2．分词介词（约15个）［参阅1097节（f）］
during，pending，following，barring，considering，concerning，regarding，touching，speaking，judging，talking，excepting
3．成语介词（约有500个）
out of，apart from，because of，by means of，with reference to，with a view to，on the verge of
一、简单介词
A．介词的宾语
1225 介词后面一般紧跟宾语。这种宾语是名词或相当于名词的东西，一共有11种类型。
1226 1．名词
I live in a small house．
We are walking along the street．
I will answer you concerning your request．
1227 2．代词
I spoke to them．
He is interested in it．
He wrote to me concerning himself．
1228 3．动名词
He spent the afternoon in swimming．
He learns English by reading English papers．
He insisted on going back to the hotel．
1229 4．不定式
He did nothing but（or except）（to）sleep．
Everything is allowed except to disturb others．
What does he do save（to）talk nonsense?
I would sooner die than（to）yield．
I know better than to argue with such a rascal．（I will not argue．）
I could do no otherwise than（to）laugh．（I could not but laugh．）
不定式一般不能用作介词的宾语，只有在save，but，except和than后可以。在这样用时，to常常省略。
1230 5．疑问词＋不定式
The problem of what to do is difficult to settle．
That depends on which method to use．
We have informed him of when to send the merchandise．
Have you received my letter regarding how to send the money?
在任何适当介词后这种结构都可使用。
1231 6．表示时间或地点的副词
We all have trusted him till now（or till recently）．
He has been ill since then．
He has never seen anyone since three years ago．
I'll love you for ever．
I shall have finished it by tomorrow．
We shall meet again before long．
He came from afar．
He has just returned from abroad．
New troubles arose from within（or from here，from all around，from hard by，from below，from elsewhere）．
比较：He stood in here（or out there）．（这里in和out是副词，不是介词）
能以副词作宾语的介词为数不多。
1232 7．形容词
In short，I have explained everything．
At first，he failed；but at last，he succeeded．
He has at least a thousand friends．
I have advised him in public and in private．
He was ill of late．
只在少数成语中可在介词后用形容词。
1233 8．介词短语
He came from across the river．（across=a place across）
He returned from beyond the sea．（beyond=a place beyond）
He was shot from behind the hedge．
He stole to behind the enemy．
The enemy suddenly appeared from just below our feet．（两个介词之间夹入一个副词）
He has been ill since before the war．（before=a time before）
I write up to about midnight．（about=a time about）
He read till into the night．
He did not see her till about last Sunday．
I worked till after four．
They have stayed for above ten days．
The storm continued from before sunrise till after midnight．
He had arrived by soon after ten.（两个介词之间夹入一个副词）
I bought it at over ten dollars．（over=a price over）
I can sell it for under your price．
I drove at from 30 to 40 miles an hour．（from...to=a distance from...to）
I drove at between 30 and 40 miles an hour．（between...and =a distance between...and）
This job is done by from 40 to 50 men．
1234 9．That引起的从句
I know nothing except that（or save that）he stood at the spot where the murder was committed．
Man differs from other animals in that man can laugh and speak．
He is not content notwithstanding that（=although）he is rich．
I would study abroad but that I am poor．
I would have been a politician but that my father forbade me to．
除了在except，in，save，but，notwithstanding之后，介词后一概不能用that引起的从句作宾语。
1235 10．疑问词引起的从句
They were disputing about where they should go．
He does not care about who will be the president．
He wants to be informed of which college is the best for him．
His success depends on whether he will work hard．
Have you any idea as to when the war will end?
疑问词前的介词有时可以省略。
1236 11．名词（代词）＋形容词（或相当于形容词的东西）
这种宾语通常跟在介词with后，表示伴随的情况。
He lay on the floor with his feet ice-cold（形容词）.（with his feet ice-cold=his feet being ice-cold）
He is away from home with her alone（=she being alone）．
With the sun up（地点副词），the birds twittered noisily．
She went to the market with her child behind．
He wandered about without a cent in his pocket（介词短语）．
With his wife out of temper，he can't stay at home．
He went to the party with his shoes shining and creaking（现在分词）．
The revolution broke out with millions of people screaming and shouting．
He came with a gift（which was）beautifully packed（过去分词）．
The police returned with a thief bound up in rope．
They sat face to face without a word said．
He returned home with a lot of problems to settle（不定式）．
He wandered over the village with a dog（which was）the size（=of the size）of a calf．
He studies Malay with Mary his only classmate（同位语）．
这种宾语间或可用在其他介词后面。
“After” all said and done（过去分词），this seems the best one．
Have you ever heard “of” an upright man abandoned by his friend?
