He shouted his loudest．（不能说His loudest is shouted．）
He breathed his last．
She nodded her approval．
I smiled my thanks．
She praised herself．
He ruined himself．
He wishes to be somebody．
He enjoys taking pictures．
另外，有些动词常用于被动语态。
She is said to be a movie star．（不能说They say her to be，etc．）
Newton is known as a great physicist．
Davy is reputed to be the best doctor in this small town．
C．各种动词形式的主动与被动语态
1209 下表表示各种动词形式的主动与被动语态。
1．谓语动词（陈述语气）
主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 She teaches me（or you，him，them）． I am（or you are，He is，They are）taught．
现在完成时 She has taught me（or you，him，them）． I（or You，They）have been taught；He has been taught．
现在进行时 She is teaching me（or you，him，them）． I am（or You are，He is，They are）being taught．
一般过去时 She taught me（or you，him，them）． I was（or You were，He was，They were）taught．
过去完成时 She had taught me（or you，him，them）． I（or You，He，They）had been taught．
过去进行时 She was teaching me（or you，him，them）． I was（or You were，He was，They were）being taught．
一般将来时 She will teach me（or you，him，them）． I shall（or You will，He will，They will）be taught．
将来完成时 She will have taught me（or you，him，them）． I shall（or You will，He will，They will）have been taught．
将来进行时 She will be teaching me（or you，him，them）． I shall（or You will，He will，They will）be being taught．
2．谓语动词（虚拟语气）
一般主动 一般被动 进行主动 进行被动
现在虚拟语气 He writes it． It be written． He be writing it． It be being written．
过去虚拟语气 He wrote it． It were written． He were writing it. It were being written.
将来虚拟语气 He should write it． It should be written． He should be writing it．
过去完成虚拟语气 He had written it． It had been written． He had been writing it．
将来完成虚拟语气 He should have written it． It should have been written． He should have been writing．
条件句中主句的谓语形式
主动 被动
一般时 I should（or would，could，might）do it． It would（or could，might）be done．
完成时 I should（or would，could，might）have done it. It would（or could，might）have been done．
3．非谓语动词：不定式
主动 被动
一般时 to write to be written
进行时 to be writing
完成时 to have written to have been written
4．非谓语动词：分词
主动 被动
现在时 writing being written
过去时 written
完成时 having written having been written
5．非谓语动词：动名词
主动 被动
现在时 writing being written
完成时 having written having been written
D．表示动作或状态的被动语态
1210 被动语态不仅可表示动作，也可表示状态。在表示状态时，助动词be接近一个完全动词，而过去分词起形容词的作用。
The house was painted（动作）yesterday．
The house was beautifully painted（=had been beautifully painted）（状态）．
The store was closed（动作）at six every day．
The store was closed（=had been closed）（状态）when I passed by at night．
The glass was broken（动作）by his naughty child．
The glass is broken（=has been broken）（状态）．Throw it away．
The village was deserted（=was abandoned）just before the enemy came．
The village was quite deserted（=empty）．
The child is dressed by his sister every evening．
He is well-dressed．
His works will be preserved by his wife．
None of his works are preserved（=extant）．
Dinner is prepared by mother．
I am prepared（=ready）to start．
She was married by her uncle．
She is married（=not single）．
A new government is being established．（进行时一般都表示动作）
This usage is now firmly established．
The fish was eaten by the cat．
The fish has been eaten by the cat．（完成时常表示状态）
Do you know when the key was lost？
I don't know．I found that it was lost when I arrived home．
His future is ruined by Mary．
He is bankrupt and ruined．
He got killed（or shot，bitten，punished，used to it）．（“got＋过去分词”通常表示动作或动作的开始，这一点比用be时更清楚，但只是用在口语中）
I was astonished（or delighted）by his remarks．
I was astonished at，and delighted（状态）with，his remarks．（表示情绪的分词用作形容词的可能性最大，通常表示状态，除非后面跟一个由by引起的短语）
He is worried（=sad），delighted（=happy），irritated（=angry），puzzled（=all at sea）.
