He spoke eloquently so that thousands of people followed him．
1163 有些一般体的动词表示企图，有些终结体的动词表示结果。这两类动词的差别很重要，需要记在心中。如果说He killed himself，but he was saved就是自相矛盾。说I persuaded him，but he didn't listen to me．也如此。同样，I resigned，but my boss did not allow me to．也是不对的。因为3个斜体词，从上下文看是指企图，而从词义看却指结果。如说He killed himself．则表明他已经死了。说I persuaded him．则表示已经让他接受了劝告。如果在这些动词前加上try或其同义词，或改用其他动词，即将上面句子改为He tried to kill himself．I advised him．I wished to resign．则句子就可讲通了。
1164 注意下面例句中这两类动词的差别，“a”代表企图（attempt），“r”代表“结果”（result）。
(a)You can advise（a）him，but you cannot persuade（r）him to do it．
I can speak to（a）him and also convince（r）him of his folly．
I listened and listened（a）but heard（r）nothing．
I looked（a），but saw（r）nothing．
I memorized（a）the poem but 1 was unable to remember（r）it．
Though he has learned（a）English many years，he does not know（r）it．
He went（a）to the island but was shipwrecked before he arrived（r）.
I looked for（a）my lost hat and found（r）it in a corner．
You can fight（a）him，but can you beat（r）him?
Can you conquer（r）him?
(b)I tried to convince（a）him，but he is not convinced（r）of his mistake．（表示结果的动词，若在前面加try或其同义词，可以变成表示企图的动词）
He tried to commit suicide，but he was saved．
He has tried three times to escape，but he got arrested as many times．
I attempted to prevent（or discourage）him from smoking，and I succeeded．
The more I try to sleep（a），the less I can sleep（r）.
I am not sure whether I can come（r），but 1 will try to come（a）.
(c)Before the fish bit at（a）the worms，it had been hooked up．（表示结果的动词，如果在后面加介词at，也可能变成一个表示企图的动词）
He shot at（a）me and hit（r）me in the arm．
Many stones were thrown at（a）me，but none hit（r）anyone．
(d)I should like to take a look（or a glance，a nap，a stroll，a drive，a ride）.（“Take a，have a或give a＋由动词变来的单音节名词”可以表示企图，用来表示结果的短语为“have taken a look，a glance”等）
I should like to have a try（or a go at it，a taste，a look，a drive，a ride）.But after I had had a try，（a go at it，etc．），I was so disappointed．
4．反复体
1165 有些动词或动词短语表示一连串反复进行的同样动作，这种动词属于反复体。
He talked and talked．（重复的动词）
She sang，sang，and sang the same song all day long．
He counted his money again and again．（动词加上表示频度的副词）
He never（or seldom，sometimes，often，continually）smokes．
He told me the story over and over again．
He was ill．He went to the toilet repeatedly．
He walked on and on．
We met twice a week．We still hoped to understand each other better．
He is accustomed（or used）to reading several French newspapers before breakfast．（表示习惯的动词短语）
He has the habit of eating ice-cream after a meal．
He used to eat at the restaurant．
He is in the habit of going to bed after midnight．
He makes it a rule to see me on Sunday．
He gets up at six in the morning．（一般时态可表示反复发生的动作，包括现在、过去、将来）
He smokes．
I usually have milk in the morning．
He who plays with fire gets burned in the end．
The sun rises in the east．
He came home late every evening．（过去）
He sold shoes．
Truth will out．（will可表示总是要发生的事）
Children will be naughty．
He will read papers for hours．
He would work until midnight．（would表示过去的习惯）
She would wait until her husband returned．
He kept（on）talking with friends．（keep，keep on，go on等可表示一连串同样的动作，或一个持续的动作）
It went on raining．
They continued to work（or working）.
