She cooked rice for me．
They played a trick on Mary．
但上面表格中asked后的us和envied后的John不能这样变。
1180 后面跟主语补语的动词称为系动词。
谓语动词 非谓语动词
He is a teacher． He wants to be a teacher．
Mary become a lawyer． One has to study many years to become a lawyer．
She grew old. She is aware of herself growing old．
They kept silent. It is always good to keep silent．
1181 后面跟一个宾语及宾语补语的动词称为宾补动词。
谓语动词 非谓语动词
Many people know him to be a spy. I am astonished at many people knowing him to be a spy．
Many have heard this song sung． It is true for many people to have heard this song sung．
I saw them coming． I was glad to see them coming．
She kept the house clean． I thank her for keeping the house clean．
They chose John president. Have you heard of them choosing John president?
They left me an orphan． They died leaving me an orphan．
They beat him black and blue． Beating him black and blue，they threw him into the ditch．
He taught me to be careful. It is good for him to teach me to be careful．
I prepared the students to take the exam． Preparing the students to take the exam，I go to school earlier than usual．
He encouraged me to try again． I remember him encouraging me to try again.
每一个句子等于把两个句子巧妙地结合起来，前面一句包含一个及物动词，第二个句子包含一个系动词。第一个句子的宾语同时是第二个句子的主语。上面的例句大致可解为下面几种形式：
Many people know him，and he is a spy．
Many have heard this song，and this song has been sung．
I saw them，and they were coming．
She kept the house，so the house remained clean．
They chose John，so John became president．
They left me，so I became an orphan．
They beat him，so he became black and blue．
He taught me，and I was to be careful．
I prepared the students，and the students were to take the exam．
He encouraged me，and I was to try again．
在某些情况下，宾语及宾语补语可以改为一个that引起的从句。
I think it easy．—I think that it is easy．
The circumstance decided him to study hard.—The circumstance decided that he was to study hard．
They wish him dead．—They wish that he would be dead．
They reported seven planes shot down．—They reported that seven planes had been shot down．
I must see the work done．—I must see that the work be done.
B．不同类型动词的相互转换
1．各种类型的不及物动词
1182 a．多数动词在一个句子中可能是及物动词，而在另一句中又可用作不及物动词。
作及物动词 作不及物动词
He can speak English． A dumb person cannot speak．
She was boiling water． The water is boiling．
We played tennis． Some children are playing in the garden．
I wrote three letters this morning． He cannot write though he can read．
1183 b．有些动词几乎只能用作不及物动词。
He came yesterday，but I was out．
He lay on the ground，crying and struggling．
He died many years ago．
Don't laugh．It's something serious．
Don't jump up and down．
He fell downstairs．
1184 c．有些动词通常用作及物动词，但用于一般意义，不说出宾语是什么时，它们就成了不及物动词。
I never smoke（cigarettes，cigars，or any others）.
Though he has eyes，he does not see．
We must drink，we must eat．
This machine can cut，can pull，can raise．
He reads every night．
It is better to give than to receive．
To do is harder than to speak．
1185 d．有些动词通常作及物动词，如果按习惯用法宾语可以省略，它们也就成了不及物动词。
He shrugged（his shoulders）.
She waved（her hand）to me．
I will leave（this place）tomorrow．
Wait．I will change（my clothes）.
The hen is laying（an egg）.
Write（letters）to me often.
Let me milk（the cow）.
Shut up（your mouth）.
A barking dog never bites（persons）.
He proposed（marriage）to her．
He drinks（liquor）almost every evening．
Kiss（each other）and be friends．
They loved and embraced（each other）.
We met（each other）every Sunday．
They married（each other）last year．
在非正式口语中，有时宾语可以省略。
The news is important，but nobody told（the news to）me．
Psychology is one of our main subjects，but the school has not taught（it to）us yet．
If I owe you anything，I will pay you（the debt）.
Don't tell me（the story）.I know（it）.
“You must be careful．” “I understand（I must be careful）.”