E．什么时候使用被动语态
1211 除非有特殊理由，一般不要用被动语态。先观察下面四组例句：
1．a．A salesgirl called Mary sold it for twenty cents．
Some teachers teach French in this school．
People are building a bridge across this river．
They speak Spanish in Cuba．
b．The doctor gave me an injection of vitamins．
The thief stole all her clothing．
The police arrested John and sent him to prison．
c．You stole my diamond．
My uncle killed a rich widow in her bathroom．
The principal has mismanaged the school．
John ruined her future．
d．Someone left a purse behind．
A man，whose name I forget，introduced this method into our country in 1950．
在a类句子中，主语不起太大作用，听话的人或读者对它们不感兴趣。b类句子中的主语不说也可以猜出。c类句子中的主语不说出可能更明智。d类句子的主语，说话人和听话人可能都不清楚。在这种情况下，最好把宾语变成主语，把主动语态变为被动语态：
a．It was sold for twenty cents．
French is taught in this school．
A bridge is being built across this river．
Spanish is spoken in Cuba．
b．I was given an injection of vitamins．
All her clothing was stolen．
John was arrested and sent to prison．
c．My diamond was stolen．
A rich widow was killed in her bathroom．
The school has been mismanaged．
Her future is ruined．
d．A purse was left behind．
This method was introduced into our country in 1950．
被动语态可以用来避免提到主语，也可用来对主语加以强调，即把主语变为by的宾语，并放到句子末尾。
2．Edison invented the electric light．（不强调任何词）
The electric light was invented by Edison（受到强调）．
Columbus discovered America．（不强调任何词）
America was discovered by Columbus（受到强调）．
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet．
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare．
Everyone commits this mistake．
This mistake is committed by everyone．
反过来说，把句子由主动结构变为被动结构，可对原来的宾语加以强调，使其成为主语。
3．He spent three million dollars in an evening．（不强调任何词）
Three million dollars was spent in an evening．（强调主语）
In this city they are building the largest restaurant in all the world．（不强调任何词）
The largest restaurant in all the world is being built in this city．（强调主语）
使用被动结构还可避免在并列句中改变主语。
4．He asked some passers-by and was told（不必变为they told him）he should turn to the right．
He asked for her hand，but was laughed at（以此代替she laughed at him）．
He respects others and is respected（以此代替others respect him）．
We must defeat them or be defeated（以此代替they must defeat us）．
F．被动语态相当于不及物动词的情况
1212 某些动词的被动语态和一个不及物动词意思差不多。
The river was frozen（=froze）in winter．
She was dressed（=dressed）beautifully．
The ceremony was begun（=began）at 9 a．m．
The house was burned（=burned）for three hours．
The cloth has been worn（=has worn）thin．
They were married（=married）in 1950．
It was dried（=dried）．
Some of the dry leaves were blown（=blew）into my house．
The boat was upset（=upset）.