They celebrated that day “for” the freedom regained．
“In spite of” so much time and money spent，he remains a bachelor．
His success depends “on” him（or his）working（现在分词）hard．
The fact “of” John（or John's）marrying a woman of pleasure shocked his family．
His success depends “upon” the method to use（=which he will use）（不定式）．
B．副词与介词的差别
1237 许多介词可以用作地点副词，不过有时不易看出它们是否用作副词。根本差别是，介词总跟有宾语，而副词后从不跟有宾语。不过，必须指出，如此副词，往往就是省略了宾语的介词（省略是因为从上下文可猜出宾语是什么）。
带介词的句子 带副词的句子
Children must keep（不及物动词）off this dangerous place． Children must keep off．（在读者或听话人可以清楚离开什么地方时才这样说）
I went before them． I went before．
He stood between us． He stood between．
John wandered about the streets． John wandered about．
The animals live inside the cave． The animals live inside.
He went up the mountain． He went up．
He dashed into the house. He dashed in（不是into）．
We were left behind the rest． We were left behind．
I took（及物动词）the luggage into the house． I took the luggage in（不是into）．
He sailed his boat across the river． He sailed his boat across．
Throw it outside the house． Throw it outside．
Don't drag the cat up the staircase． Don't drag the cat up．
The old man（名词）across the street is my uncle． The old man across is my uncle.
Some people behind the scene support him． Some people behind support him．
The beautiful prospect before us is encouraging． The beautiful prospect before is encouraging．
但地点副词除了表示地点，还可表示其他东西，这时就不能认为是把介词宾语省略。
How did it come about（=happen）?
The plan fell through（=failed）．
The machine broke down．
How are you getting along?
We have given up．
He has grown up．
Hold on!
1238 此外我们还应把“及物动词＋地点副词”这种动词短语（如：He kept down his temper．和He left behind his clothes and hat．中的斜体词）和“不及物动词＋介词”这种动词短语（如：He walked down the mountain．和He waited behind other passengers．中的斜体词）加以区别。这两种短语是较难区别的，因为它们都跟有宾语。
一般说来，如果这样的动词短语包含（1）一个通常用作及物动词的动词，或（2）一个通常用作副词的词，或（3）一个紧跟在动词后的名词或代词，这个短语就是“及物动词＋副词”型的动词短语。
及物动词＋地点副词
(1)He cast down the wedding ring．（cast通常用作及物动词）
He carried on the business．
We cut off their retreat．
I put on my blue shirt．
Don't give up your plan．
We hand over the thief to the police．
I can lay down my burden now．
He made（or delivered）over his property to his son．
I will take（or set，put）down what you say．
He filled up a form．
He locked in his naughty children．
He drew up his will．
He rubbed in some oil．
He bound（or stored，tore）up the document．
The revolution brought about a great change．
有些不及物动词间或可用作及物动词。
They hissed down the speaker．
They shouted down the performer．
We must think over this matter．
We have talked over this problem．
I walked off my headache．
He blew off the candle．
We laughed down those who opposed us．
(2)He bore away the palm．（away通常用作副词）
He beat back his enemy．
He brought forward his proposal．
He cast out the uninvited guest．
He drew aside John and Mary．
He collected together all he needed．
(3)I will see John off．（名词John紧跟在动词后面）
He called his secretary in．
He helped her up．
Our forefathers handed the traditions down to us．
Point the verb out．
Put your shoes off before entering the temple．
I put my glasses on．
I will send the goods off tomorrow．
