The book is a red color．
The animal seems to be the size of the tiger．
My house is a different shape from yours．
This book is six dollars．
This bridge is no use．
1256 在下面这类句子中，介词with都省略掉：
He stood hat in hand（=with a hat in his hand）．
He was coming gun on shoulder．
He waited at the corner，pipe in mouth．
1257 在下面这类句子中，动名词前的介词in常常省略：
He has tedious work （in）selecting them．
I spent three years studying it．
He has difficulty getting it．
We took turns sleeping．
He did effective work exposing the enemy．
There is no need informing him of it．
He is busy reading．
He is helpful cooking the dinner．
Many lives are lost resisting the enemy．
二、成语介词
1258 像because of，in accordance with，in the interest of，for the sake of等成语介词是一些和简单介词起同样作用的习用语。它们大多由三四个词组成，由at，by，in或on开头，以of，with或to结尾，一些包含定冠词the，另一些则不包含the。
1259 成语介词有3类，一类和它们的宾语一道，起副词作用，修饰动词或全句（1）；一类在系动词或宾补动词后作补语（2）；有少数兼有这两种作用（3）。
(1)He failed in consequence of his neglect．
In contrast to his silly face，he handles things cleverly．
He works for the sake of our benefit．
With regard to this matter，I have nothing to say．
As the result of this delay，our plan was entirely defeated．
(2)He is in need of food．
They are in danger of utter failure．
We keep in touch with them．
We found him in need of food．
He put them in danger of utter failure．
(3)He died in the midst of his sweet dream．
He is in the midst of danger．
He worked in the service of man．
He was in the service of the King．
He rode at the head of his men．
He was at the head of the club．
He lives next door to me．
This act is next door to murder．
1260 成语介词和它们的宾语一道，都可起形容词的作用，修饰一个名词，不管它们通常用作副词（状语）（1），还是用作补语（2）。
(1)This statement ahead of the event proved true．
The death of plants for lack of water is common in this season．
There will be a performance in aid of wounded soldiers．
The arrival of our boat in advance of the others was some thing unexpected．
(2)The boy in the employ of that firm is my son．
All refugees in need of clothes will receive aid．
A man in danger of being drowned will catch at even a straw．
The people next door to me are very kind．
1261 和简单介词不同，成语介词后只能跟几类宾语。
He succeeded by force of patience（名词）．
He stood in the midst of them（代词）．
He asked people to do it instead of doing（动名词）it himself．
A question arose as to when to start（疑问词＋不定式）．
They did not agree with regard to who would take the responsibility（疑问词＋从句）．
1262 和简单介词不同，成语介词大多属中性，即既不与前面的词也不和后面的词有特别的亲和力，从上面的例句中即可看出。但通常用作补语的成语介词和前面的系动词（特别是be）常有较强的亲和力。如果说系动词和后面的简单介词起及物动词的作用，系动词和后面跟的成语介词也如此。
He is in possession of（=has）many acres of land．
He is in need of（=needs）comfort．
He will be at the head of（=head）the Club．
The country is on the verge of（=is nearing）starvation．
He is in the good graces of（=pleases）his boss．
但要找到意义正好与成语介词相同的及物动词有时并不容易，如下面句子中的成语介词就不易换成及物动词：
This is not in the power of man．
The sailors were at the mercy of the winds．
His extravagance is out of proportion to his pocket．
The decoration is out of keeping with the room．
1263 至于成语介词的位置，也像简单介词一样，在一般情况下，在它们宾语的前面。但在下面3种情况下，成语介词偶尔也可放在宾语后面较远处：
(1)宾语为疑问词。
Who is John at daggers with?
What is he up to?
Which boy is Catherine in love with?