“You have wronged many friends．”“I deny（what you say）.”
“The back gate jams．” “I can open（it）.”
1186 e．如果及物动词后面有作宾语的自身代词被省略，它也就成了不及物动词。
Keep（yourself）away from danger．
The child hid（himself）under the bed．
They are making（themselves）merry．
The mob dispersed（themselves）．
He turned（himself）to me．
Let us rest（ourselves）a few minutes．
The rock rolled（itself）down the mountain．
The bubble burst（itself）．
A scar showed（itself）on her face．
1187 f．有些及物动词，如果用来表示被动意义，也就成了不及物动词。
The books sell（=are sold）well．
This cloth washes（=is washed）easily．
The fish will not keep long．
The liquor drinks well．
The door won't shut．
She photographs well．
What does a cat eat like？
These faults count for nothing．
This compares favourably with that．
The bridge is building（=is being built）．
Dinner is getting（=is being got）ready．
Great events are preparing．
Some measures are taking．
The book is printing．
The house is completing．
1188 g．及物动词的被动语态也可以看作不及物动词，因为它后面既不跟宾语，也不跟表语（括号给出的是大致意思）。
He was killed（=died）．
The papers were blown（=flew）off．
He has been tormented（=suffered）for years．
She was astonished（=wondered）at your sudden refusal．
He was pleased（=rejoiced）to hear the news．
Don't be troubled（=worry）．
The war will be ended（=end）next year．
He must be taught by（=learn from）a very strict teacher．
1189 h．由及物动词和它的宾语构成的成语也可看成不及物动词，因为它后面既不跟宾语，也不跟补语。
We have to give way（=yield）．
Lend an ear（=listen）to me．
Our plan did not take shape（=materialize）．
This soldier won't take orders（=obey）．
Some accident took place（=happened）．
Can I have a word（=talk）with you？
She takes a good picture（=photographs well）．
He has sown his wild oats（=dissipated）for ten years．
Take your time（=Don't hurry）．
I exerted myself（=endeavoured）to make more money．
He concealed himself（=hid）in the jungle．
He conducted himself（=behaved）properly．
I washed myself（=bathed）every evening．
Don't lose heart．
This habit has taken root in him．
He passed a remark about the ceremony．
1190 i．由“不及物动词＋介词＋名词”构成的成语也可看作不及物动词。
A steamer came into sight（=appeared）．
Business has come to a standstill（=stopped）．
He rose to his feet（=stood up）．
The glass fell into pieces（=broke）．
He came to himself（=revived）．
They fell on their knees（=knelt down）．
Everything is going to the bad（=declining．）
2．各种类型的及物动词
1191 a．有些动词只用作及物动词，很少或从不用作不及物动词。
I like milk．
He made a small boat．
He threw the rotten bananas into the garbage-can．
He painted his room．
We received the things John gave us．
I got the first prize．
We discussed many problems．
1192 b．有少数动词必须跟有自身代词作宾语。
He prided himself on his knowledge of zoology．
He absented himself from school．
They pledged themselves to support us．
Go and enjoy yourselves．
He conducted himself well．
Don't overeat（or overwork，oversleep）yourself．（在美国自身代词可以不用）
You must behave yourself．
He distinguished himself by his hard work．
1193 c．有些动词通常作不及物动词，如果用来表示“使……干某事”，则成为及物动词。
He flew a kite（=caused a kite to fly）．
He grew a lot of bananas（=caused a lot of bananas to grow）．
She bathed her child．
My boss worked me hard．
We dined our guests handsomely．
He walked his horse about．
She ran a needle into her finger．
The woodman fell the trees．
They starved our troops．
I will marry my girl to anyone who loves her truly．
He stood his umbrella against the wall．