I shall take the property over．
Take your hat off．
Let's talk the plan over．
I can't put a word in．
1239 如果一个动词短语包含（4）一个通常用作不及物动词的动词，或（5）一个通常用作介词的词，这种短语就是“不及物动词＋介词”型的动词短语。
不及物动词＋介词
(4)He came across a valuable curio．（come通常用作不及物动词）
They cling to their leader．
I conversed with some friends．
He crowed over John．
He cried for coffee．
They differ in opinion．
He has run into trouble in his job．
He went about the city．
The accident happened to John．
I hope for peace．
(5)Look at the thing you did．（at通常用作介词）
I am listening to him．
He kept from gambling．
I cannot judge of him．
I talked with John．
We strove for independence．
He spoke against me．
He fell among thieves．
1240 如果一个动词短语中的动词可以是及物动词，也可以是不及物动词，后面的词可以是介词，也可以是副词，我们可以用下面的方法来决定它属于哪种类型。以The car dashed down the mountain为例。如果down是介词，就是“车往山下冲”；如果它是副词，就是“把山冲倒”。显然这里是“车往山下冲”，因此它是介词，这个动词短语是“不及物动词＋介词”型。再看另一句We can't get under the fire。如果under是介词，就是“到达火下面”；如果它是副词，则表示“把火控制住”（=get the fire under control）。显然这里under是作副词，这个动词短语属于“及物动词＋副词”型。
1241 如果动词短语是“及物动词＋副词”型，在宾语长时，必须把宾语放在副词后面。
He gave up the plan which he had worked on for many years．
They hissed down the speaker，manager of Asia Company．
How can he keep under a woman who has been tolerated for many years?
如果宾语很短，它可以放在副词之后，也可放在副词之前。
He gave up his plan．He gave his plan up．
They hissed down the speaker．They hissed the speaker down．
He can't keep under his wife．He can't keep his wife under．
如果宾语是一个人称代词，它必须放在副词前面。
He gave it up．（而不是He gave up it．）
They hissed him down．
He can't keep her under．
但如果这个短语是“不及物动词＋介词”型，宾语必须放在介词后面（除去下章提到的一些特殊情况）。
He went about the street．（Right）
He went the street about．（Wrong）
He sailed along the river．（Right）
He sailed the river along．（Wrong）
He fell among thieves．（Right）
He fell thieves among．（Wrong）
C．介词的位置
1242 从上面所有例句中可以看出，介词通常放在它的宾语的前面。
He is going to school．
He is interested in playing music．
在下述情况下，特别是在口语中，介词可放在它的宾语的后面：
1．宾语在说话人脑中占有最重要地位。
Your brazen face，I will never look at again．（正常说法：I will never look at your brazen face again．）
Any matter，political or social，he seems to have got tired of．
Football，I am too old for．
Such a trifle，they thought little of．
Smoking or drinking，I don't care for．
2．它的宾语是一个疑问词。
Who is this gift for?（书面体：For whom is this gift?）
Whose girl did he fall in love with?
What are you talking about?
“Go there!” “What for?（=What do I go there for?）”（书面体：For what?）
“Listen!” “What to?”
“I have been to the pictures.” “Who with?”
“He has been married．” “Who to?”
3．它的宾语是名词从句中的一个疑问词。
I asked who this gift was for．（书面体：I asked for whom this gift was．）
Say whose daughter he fell in love with．
Mind what you are talking about．
4．它的宾语是一个起名词作用的不定式短语中的一个疑问词。
I asked who to apply to（=Who I should apply to）．（疑问词＋不定式＋介词）（书面体：I asked to whom to apply．）
Mind what to talk about．
I wonder what to live on in this desert．
Tell me which friend to cooperate with．
5．它的宾语是一个关系代词。
I know a man whom you can believe in．（书面体：I know a man in whom you can believe．）
The mountain（which）you are looking at is the most beautiful in Japan．
He is not such a boy（as）she is interested in.