(2)宾语为名词从句中的疑问词。
I do not know whom John is at daggers with．
I asked what he was in need of．
He tells me which candidate they are in favour of．
(3)宾语为关系代词。
The country（which）we are at war with has been aggressive for centuries．
Her husband，whom she has been out of touch with for many years，seems to be in France．
第14单元 连词
一、连词的分类
1264 从形式上看，连词可以分为：简单连词（Simple Conjunctions），如and，but，if，副词连词（Adverbial Conjunctions），如then，besides，still，短语连词（Conjunction Phrases），如as yet，or rather，on the other hand，关联连词（Correlative Conjunctions），如so...that...，either...or...，not only...but...。间或后面跟某种副词，如and...as well，but...all the same。
1265 根据用法，连词可以分为：并列连词（Coordinate Conjunctions），如and，but，besides，从属连词（Subordinate Conjunctions），如than，then，if。
二、并列连词
A．并列连词的一般特点
1．并列连词连接单词、短语或分句
1266 并列连词（下面的黑体词）用来连接两个或更多个a．单词，b．短语，c．单词及短语，d．分句，e．分句及单词（见下面的斜体词）。
a．He is healthy and handsome．（单词与单词）
He came and sat down and spoke to me．
b．The butterflies flew over our heads and about the flowers．（短语及短语）
They want to win the war，but to pay no price．
We lived in the countryside，merely reading novels，（or）playing games，or telling stories．
c．I feel funny and out of sorts．（单词及短语）
I declare this seriously and with confidence．
I devote my spare time to music，books，or playing tennis．
d．I played the violin and she sang．（分句及分句）
I want to go to college but my parents want me to get married．
Do not move or you are a dead man．
I know that he has been arrested and that he is in prison.（名词从句及名词从句）
e．Let's take him to the hospital or something．（分句及单词）（少见）
You can do anything you like and welcome．
2．并列连词连接同一级别的词
1267 从上面例句中可以看出，并列连词必须连接同一词类的词：在a组例句中，连接形容词与形容词、动词与动词、副词与副词；在b组例句中，连接介词短语与介词短语、不定式短语与不定式短语、分词短语与分词短语；在c组例句中，连接单词与短语——形容词与形容词短语、副词与副词短语、名词与名词短语；在d组例句中，连接分句与分句、名词从句与名词从句；在e组例句中，连接单词或短语与分句，但这种连接法是例外情况。
3．关联连词
1268 a．关联连词（下面例句中的黑体词）必须放在它所连接的两个词（组）中间，b. 除了连词外，还有某些副词或副词短语（见下面斜体词）可放在第一个词（组）之前，c. 这些副词或副词短语间或放在第二个词（组）后面。这种与副词或副词短语一起用的连词称为关联连词。
a．John and Mary are my children.
He looks dirty but happy.
b．He is at once honest and clever.
One must be either hard-working or economical.
He is not only（or not just）a soldier，but also a writer.
On the one hand he tried to smuggle drugs，and on the other he tried to bribe the officials.
I have never（副词放在分句内，而不是放在它前面）been in Africa，nor has my brother.
c．He is honest and clever，too.
That is not cheap and not useful either.
He had failed several times，but he persisted in his plan all the same.
