One cup more and we can go．
t．He divorced her，and a good thing too．（=He divorced her，and it was a good thing，too．）（and这里连接一个分句和一个短语，这也是不寻常的）
They were gone，and a good riddance．
He is mad，and no wonder（or and small blame to him）．
You two can get married，and no mistake．
Kill me，and there an end of it．
Do it and welcome．
u．I spoke earnestly and they yawning．（现在分词yawning前were省略，在and后的分句中省略be是表示对比）
He made merry and his father drudging like a buffalo．
John tried to cheat Marry and she unaware of it．（形容词unaware前was省略）
How can I go to the movies and my mother so ill at home?
He welcomed the visitors and they his enemies．（名词enemies前were省略）
He is a millionaire and his father［is］without a cent．
I can't go to the cinema alone and my wife［is］to stay at home．
［You are］A policeman and so scared!
［He is］A good friend and［to］betray me thus!
［You are］An official and［to］break the law!
v．I met Wang，who（=and he）invited me to the cinema．（这种关系代词也是一种并列连词，参阅538节）
He released the bird，which（=and it）flew away．
I shall see you tomorrow，when（=and then）we can go together to your aunt．
I walked to the station，where（=and there）I met a friend of mine．
C．选择连词
1273 选择连词，亦称“or连词”，表示进行选择。
1．选择连词可连接单词或短语。
a．I must be hard-working（形容词）or economical（形容词）．（or可连接任何词类）
You may go（动词）or stay（动词）．
Which is better，wealth（名词）or health（名词）?
You can do it quickly（副词）or slowly（副词）．
I can start before（介词）or after（介词）breakfast．
b．You can study chemistry or even nuclear energy．
You may study chemistry or rather physics．
You must study calculus or at least algebra．
c．You must study either chemistry or physics．（关联连词）
You must study either chemistry or physics or biology．（不是either—either—or）
We observe rules whether of law or of morals．
d．You may have food fried（形容词）or otherwise．（可用在任何词类后）
Death（名词）or otherwise is nothing to me．
You can finish it tomorrow（副词）or otherwise．
e．He likes the “durian”，or（=that is，）a tropical fruit having a strong smell．
He is a “Taoist”，or a philosopher advocating simplicity．
f．Either Bill or John（=Both）are Ida's lovers．（美国说法）
He likes either the low or the high social class．
1274 2．选择连词也可连接分句。
g．We ought to（or should，must，...）work hard，or（or otherwise，else，or else）（=if not）we shall be starved．
Work hard or you will be starved．
He knows grammar，or he would make many mistakes．
He did not know grammar，or he would have made no mistakes．
Either they take over the city，or we try to defend it．
h．He said nothing；or rather（=more exactly），nobody had asked him．
He will arrive at eight；or at least，he said he would．
i．I send it to you or you come to take it?
Will they give freedom to us? Or must we fight for it?
j．He will explain to her or something（=or do something like that）．（or这里连接分句和单词，这是不寻常的）
Take out the barking dog or something．
I do not want to see her，or anything．
Pay，or else（=otherwise you will get into trouble）．
D．相反连词
1275 相反连词，亦称“but连词”，表示相反或对比。
1276 1．相反连词可连接单词或短语。
a．He is poor（形容词）but honest（形容词）．（but可连接任何词类）
He works slowly（副词）but steadily（副词）．
He is a millionaire（名词），but then（or but on the other hand）a drunkard（名词）．
1277 2．相反连词也可连接相反分句。
b．He is young，but（yet）he is prudent．（微微相反）
He is young；however，he is prudent（或he is，however，prudent．或he is prudent，however．）
He is young．He is prudent，though．（口语说法）
c．Everyone was against him，still（or but still，yet）he stood firm．（强烈相反）
He has faults，nevertheless（or nonetheless，for all that，with all that，in spite of all that，notwithstanding all that，all the same）I love him．
He has faults，but I love him all（or just）the same．
He has faults．After all（or Anyway）I don't mind．
d．Indeed（or Certainly，Undoubtedly，To be sure）he has faults，but we respect him．（先认定，后对比）
（It is）True，he has faults．Still we respect him．
He has faults all right，but don't you have faults，too?