The plan was worked out（=worked out）with little success．
Their project was developed（=developed）very slowly．
Mary were starved（=starved）．
She was graduated（=graduated）three years ago．
The merchandise was sold out（=sold out）in an hour．
Many English words are derived（=derive）from Latin．
All the passengers were drowned（=drowned）．
The rumour was traced（=traced）back to a trivial incident．
The eggs will be hatched（=hatch）very soon．
G．被动语态相当于“主动语态＋自身代词”的情况
1213 某些动词的被动语态和“主动语态＋自身代词”的意义几乎相同，主语可以指人，也可指物。
Many secrets were discovered（=discovered themselves）．
My idea was conveyed（=conveyed itself）to them with ease．
The candle was burned（=burned itself）out at midnight．
The problem was resolved（=resolved itself）into nothing．
The matter was settled（=settled itself）at once．
All his efforts have been wasted（=wasted themselves）away．
The news was communicated to every reader．
Her face was bathed in tears．
His strength and patience has been exhausted．
In twenty years the population of this city was doubled．
He was enrolled（=enrolled himself）in the army．
He was associated（=associated himself）with drug dealers．
I can't be persuaded（=persuade myself）of his honesty．
I can't be assured of his readiness to help．
We have been refreshed with a warm bath．
He has been satisfied of the truth of his statement．
He has to be accustomed to this hard life．
One must be reconciled to one's fate．
He is worried about her．
He wants to be revenged on the murderer．
H．另一种被动形式：have（或get）＋名词（代词）＋过去分词
1214 “have＋名词（代词）＋过去分词”是另一种被动形式，但其意思和“be＋过去分词”有些差别。试比较下面3种类型句子中的这两种被动形式。
1．He wrote（及物动词）a letter．（他自己写）
A letter was written．（谁写的未说出）
He had a letter written．（他请别人写的）
John repaired（及物动词）a watch．—A watch was repaired．—John had a watch repaired．
2．They handed（双宾动词）him（间接宾语）a note（直接宾语）．—A note（主语，原句中的直接宾语）was handed（to）him．—He（主语，原句中的间接宾语）was handed a note．—He had a note handed（to）him．（比上句好）
They played（双宾动词）John a trick．—A trick was played on John．—John had a trick played on him．（比John was played a trick．好）
3．They said（及物动词）something for（介词）John．—Something was said for John．—They（主语，也是原句中的主语）had something said for John．John（主语，原句中介词的宾语）had something said for him．
John sent a letter to Mary．—A letter was sent to Mary．—John had a letter sent to Mary．—Mary had a letter sent to her．
也可用get代替have。
John got（=had）a letter written．（get和have都含有让别人做某事的意思）
I got（=had）my clothes washed．
She got（=had）her dress made．
但有时不能用get代替have。
John had（不能说got）his watch stolen．（=John's watch was stolen．）（have还可表示遭遇某事的意思，get则只能表示要某人做某事。手表被偷不是他的主观意图）
The criminal had（不能说got）his head cut off．（比较：The judge got the criminal punished．）
I．带主动意思的被动形式
1215 有些被动形式有主动意思。
He is delighted（=joyful），satisfied（=content），exasperated（=angry），worried（=sad），dejected（=sorrowful），distracted（=mad），animated（=cheerful），disheartened（=gloomy）.（多数表示情绪的动词的被动形式都有主动意思）
He is exhausted（=weary），married（=not single），pinched（=poor），reserved（=modest），puffed-up（=vain），unrestrained（=free），untrained（=ignorant），distinguished（=famous）．It is untarnished（=clean），untouched（=intact），untrodden（=pathless），unsettled（=unstable），deserted（=lonely），complicated（=not simple），burnished（=bright）.（表示状态的被动形式没有被动意思或只有少许被动意思）
J．带被动意思的主动形式
1216 有些主动形式却有被动意思。
1．谓语动词
The secret discovered itself（=was discovered）．（参阅1213节）
The matter settled itself（=was settled）at once．
Don't worry yourself（=be worried）.
His energy has exhausted itself（=been exhausted）.
The plan worked out（=was worked out）with success．（参阅1212节）
School will open（=be opened）next week．
The project developed（=was developed）slowly．
A candle burned（=was burned）in the corner．
The book reads well．
This article sells well．
The cloth wears well．
How does the house let?
The door won't lock．
The house is building．
The cow is milking．
My work is finishing．
2．非谓语动词
There's nothing to buy（=to be bought）．
There's not a moment to lose．
There is some work to finish．
There are many lawyers to apply to．
The child wants spanking（=to be spanked）．
The story won't bear retelling．
The composition needs correcting．
This house requires repairing．
This novel is worth reading．
3．形容词、介词短语和名词
The book is readable（=may be read）.（后缀-able和-ble有被动意义）
The root of this plant is eatable（=may be eaten）.