There is not a single subject that he pays attention to．
That is worse than（what）I have any idea of．
This is the environment（which）I have grown up in．
6．它的宾语是一个表示时间或空间的介词，而且用在all后或round，through，over前。
He travelled all the year round．
He gambled all the night through．
He travelled all the world over．
7．宾语是由there，here或where构成的书面语，或法律用语中的合成词。
thereabout（s）=about that［ten dollars or thereabout］…hereabout（s）=about this place
thereafter =after that…hereafter =after this
thereby =by that means…hereby =by this means
thereto =to that…hereto =to this
therefore =for that reason
thereof =of that…hereof =of this
thereupon =upon that，then…hereupon =on this
therewithal=with that，besides…herewith =with this
whereabout（s）=about what place? about which（关系代词）
whereby =by what? by which（关系代词）
wherefore =for what reason? for which（关系代词）reason
whereof =of what? of which or whom（关系代词）
whereas =seeing that，while
D．介词的亲和力
1．以介词开头及以介词结尾的短语
1243 介词是用来把名词（或相当于名词的东西）和动词、另一名词或形容词联系起来的词。这个名词（或相当于名词的东西）称作介词的宾语。这个动词、另一名词或形容词，为了方便，可称作介词的相关词（Related Word）。
He went（动词作相关词）to the hospital（名词作宾语）．
I spoke with John．
The headmaster（名词作相关词）of my school（名词作宾语）is a kind man．
The hut across the river looks pretty．
He is angry（形容词作相关词）at her breaking（相当于名词的东西作宾语）the cup．
John is charmed with her beauty．
这种介词和宾语的关系有时比它和相关词的关系更密切。在He came on Sunday．They are at war．She is with child．He made mistakes on purpose．中，on和Sunday结合，at和war结合，with和child结合，on和purpose结合，而构成短语或成语。可以说用on是靠Sunday决定的，用at是靠war决定的，等等。这样我们就有了以介词开头的短语（通常称作介词短语）。但是介词也可和它的相关词有更密切的关系，在He persisted in his decision．He tied his horse to the tree．He is afraid of strangers．Our dependence on a foreign country is a shame．中，介词和它的相关词结合起来构成成语或习用语。可以说用in是靠不及物动词persisted决定的，用to是靠及物动词tied决定的，用of是靠形容词afraid决定的，用on是靠名词dependence决定的。这样我们就有了以介词结尾的短语。
介词有时属中性，对哪一边都没有特别的偏向（亲和力）。这时可以把以介词开始的短语（或称介词短语）作为一个单元。例如：He got it from his uncle．是got from还是from his uncle是一个单位？我们不能十分肯定。但说form his uncle是一个单位是没有错的，这样说比说got from是一个单位强。
He went with John.
The pictures of Mary are beautiful.
The book on the desk is a dictionary.
2．以介词开头的短语的用法
1244 以介词开头的短语（包括有特殊亲和力的和中性的）（斜体词）都用来修饰a. 名词，b. 动词，c. 形容词或d. 整个句子（用黑体词表示）。这些短语都起形容词或副词作用。
a．I saw the photo of his father. The picture on the wall is beautiful. The man beside John is an artist.（这些短语必须紧跟它们修饰的名词，如photo，picture，它们起形容词的作用）
The book is of little use. The tragedy seems at an end. They are at war. He set them at war. He brought the tragedy to an end.（这些介词短语都放在系动词或宾补动词后面，起主语补语或宾语补语的作用）
b．He came here on Monday. On Monday he came here.
They talked behind us. He learned English with me.（这样的介词短语都放在所修饰动词的前面或后面，如came和talked，它们起副词的作用）
c．He is cruel to the extreme. He is in some degree dishonest and unreliable.（这些介词短语可以紧挨着放在所修饰的形容词前面或后面，它们起副词的作用）
d．In a word，I have told you everything.
On the whole，the situation seems very serious.（这种短语通常放在句子开头，它们起副词的作用）
3．以介词结尾的短语（及物动词型短语）的用法
1245 如果介词和它们的相关词，即a．动词，b．形容词或c．名词，有更大的亲和力，就有7种类型的短语，它们都以介词结尾，都起及物动词的作用，有自己的宾语，因此可以称为及物动词型短语。在下面的各个句子中，第一个括号表明这种及物动词型短语在意义上接近一个单一的及物动词，第二个括号（如果有的话）说明这个及物动词型短语的详细结构。