She remained standing outside．
We went on，though it was dark．
The fire crackled．（后缀-le和-er表示一串短暂的，有时甚至笨拙的动作，这类动词也属反复体）
Hens cackled．
The stars twinkled．
He lingered on the street．
The fish wriggled．
She prattled all day long．
It is no use haggling with him．
The flames flickered．
She frequently mutters something to herself．
Some butterflies fluttered among flowers．
He loitered about this village．
He frittered away his money and time．
He pooh-poohed at me．（发出重复的声音）
1166 总之，对“体”有所了解，对掌握动词至关重要。当我们忽略动词的“体”时，我们就难以确切表达我们的意思。一般来说，我们用一般体动词表示动词的全过程。当我们的注意力在动作的开始时，我们应当用起始体，仿佛用了近镜头。在我们注意动作的结束时，我们要用终结体，也像用了近镜头。当我们表示一连串的同样的动作时，我们要用反复体。
B．可能形式、进行形式和完成形式中的“体”
1167 上面讨论的一般形式的4个“体”，可以变为可能形式、进行形式和完成形式的4个“体”。因此总共有16个体。
1168 1．当我们要表示一个可能发生但并未真正发生的动作时，我们可使用可能形式（Potential Form），在主要动词前加某些助动词。将来时（由shall，will，be to，be going to，be about to等构成）都属于可能体（Potential Aspect）。
一般可能体
He may come tomorrow．He must be there．
起始可能体
We shall begin to learn Japanese next week．They will enter into negotiation．
终结可能体
I have to finish reading it soon．I can eat up all these oranges．
反复可能体
You need not tell it again and again．I should not linger here long．
1169 2．当我们想表示在某个时刻正在进行的动作，或表达某种程度的情绪而加以生动描绘时，我们使用进行形式（Continuous Form）。
一般进行体
I am writing a letter now．She is watching TV．I was walking along when it began to rain．They were eating. You were speaking to an ass．We were waiting for buses．
He is smoking．
He hates me．I know it．It means a lot. This belongs to Mary．He has a cat．The situation continues tense．David，aged 43，remains single．The fish stays fresh. We are happy．It tastes sour．（这里的斜体动词不是进行时，它们表示的状态却是可以延续的）
David was in the act（or the middle）of stealing it when he was detected．（一些由in，on和under引起的短语，表示正在进行的动作）
Our plan is in progress（or full operation）.
The production of steel is on the increase（or the decline）.
Preparations for the journey are under way（or consideration）.
He is under treatment（or investigation）.
起始进行体
We were winning．I was leaving this city．The flowers are opening．His fame is vanishing．Mary was dying．They were coming to terms．They were arriving at our town now．He is becoming insane．He is falling asleep．The crop is ripening．I'm losing my best friends．
注：起始进行体常常表示旧动作快完、新动作开始。如：Mary was dying．实际上表示她将死而未死。又如：We were winning．等于说We were about to win．但实际上未曾胜利。有时也可以表示一个反复发生的动作，如：Many grenades are exploding this month．He was reminding me all the morning．都表示多次反复的动作。
终结进行体
He is going to rack and ruin．He is sinking into oblivion．I am giving up smoking．The river was drying up．The fire was burning itself out．He was sitting out the play．The clock is running down．He was coming to an untimely death．She was growing to be a lovely girl．
I gave up smoking．（一般终结体）（我已戒烟了）。但I was giving up smoking．（终结进行体）（我快要戒烟了，但未戒。）
反复进行体
He is singing and singing．He was telling me over and over again．He was getting sick from time to time．He was always（or for ever）thinking of himself．He is every day looking for some trouble．He is on all occasions praising himself．He was constantly trying to make money．
（这种进行形式常常带有always或其他类似的词，除表示动作反复发生外，还带有一定程度的情绪）
1170 3．当我们想表示一个已完成动作的影响或后果时，我们须用完成形式（Perfect Form）。
一般完成体
I have read this book．（=I understand it now．）
He has been married．（=He has a family now．）
He has not slept well．（=He is sleepy．）
He had studied French．（=He knew French．）
He had not eaten anything．（=He was hungry．）
起始完成体（=一般进行体）
He has begun to learn（=is learning）English．He has gone to bed（=is sleeping）．The law has come into force（=is being enforced）.Mary had arrived（=was staying）here．He had started the machine going（=The machine was going）．He had left London（=He was away from London）．
注l：一般完成体使用时，句中可有一个表示一段时间的状语。
I have studied this matter for three days．He has not slept well during the last ten days．He had not eaten anything since three days ago．
但用起始完成体的句子却不能带这种状语，因为短时动词不宜配合长时状语。
I have lost it for three days．He has not fallen asleep during the last ten days．（错误）
I have got married for ten years．（错误）
I have been married for ten years．（正确）
I got married ten years ago．（正确）
I have put on this shirt for three days．（错误）
I have worn this shirt for three days．（正确）
I put on this shirt three days ago．（正确）
I have arrived here for five months．（错误）
I have been here for five months．（正确）
I arrived here five months ago．（正确）
I have left my native country for thirty years．（错误）
I have been away from my native country for thirty years．（正确）
I left my native country thirty years ago．（正确）
We have won the second world war for over forty years．（错误）
We won the second world war over forty years ago．（正确）
He has died for five years．（错误）
He died five years ago．（正确）
He has opened this store for many years．（错误）
He has run this store for many years．（正确）
He opened this store many years ago．（正确）
注2：完成形式有时可表示反复发生的动作，这时也可用一个表示一段时间的状语。
He has told me（=has told me several times）the same story since a month ago．
I have written（=have written many times）to her for many years.