4．并列连词前的标点
1269 在并列连词前应用什么标点？
a．单纯的简单并列连词为数不多，只有and，but，or（nor），so。在它们连接较长句时，前面通常加一个逗号。
I went and he return．但是：I went to Europe on business last spring，and he returned from Europe this summer．
It is neither easy nor difficult．但是：Neither can I express my opinion，nor can he say anything．
b．副词连词是那些同时用作副词和连词的词。它们只用来连接分句，而不连接单词或短语。但前面若有单纯连词，它们也可以连接单词或短语。它们前面可加逗号或分号。
He rarely meets people，［或；］therefore he feels shy．
He is young，［或；］however he knows more than he seems to．
He has lived on this island for thirty years，［或；］besides he has married a native woman．
He has seen much of the world，［或；］still he is eager to see more．
单纯连词常可放在副词连词前面，这时它前面可加逗号。
He rarely meets people，and therefore he feels shy．
He has seen much of the world，but still he is eager to see more．
但若两个分句（或其中一个）中有一逗号，则应用分号代替逗号。
He rarely meets people，either boys or girls；therefore he feels shy．
He's young；however，he knows more than he seems to．
Unlike his brother，he has seen much of the world；still he is eager，if possible，to see more．
副词连词和短语连词（不包括and，but及or）有时可放在主语后面，这时这个主语前面应用一个分号，甚至句号。
John is seriously ill．Some of his best friends and relatives，therefore，are coming to see him．
The storm was terrible；few houses，however，were damaged．
He made many mistakes；his younger sister，on the other hand，made very few．
Not only her son died；she herself went mad，too（or as well）．（这两个词特意放在句末）
c．并列连词若有意把前面一系列句子（看作一个整体）和后面的一个或几个句子（看作一个整体）连接起来，则此并列连词前面还可用句号。
Bob got up at five every morning．He would read newspapers while eating his breakfast．It was about eight when he started for the office．But today is Sunday．He wants to sleep as much as possible．
d．有时一串平行的短句可用逗号连接起来，而不用连词，这看起来像是逗号的滥用，然而却是对的。
We need wisdom，we need money，we need power．
One child isn't enough，two are just right，three are too much．
Paupers want to be rich men，rich men want to be kings，kings want to be gods．
B．连系连词
1270 并列连词有6种，它们是：连系连词（Copulative Conjunctions），选择连词（Alternative Conjunctions），相反连词（Adversative Conjunctions），推论连词（Illative Conjunctions），解释连词（Explanatory Conjunctions）和列举连词（Particularizing Conjunctions）。
1271 连系连词，亦称“and连词”，表示“加上”。
1．连系连词可连接单词或短语。
a．He is honest（形容词）and intelligent（形容词）.（and连接同一词类的词）
He did it quickly（副词）and effectively（副词）.
Honesty（名词）and wisdom（名词）are essential to success.
We talked（动词）and laughed（动词）and drank（动词）.
Our government is of（介词）the people，（and）by（介词）the people and for（介词）the people.
b．A novel must be interesting↗ and instructive↘.（用and连接三四样东西有几种方式，注意语调）
A novel must be interesting↗，exciting↗，and instructive↘.
A novel must be interesting↗，exciting↗，instructive↘.
A novel must be interesting↘，and exciting↘ and instructive↘.
A novel must be interesting↗ and exciting↘，instructive↗ and encouraging↘.
c．He behaves honestly and also（or and likewise，and even）wisely.（短语介词）
He behaves honestly and wisely too（or as well，alike）.（关联连词）
He behaves alike（or equally，at once，both）honestly and wisely．
He behaves not only（or not just，not alone，not merely）honestly，but（or but likewise，but also）wisely．
He behaves not only honestly，but wisely too（or as well）．
d．He behaves wisely as well as honestly．（=He behaves not only honestly，but also wisely．）
He can move back as well as go forward．He is a wise man．
e．He sells bananas，pineapples，grapes and others（or and so forth，and so on，and the like，and all that，and what not，and such like，and all，and the rest，and things，etc．）
He commits rape and murder and everything in between．
f．He stayed abroad for months and months．（很长时间）
He travelled for miles and miles．（很长距离）
Thousands and（or upon）thousands of people have been killed．（大量的）
She waited and waited and waited．（反复的动作）
g．They write nonsense and novels（=nonsensical novels）．（书面语）
I shall never forget his earnestness and affection（=earnest affection）．
Two hours was spent in discussion and excitement（=exciting discussion）．
That is a sin and a shame（=a shameful sin）．
They are amidst factions and intrigues（=the intrigues of factions）．
Do you like to listen to gossip and old wives（=gossip of old wives）?