He leaned his elbow on the desk．
He beat his hand against the desk．
He shot an arrow at us．
1194 d．有些动词通常作不及物动词，但在一些成语（习惯用语）中可成为及物动词。
We are talking business（or shop）．
Please talk sense．
He walked the boards when he was young．
She walked the streets at night．
He eagerly played knife and fork．
He ran errands for the firm．
He ran a risk of being killed．
Why don't you go the whole hog and become a dancing-master？
Don't come（=act）the bully over me．
He will stand trial．
1195 e．有些动词通常作不及物动词，但在跟有同源宾语（与动词意思几乎相同的名词）时，可变为及物动词。
He lived a happy life．
He died a glorious death．
She smiled the smile of a fairy．
He dreamed a sweet dream．
He breathed his last（breath）just on his birthday．
He shouted his loudest（shout）．
He behaved his best on his wedding day．
1196 f．有些动词通常作不及物动词，但在以某个动作表示某种意思时，可以成为及物动词。
He bowed his gratitude（=expressed his gratitude by bowing）．
She smiled a welcome（=expressed a welcome by smiling）．
They shouted applause．
He looked his thanks．
He laughed his consent．
He waved good-bye to us．
He whistled a melody．
He nodded his approval．
1197 g．有些双宾动词的被动形式也可以看作及物动词，特别是在表示人的宾语变成主语时，这时它有一个宾语（括号中给出了它们的大致意义）。
I was given（=got）a lot of praises．
He is taught（=studied）Malay．
I was shown（=saw）everything in the palace．
I was paid（=received）half of my salary．
I was served（=ate）only potatoes．
I was denied everything（=did not get anything）．
I was told（=learned）many things．
1198 h．有些由不及物动词和介词构成的短语可以看作及物动词，因为它们后面可跟有宾语。
They laughed at（derided）me．
We wish for（=desire）something exciting．
They spoke about（=discuss）the situation after the war．
Let us look into（=study）this case．
I started from（=left）Tokyo on January 16．
I looked for（=sought）a place where I could live in peace．
下面i，j，k，l和m中的成语可以看作及物动词，因为它们后面都可以跟有宾语。
1199 i．由“及物动词＋地点副词”构成的成语也可看作及物动词。
We passed over（=ignored）all the details．
He gave up（=abandoned）the plan of selling monkeys．
I put off（=delayed）visiting the doctor．
I have handed in（or sent in）（=tendered）my resignation．
He has to leave off（=stop）doing evil．
1200 j．由“不及物动词＋地点副词＋介词”构成的成语也可看作及物动词。
They stood up for（=supported）John as their leader．
I looked back on（=contemplated）the past．
I have gone through with（=finished）your novel．
Turn aside from（=Avoid）evil．
They look down upon（=despise）poor people．
We look up to（=respect）scholars．
What do you go in for（=want）？
1201 k．由“及物动词＋名词＋介词”构成的成语也可看作及物动词。
He takes no notice of（=neglects）my warning．
He gave examples of（=exemplify）the use of the articles．
He gave an account of（=related）his adventure．
They put confidence in（=trust）nobody．
He took sides with（=favoured）our party．
The play caught the fancy of（=attracted）the public．
I availed myself of（=accepted）his invitation．
He engaged himself to（=served）a jeweller．
Help yourself to（=Eat）the pork．
1202 l．由“系动词＋形容词（或分词）＋介词”构成的成语也可以看作及物动词。
He is fond of（=likes）coffee．
I am sorry for（=regret）my mistake．
Mathematics is interesting to（=interests）me．
This dress is suitable for（=becomes）her．
A man in this country is similar to（=resembles）any man in any other country．
They are void of（=lack）sympathy．
1203 m．由“系动词＋介词＋名词＋介词”构成的成语也可看成及物动词。
He is at a loss for（=lacks）words to express his gratitude．
He is in fear of（=dreads）debt．
He is at odds with his brother．
We are at peace with them．
3．系动词的另一种形式