e．We respect him，only（=though）he has some faults．
He writes well，only he uses too many difficult words．
He writes well．He uses too many difficult words，though．
f．I am not idle．（But）On the contrary（or Far from that），I am very busy．（第一句中有一个否定句）
The child is not at all dumb．Rather，he's very clever．
He did not succeed；rather（or instead，on the contrary），he failed long ago．
He made no mistakes．Contrariwise（or Conversely），his work was excellent．
Not that he is lazy，but that he can't find a job．
He says I am idle（or，I am idle?）．On the contrary，I am very busy．（暗含否定意义）
1278 3．相反连词连接对比分句。
g．I thought it was gold，whereas it is brass．（对比）
Wise men love truth，whereas fools hate it．
Poor men earn too little，while rich men spend too much．
Winter is cold，while summer is hot．
He loves music，as（=while）his sister loves dancing．
He loves music，as who does not．
John never smokes，as why should he?
On（the）one hand he loves her，（and）on the other she hates him．
Here doctors try to save lives，（and）there soldiers try to destroy them．
h．Now he was excited，now he was quiet．
Now he sat down，（and）then（or again，next moment）he walked up and down．
Now he cried，（and）then he laughed．
Sometimes（or At times）the cold wind blew through the windows，（and）sometimes（or at times）the oil lamp appeared bluish．
（At）One time（or moment，minute）she seems to love me，and（at）another（or the next）she seems to neglect me．
E．推论连词
1279 推论连词，亦称“so连词”，表示“按理推论”。
1280 1．推论连词很少连接单词或短语。
a．All his wealth，therefore all his happiness，came to nothing．
He did everything patiently，（and）therefore successfully．
He is honest，and consequently reliable．
1281 2．推论连词多连接分句。
b．The wind blew hard（cause），therefore（or owing to these circumstances）many huts were damaged．（后果）
Beggars are numerous in this city（reason），therefore（or for this reason）the government must do something for them．（结论）
All men are mortal（ground）；kings are men；therefore（or on this ground）all kings are mortal．（结论）
We must educate our children（purpose），therefore（or for this purpose）we set up schools．（手段）
c．I have not enough money，so I cannot buy it.（so和therefore用法相同）
They have different ideas，thus（=so）they don't agree．
Have you worked hard? Then（or In that case）you must be very tired．
“I want to go now．” “Then take the umbrella with you．”
I had agreed to go；accordingly（=as an expected conclusion）I made preparations for the journey．
They neglected their lessons；consequently（=as an unavoidable result）they failed．（第二分句受到强调）
They neglected their lessons；that was why they failed．（第一分句受到强调）
He is selfish，hence he has no friends．
He always wears a blue shirt；hence his nickname “Blue”．
He is lazy and dishonest；hence his failure．
d．He has made serious mistakes．He has lost all his friends．In a word（or In short，In brief，In sum，In conclusion），he is dead．
Joan was sick．In short，she had no warm dress to wear and therefore caught cold．
Jan had to meet her boyfriend．To conclude（or To sum up），the picnic had to be cancelled．
F．解释连词
1282 唯一的解释连词为for，它表示原因或理由，只连接分句。
Leaves are turning yellow，for it is now autumn．
John has made much progress，for he is polite now．
Let us go to bed，for it is already eleven．
He is unable to sit up，（for）he is so ill．（若后面有so，such这类词，for可以省略）
He fired me immediately，（for）he was so angry．
All were killed，（for）they had such a terrible accident．
G．列举连词
1283 列举连词列出详细情况。
1284 1．有些列举连词列出所有细节。
He has been in four European countries，namely（or to wit，viz.，that is，that is to say，i.e.），France，Germany，Spain and Greece．（这些连词可以连接单词或词组。注意前后使用了两个逗号，但i.e.只在前面有一个逗号）
He has to maintain a big family，that is，fifteen persons．
This drug is to be taken 3 times a day，that is，at 6 a.m.，at 2 p.m.，at 10 p.m.