This theory is not defensible（=cannot be defended）.
No trees are visible（=can be seen）in the desert．
The matter is still in dispute（=being disputed）.（有些介词短语有被动意义）
The bridge is in process（or course）of construction（=being constructed）．
Rice is in great demand（=greatly demanded）．
I am in his employ（=employed by him）．
The plan is under contemplation（=being contemplated）．
The house is under repair．
The problem is under discussion（or under investigation）．
可以把下面各对句子加以比较：
This rich man is in possession of（=owns）a large garden．
The large garden is in the possession of（=is owned by）a rich man．
Miss White is in charge of this library．
The library is in（or under）the charge of Miss White．
General Dong is in command of the Second Division．
The Second Division is under（the）command of General Dong．
Our army is in control of the city．
The city is in（or under）the control of our army．
Few know about his ill-treatment，punishment，and demotion（=being ill-treated，being punished，and being demoted）．（有些表示动作的名词可有被动意义）
He came to my aid（or assistance，rescue）.（=I was aided，assisted，rescued．）
K．非谓语动词的被动形式
1217 本章所给都是谓语动词的例子（1216节2、3两部分除外），适合谓语动词有关语态的规律，也同样适用于非谓语动词，尽管有时有些细微差别。
1218 1．就谓语动词而言，被动动词所表示的动作承受者必然是句子主语。
This “continent” was discovered by Columbus．
That “man” will be punished．
“He” is interested in learning new things．
“John” will be questioned．
“I” shall be examined again．
但就非谓语动词而言，被动动词所表示的动作承受者可能是起形容词作用的分词或不定式所修饰的主体词。
This is the “continent” discovered by Columbus．
The “man” to be punished is gone．I want “him” to be arrested．
“His” being interested in gardening is unknown to me．
It's no use “for John” to be questioned．
也可以是句子的主语。
“I” am willing to be examined again．
“I” avoided being examined again．
也可能不说出来。
To be promoted is the result of many years of effort．
Being insulted is worse than being killed．
1219 2．用于被动语态的谓语动词可以是（1）及物动词，（2）双宾动词或（3）宾补动词。
(1)Many letters are written every day．
The case is being studied．
(2)The flowers are sent her by her lover．
The books were given her by her uncle．
(3)Mary is advised to talk less．
The city is always kept clean．
非谓语动词也如此。
(1)There are many letters to be written．
The case being studied concerns drug-smuggling．
(2)The flowers sent her are beautiful．
The books given her by her uncles were novels．
(3)Being advised to talk less，Mary keeps silent while we talk．
The city，to be always kept clean，has a thousand workmen to do the job．
1220 3．用于被动语态的谓语动词可表示动作或状态。
The enemy was surrounded（动作）by our troops yesterday．
The city is surrounded（状态）by trees．
非谓语动词也如此。
The enemy，surrounded（动作）by our troops yesterday，surrendered this morning．
The city，surrounded（状态）by trees，looks extremely beautiful．
1221 4．在谓语动词用于被动结构时，由by引起的短语常常由于某些原因不说出。
The watch was stolen（by John）．
非谓语动词也如此。
The watch stolen（by John）cost fifty dollars．
1222 5．谓语动词的被动语态相当于一个不及物动词或“及物动词＋自身代词”。
The ceremony was begun（=began）at 8：00 a.m．
His patience has been exhausted（=exhausted itself）．
非谓语动词也如此。
Begun（=beginning）at 8：00 a．m.，the ceremony is a great event in this small village．
Having been exhausted（=exhausted itself），his patience changed to recklessness．
1223 6．谓语动词还有另一种表示被动意思的方式：have（或get）＋名词（代词）＋过去分词。
He got his house repaired every year．
非谓语动词也如此。
He talked with masons about getting his house repaired．
第13单元 介词
1224 英语中有3类介词：
1．简单介词（约有70个）
in，at，on，by，with，down，for，beside，along，across，into，toward