1204 宾补动词的被动语态可以看作系动词，因为随着语态的改变，宾语的补语可变成主语的补语。同时这类句子可以看成两个句子的结合体（可参阅1181节）。
The floor was swept clean．（=The floor was swept and it became clean．）
John was chosen president．（=John was chosen and he became president．）
I was left an orphan．（=I was left［alone］and I became an orphan．）
He was beaten black and blue．（=He was beaten and he became black and blue．）
He was advised to work hard．（=He was advised and he was to work hard．）
He was taught to be careful．（=He was taught and he was to be careful．）
The rumour was found false．（=The rumour was found and it proved false．）
The enemy was seen coming．（=The enemy was seen and he was coming．）
4．各种类型的宾补动词
1205 a．不及物动词有时可用作宾补动词，此时后面跟有一个自身代词及形容词或介词短语，其中后者表示谓语动词所表示动作的结果。
He slept himself sober．（=He slept so much that he became sober．）
She cried herself blind．
We walked ourselves lame．
He laughed himself red in the face．
I talked myself hoarse．
I ran myself out of breath．（=I ran so much that I became out of breath．）
I laughed myself into fits．
We worked ourselves into illness．
1206 b．由一个不及物动词和一个介词构成的成语有时可被看作一个宾补动词，因为它不仅有宾语，还有宾语补语。
He signaled to（=signed）me to take a seat．
We appealed to（=requested）the government to help us．
We rely upon（=require）him to supply us with all necessaries．
Everyone longs for（=desires）the nation to be free from political disturbances．
I prevailed upon（=persuaded）her to marry me．
六、动词的两种语态
A．主动语态及被动语态的形式与意义
1207 下面两句话意思几乎相同：
在第一句中，动词speaks表示主语John是动作的执行者，这时就说它为主动语态（Active Voice）。第二句中的谓语is spoken表示主语English是动作的承受者，因此就说它处于被动语态（Passive Voice）。
当主动结构的句子变为被动结构的句子时，有3个成分受到影响：主动语态的动词（如speaks）成为被动语态的动词，即成为“be＋过去分词”结构（如is spoken）；主动结构中的宾语（如第一句中的English）成为被动结构中的主语（如第二句中的English）；主动结构中的主语（如第一句中的John）变成被动结构句子中by的宾语（如第二句中的John）。
下面是几对主动结构和被动结构的句子：
1．Columbus discovered America．（主动）
2．America was discovered by Columbus．（被动）
1．The cat has eaten the fish．（主动）
2．The fish has been eaten by the cat．（被动）
1．Some one of us will do it．（主动）
2．It will be done by some one of us．（被动）
不过，由于被动语态的主要作用是不提主动结构句子中的主语（其理由下面再谈），因此在变为被动结构之后，由by引起的短语常不出现。例如，我们说English is spoken in England.而不说English is spoken in England by them.
从以上所说看来，He teaches和He is taught是不同的，而John murdered和John was murdered也是不同的。
B．哪些动词可变为被动语态
1208 不是所有动词都可从主动语态变为被动语态。在5类动词中，只有及物动词、双宾动词和宾补动词可以变为被动语态，不及物动词及系动词不能变成被动语态。
及物动词
He writes many letters every day．
Many letters are written every day．
They import a great deal of rice．
A great deal of rice is imported．
双宾动词（由主动变被动有几种方式）
They send us magazines from time to time．
Magazines are sent（to）us from time to time．
We are sent magazines from time to time．
We have magazines sent（to）us from time to time．（这是表示被动语态的另一种方式）
Teachers teach my class many subjects．
My class is taught many subjects．
Many subjects are taught（to）my class．
My class has many subjects taught（to）it．
宾补动词
People call him Fatty．
He is called Fatty．
They asked Mary to be careful．
Mary was asked to be careful．
有些动词尽管是及物动词，却不能变为被动语态，因为它们大多表示状态。
This new dress becomes her．（不能说She is becomed by this new dress．）
This chair costs me twenty dollars．
Her work deserves the first prize．
This bulb doesn't fit my lamp．
Tom has a big house．
This box holds only a few articles．
We lack courage and patience．
Nobody resembles anybody else in face or in mind．
还有一些及物动词跟有特殊的宾语，也不能变为被动语态。