My classmates and I have received（=have often received）letters from her for the past year．
He has lost money in gambling since 1968．
终结完成体
He has finished writing the book．
John has given up smoking cigar．The clock had run down．He had gone to Heaven．All efforts had gone to nothing．
注：在用这个形式时不能用表示一段时间的状语。
The clock has run down for a long time．（错误）
The clock ran down a long time ago．（正确）
He has finished his lunch for twenty minutes．（错误）
He finished his lunch twenty minutes ago．（正确）
John has given up smoking for eight months．（错误）
John gave up smoking eight months ago．（正确）
He has smoked no more for the past eight months．（正确）
反复完成体
He has said and said it again．I have told you over and over again．I had tried，tried and tried，but finally failed．I have been accustomed to smoking．
1171 上面谈到的16种形式，每种都是2个“体”的组合。此外还可以有3个“体”的组合，如have been teaching（一般完成进行体），must have died（可能完成起始体），will be grumbling（可能反复进行体）。由于它们的含义可以从16个“体”中推想出来，没有必要对它们做详细讨论。
C．非谓语动词的4个“体”
1172 非谓语动词和谓语动词一样，也有4个“体”。
He works（一般体）hard．（谓语动词）
He seems to work（一般体）hard．（不定式）
He is used to working（一般体）hard．（动名词）
A man working（一般体）hard can never be starved．（分词）
He lost（起始体）his job．（谓语动词）
I don't want to lose（起始体）my job．（不定式）
I was shocked at the news of his losing（起始体）his job．（动名词）
Losing（起始体）his job，he cannot maintain his family any more．（分词）
He finished（终结体）reading it last Sunday．（谓语动词）
I hope to finish reading it by next Sunday．（非谓语动词）
He worked，worked and worked（反复体）till he died．（谓语动词）
To work and work（反复体）till we die is our destiny．（非谓语动词）
1173 和谓语动词一样，非谓语动词也有可能、进行与完成形式，意义几乎相同。详见有关非谓语动词各章。
D．表动作名词的“体”
1174 和谓语动词一样，表示动作的名词也可有它们特殊的“体”。
一般体
education，establishment，study，manufacture，knowledge，murder
起始体：
departure，disappearance，change，loss，birth，arrival，realization
反复体：
repetition，reiteration，revival，redistribution，mutter，flutter，giggle，twinkle
E．结束语
1175 最后研究一下下面这段短文，看看各个动作完成的程度可能是很有意思的。（1）表示动作发生以前，（2）表示动作开始，（3）表示动作正在进行，（4）表示动作结束，（5）表示动作结束之后。
It was declared on January 15，1968 that they（1）would build a bridge at this village．
They actually（2）started building it on February 1．
I saw that they（2）＋（3）had started building it when I passed through the village on February 3．
They（3）were building it briskly and energetically until December．
They（4）finished building it on December 5．
They（4）＋（5）had just finished building it when I passed through the village again on December 8．
The bridge looked magnificent；they built（一般体）it at an enormous cost.
Now they（5）had built a bridge across the river．
So men and cars did not have to wait for ferry-boats any more；they could cross the river any time．
五、5类动词
A．5类动词的定义
1176 动词可以根据它是否有宾语或表语分为5类（可参阅33节1—7）。这种区分，不仅适用于谓语动词，也适用于非谓语动词。
1177 后面不跟宾语和补语的动词称为不及物动词。
谓语动词 非谓语动词
John came． I saw John coming．
Mary died yesterday． Mary is said to have died yesterday．
Many people sang in the yard． I found many people singing in the yard．
I slept soundly． I want to sleep．
1178 有宾语的动词称为及物动词。
谓语动词 非谓语动词
He visited Hong Kong． I am about to visit Hong Kong．
I know him very well． I should be glad to know him．
They speak English． They are learning to speak English．
She wrote a letter． She dislikes writing any letter．
1179 后面跟两个宾语（即间接宾语和直接宾语）的动词称双宾动词，间接宾语多指人，直接宾语多指物。
谓语动词 非谓语动词
He gave John a cat． I thanked him for giving John a cat．
He teaches Chinese students English． His job is to teach Chinese students English．
She cooked me rice． She went to the market before cooking me rice．
They played Mary a trick． Their playing Mary a trick made me angry．
He asked us many questions． He is curious enough to ask us so many questions．
They envied John his pretty wife． It is natural for them to envy John his pretty wife．
大多数间接宾语可改为介词短语，这时双宾动词变成及物动词。
He gave a cat to John．
He teaches English to Chinese students．