Every man has a great enemy，namely，himself．
He has his tactics in life，that is，to be always on the offensive．
He was assassinated last night，that is，a new dynasty is coming．（that is可连接一个分句）
All is quiet on the western front．That is（to say），we have won the war．
1285 2．有些列举连词只列出部分细节。
He has been in ten European countries，such as（or as，like）France and Spain．（只在连词前用一逗号，后面不用）
Some friends of mine study agriculture—for example（or for instance）John．（for example或for instance也可放在John的后面）
You can meet him anywhere—at a teahouse，for example．
We must be careful in using prepositions，e．g．with，in and for．
We must learn some foreign languages，（let us）say Spanish．（say和let us say都不是连词，是独立的插句，意思是“例如说”）
Can I buy it for，say $10?
Can we master the violin in，let us say，twenty years?
“How” may be used in an exclamatory sentence；as（or e.g.，thus），“How hot it is!”，“How fast time passes!”（这三个连词无须连接同等级的词）
Marriage does not solve all problems in life．For example（or For instance），John has even more problems to solve after he got married.（或John，for example，has....）（这里for example和for instance用来连接两个句子）
在下面句子中，for example和for instance是独立词组，不是并列连词：
Lucille，for example，is always very considerate．
In the morning，for example，you can practise singing．
There in China，for instance，people ride bicycles，but not drive cars or go on foot．
Here you can drive，for instance，at 60 miles per hour．
三、从属连词
1286 从属连词把从句和一个词连接起来。
1287 A．有些从属连词把形容词从句（亦即定语从句）和一个名词连接起来。它们是用来引起限制性定语从句的关系词，如who，which和that。这些从句必须放在所修饰名词的后面。
Mr．T is the man（名词）who（关系代词，引起一个限制性定语从句）told me the news（定语从句）．
Man is the only animal（名词）that（限制性关系代词）can laugh（定语从句）．
He is not such a man（名词）as（限制性关系代词）I admire（定语从句）．
This is the river（名词）where（限制性关系副词）they found his body（定语从句）．
I can't understand the reason（名词）why（限制性关系副词）he is so proud．（定语从句）
I know the woman（名词）whose（限制性关系形容词）husband was killed in a traffic accident（定语从句）．
1288 B．有些从属连词，如when，where，because，引起一个状语从句，把该从句和一个动词连接起来。它们表示时间、地点、原因、结果等。这种从句可以放在所修饰动词的后面或前面。
I studied（动词）German when（时间连词）I was young（状语从句）．（从句在动词之后）.
We arrived（动词）where（地点连词）they were fighting（状语从句）．
He speaks（动词）Japanese as fluently as（比较连词）you speak Vietnamese（状语从句）．
They surrendered（动词）because（原因连词）they were almost starved（状语从句）．
He insisted（动词）so that（结果连词）I agreed（状语从句）．
Though（让步连词）he has failed many times（状语从句），he decides（动词）to do it again．（从句在动词前面）
No matter what（短语连词）you do（状语从句），do（动词）it carefully．
As（时间连词）I grew older（状语从句），I grew（动词）less ambitious．
So far as（条件连词）I can see（状语从句），they can fight（动词）no more．
1289 C．另外的从属连词可用来引起名词从句（作主语、宾语、补语或同位语的从句），它们是that或像who，which，where，how这样的疑问词。由that引起的名词从句可称为that从句。由疑问词引起的名词从句可称为疑问从句，为了简练，也可称为“W-从句”，因为除了how，所有疑问词都以W开头。
1290 That从句。
That he is sincere（that从句作谓语动词is的主语）is unbelievable．
That he knows the secret does not astonish me．
I know（that）he will agree with me（作及物动词know的宾语）．（在及物动词后that可以省略）
He said（that）he could not see me any more．
“All is well，”he said．（比较：He said that all was well．）
注意：That从句可作及物动词宾语，却不能作介词宾语，只有少数例外情况。
His purpose is that all will live happily together．（作系动词is的补语）
My trouble was that no good dictionaries were available.