The child is interested in warriors and heroic acts（=heroic acts of warriors）．
h．He did not behave（or never behaved）honestly，nor wisely（or or wisely，nor wisely either，or wisely either，and not wisely either）．（两个否定词）
He behaved dishonestly，nor wisely．
He behaved neither honestly nor wisely．
He behaved neither honestly，nor legally，nor wisely．
I have no money and fun．
I have no money or fun．
I have no money，nor fun．（注意逗号）
I have no money，nor has he．
i．Come and（=Come to）dine with me．（and dine用来代替to dine，可表示dine不仅是来的目的，而且是重要的独立的活动）
Come and see me．（在祈使句中常在原形动词前加and）
He came and sat down by me．（在陈述句一般过去时前加and）
He came and asked me many questions．
He will come and discuss it．（加在助动词后）
She should come and ask me．
I asked him to come and dine with me．（加在to后以避免重复to）
He wants to come and play tennis．
Stand up and say “hello” to me.（不仅在come后，其他表示行动的动词后也可加and）
Go out and tell him．
Call and see me．
Stay and take dinner．
The cat rushed and caught the mouse．
They ran out and welcomed me．
Mary stopped and talked with a woman．
He wrote and told his boss of the result．
Try and read it．
Be sure and（=Be sure to）come．
Go and be miserable!（Go and也可用来表示没有预料到的东西，有时可译为“居然”）
He went and spent all his money on rubbish．
He has gone and told my secret to her．
Adam upped（=got up）and cursed me．（up and也可表示惊异）
j．I never “drink and drive”．（drink and drive作为一体，整个加以否定，不能说I never drink and I never drive．）
You cannot “eat your cake and have it．”
Don't “propose only once and get tired．”
You cannot touch pitch and not be defiled（=without being defiled）．（这个句子中有两个否定词）
Nobody can hear her story and not be moved（=without being moved）．
I must not work for the store and do nothing．
k．What with（=Partly because of）his courage and what with his wisdom（or What with his courage and his wisdom），he became an important person．
l．I have been happy and sad，master and slave．（有时两个不同类别的词可以放在一起）
He is fat，bald and a local patriarch．
I thought of the mayor and how to speak to him．
1272 2．连系连词可用来连接分句。
m．I called on John，and he welcomed me．（一连串情况）
At first he refused，then he agreed，at last he said no．
Now the clouds were dark，now they were bright；now they looked like castles，now they looked like jungles．
n．He is an engineer，and besides（or also，likewise，in addition to this，at the same time）he can make shoes．（提供进一步情况）
He has a lot of money and he knows the mayor on the side（=in addition）．（美国口语）
He lives in a very big mansion；furthermore（or moreover），he is the owner of ten factories．
He knows a lot about India；indeed（or nay，what is more），he has been in most countries in Asia．
Not only this town is in panic，（but also）all the world was shocked．
o．I cannot go．First（少用Firstly），I don't feel well．Secondly，I don't know that man．Thirdly（or Lastly，）I am waiting for John.（列举理由、后果、目的等，注意连词前的句号）
Smoking is harmful．First，it costs money．Second，it causes illness．Third....
I like travelling．For in the first place（or instance），I can relax myself while travelling．In the second（or next），I can see more of the world．In the third...In the last....
He is hopeless. For one thing，he is old and sickly. And for another，he has no friend or relative．（或He is old and sickly，for one thing．For another....）
p．I have never been abroad，nor（or neither）（=and never）have I ever wished to go．（每个分句中有一个否定词）
I can not swim，neither（or nor）can my brother．
Neither has he done it，nor will he do it．
He kept silent（=did not speak），nor（or neither）did I say a single word．
All that is true（=not false），nor must we deny it．
q．The workers refused to work．Likewise，the boss refused to increase their wages．
The parents don't care about their children．Similarly（or In the same way），the children don't care about their parents．
r．Talk of the devil（祈使句），and he will appear．（=If you talk of the devil，he will appear．）
Work hard and you will see the result．
Let him do it and you will be surprised．
Let the glass fall and I will punish you．
Let（but）this fellow become rich and he would forget us．
Only mention it and she（will）get（s）mad．（will有时省略不用）
Spare the rod and spoil（=you will spoil）the child．
s．One minute more，and he would have been caught．（=If he had delayed one minute more，he would....）（and这里连接短语和分句，这是不寻常的）
One hour later，and I could never see her again．（=If I arrived one hour later，I could....）
Just another step and he would have been hit by a car．
Only ten minutes ago and he was only a beggar．
Three thousand years and the world will greatly change.