Our only hope is，they will speak for us．（be后的that可以省略，这时要加一逗号）
The fact that he is absent-minded（作名词fact的同位语）shows that he has something on his mind．
I can't understand the idea that all men are selfish．
1291 W-从句的情况也如此。
What he is doing（W-从句作谓语动词is的主语）is a great secret．
I do not know where we can find peace（作及物动词know的宾语）．
He asked how many people ate how much rice in this country each year．
My success depends on how hard I work（作介词on的宾语）.
I do not know at what hotel he stays．
His question is why we cannot lay down arms（作系动词is的补语）．
No one can answer his question—why we cannot lay down arms（作名词question的同位语）．
关于这类结构可参阅379节。
1292 That从句是从属的陈述句。
I know that he will never give up．（比较独立的陈述句：He will never give up．）
That John was murdered is a malicious rumour．
1293 W-从句是从属的问句。
I do not understand why he moves so frequently．（独立问句：Why does he move so frequently?）
I doubt whether（or if）he will come or not．（独立问句：Will he come or not?）
I wonder whether（但不要用if）or not he will come．
Whether（但不要用If）he will come is doubtful．
I wonder（or am not sure）whether he doesn't（=does）forget me．
注：在现代体中从属问句的语序可以和独立问句相同，甚至用问号代替句号。
I inquired would she（=whether she would）marry me．（?）
I asked her might I（=whether I might）speak with her a few minutes?
1294 That...should构成从属祈使句，that...would和that...will表示愿望和希望。
The teacher ordered that we（should）work harder．（should可以省略。独立祈使句：Work harder．）
They requested that all the books（should）be returned to the library by next Friday．（独立祈使句：Let all the books be returned to the library by next Friday．）
I wish that he would（or might）recover．（It seems that he will not recover．）
I hope that he will（or may）recover soon．（It seems that he will recover．）
1295 W-从句还可构成一个从属感叹句。
Look how they dance．（独立感叹句：How they dance!）
Nobody can imagine what a mess it is．
Just fancy what a time we have had．
I am astonished at what a nice boy John has become．
注：在本章末，似乎应该提到根据连词用法而分的几类句子。一个句子，如果没有连接几个分句或引起分句的连词，就叫作简单句，例如：We are going to school．John and Mary are good children．一个句子，如果有连接几个分句的并列连词，就叫作并列句，例如：Wu studies AIDS and Lin studies drugs．I say it is black，but he says it is grey．一个句子，如果含有从属连词，就叫作复合句，例如：The lady who is smoking is my auntie．See me when you are free．I know that he is unhappy．一个并列句中，如果有从属连词就叫作并列复合句，例如：He is poor，but he often gives money to people who need help．
第15单元 感叹词
1296 感叹词用来表示一时的感情，它和其他词没有语法上的关系。
Hello! What are you doing there?（多数感叹词都放句首）
Hurrah! We have won the game．
It costs，oh，a thousand dollars．（感叹词间或可插在句子中间）
He could do it；but，alas，he wouldn't．
Is this your baby? Wonderful!（感叹词偶尔也放在句末）
He married a woman twenty years older than he．Humph!
1297 有些感叹词可表示各种情绪。
Well，is it not strange?（惊奇）
Well，the war has ended at last．（松一口气）
Well，I have already tried my best．（放弃）
“When will you get married?” “Well，I haven't considered it yet．”（犹豫不定）
1298 惊叹号可以放在感叹词后面，如果感叹的情绪到此为止。如果全句都表达这种情绪，惊叹号应放在句子末尾。
Oh! Life is only a dream．
Oh，life is only a dream!
Aha! You cannot escape now．
Aha，you cannot escape now!
Oh dear! What is that?
Oh! I remember now．
Oh for the wings of a bird!
Oh that I could fly!
O mention it no more!（O偶尔可用在祈使句开头）
O my dearest one!（O常可用在呼语前面）
在某些感叹词后常用逗号代替惊叹号。
Oh yes，he has a happy family．
Well，I have done everything I can．
Why，that is very easy．
1299 下面是一些最常用的感叹词。
对小错表示歉意：oops，whoops
引人注意：hey，ho，lo，look，say，see，behold，hark
厌恶：fiddlestick（s），humbug，pish（taboo），ugh，foh，there there，shit（禁忌语）
