t．He made the grade（＝succeeded）in business．The doctor makes（or goes）the rounds（=goes from place to place to inspect）every morning．We made our way（＝advanced）through the forest．He mended his fences（＝made peace with people who dislike him）．You missed the boat（＝ missed the opportunity）．The company opened its doors（＝started doing business）in 1950 and closed its doors（=stopped doing business）in 1983．This exhibition opened our eyes（=made us see the truth）．I picked my way（=proceeded）up a steep hill．I must play the game（=do what is right）．You played your cards well（=acted cleverly）．Dick played the market（=bought and sold stocks）and lost lots of money．Jim pocketed his dignity（=laid aside his pride）and even pocketed an insult（＝accepted it）．He has poisoned your ear（or mind）so that you can't be fair．
u．Every member should pull his weight（＝does his part）．Don't pull my leg（=fool me）．Once you succeed，never push your luck（=expect to continue to be lucky）．He has to run the gauntlet（=receive a series of ill treatment）．He ruled the roost（=lorded it over）．We must save the situation（=do something to improve the situation）．A new method will see the light（=be disclosed）．This serves my turn（or purpose）．I have served my apprenticeship for seven years．She set the table for ten persons．He shows his face after ten years of absence．I will show the way．Everyone sings his praises（=praises him strongly）．He sowed his wild oats（=led a dissipated life when young）．I will speak my mind（=speak candidly）．He stole the show（=acted so well that the audience ignored the other performers）．He stole the spotlight（=made people watch him instead of what they should watch）．You stole my thunder（=said before me what I intended to say）．Jim has strained every nerve（=used every effort）．He swallowed the bait（=was offered a big promise and was caught）．
v．Mary took it（=endured it without complaints）though she was ill-treated．You can take your ease（or your own course）（=act your pleasure）．The doctor took my pulse and temperature（＝ascertain them）．Where does this custom take its rise（=originate）？Take your time（=Don't rush）．We must not tie our own hands（=restrain ourselves from action）．We have to tighten our belts（=eat less and spend less than usual）．Just one vote tipped the balance（or the scale）（=turned the scale，decided something doubtful）．I would try my hand（=try）．Should I turn the other cheek（=be patient and not hit back）when I am injured or insulted？His success has turned his head（=made him act foolishly）．The dead body turned her stomach（=made her sick）．The reinforcements turned the tide（=change the situation favourably）．He turned his thought to something much more important．He just twiddled his thumbs（=didn't do anything）．
w．She walked the floor（=walked back and forth）all night，she was so worried．He walked the plank（=was forced to resign）．Watch it（=Be careful）．
人们似乎都不喜欢单独用一个不及物动词作谓语，特别是在简单句中。人们往往不说“I cook．”“He laughed．”“We chatted．”“Tom repairs．”“We acted．”而说“I do the cooking．”“He gave a laugh．”“We had a chat．”“Tom makes repairs．” “We take action．”也就是把一个词换成了两个词，用一个do或give这样色彩不重的动词加上一个大多由动词变来的名词。
下面是这类短语的一些例子：
x．I DO the cleaning，the reading，the shopping，the translating，a little sewing；a nap，a try，a brisk walk．
He GAVE a cry，a groan，a jump，a shout，a shrug，a long sigh，a satisfied smile．
We HAD a bath，a dream，a fight，an interview，a quarrel，a shave，a shower，a smoke，a swim，a talk，a taste，a try，a walk，a wash，a chat，a go，a rest，a sleep．
She TOOK a bath，breath，a nap，a look，notice，objection，recreation，a rest，a solitary stroll，a long walk．
Paul MADE an announcement，an answer，an application，an appointment，an attack，an attempt，a beginning，a bid，a call，a check-up，a comment，a comparison，a copy，criticism，a decision，a declaration，a demand，experiments，an explanation，a guess，inquiries，investigations，notes，payment，preparations，progress，a proposal，a recovery，a remark，a request，repairs，researches，a sacrifice，a selection，a slip，a formal statement，another start，a long stay，a deep study，a helpful suggestion，a general survey，several visits．
1352 图解：
5．S＋TV＋R或S＋TV．R或S＋TV＋（R）（John hid himself behind it．）
1353 许多及物动词可用反身代词作宾语（S＋TV＋R）。
She reproached herself．* He killed himself．He praised himself．Don't deceive yourself．* He cut himself．The dog choked itself．
1354 有些动词和反身代词构成成语，相当于一个不及物动词（S＋TV．R）。
He avowed（or declared）himself（=showed his character openly）；collected himself *（=regained self-control）；conceal himself（=hid）；enjoyed himself（=had a good time）；exerted himself（=endeavoured）；can't find himself（=provide his own living，or find out his abilities and use them）．I lost myself（＝demeaned myself，lost my way，or became absorbed in something）；pulled myself together（＝became composed）；seated（or settled）myself（=sat down）；washed myself（=bathed）．
1355 约有20个及物动词后常常跟反身代词。
I overworked myself，overslept myself，overate myself．
He disported（＝amused）himself．He perjured himself．
He busied himself．He absented himself from school．
Bestir yourself．I bethought myself of it．You must demean（or bear，comport，deport，conduct，acquit，quit）yourself properly．Help yourself（=Serve yourself with food）．He relieved himself（=went to the bathroom）．
1356 约有50个及物动词可跟反身代词，也可以不跟〔S＋TV＋（R）〕。
a．就某些动词来说，使用反身代词时语气更强一些。
The bubble bursts（itself）．The clouds dispersed（themselves）．He dressed（himself）for a party；engaged（himself）in a contest（or a quarrel）．The horse fed（itself）on grass．He guarded（himself）against vice；hid（himself）behind；never intruded（himself）on anybody's company．Can I qualify（myself）for the post？I reformed（myself）．I rested（myself）on the couch．He set（himself）up as a scholar．He shaved（himself）for a dinner；stripped（himself）for a shower-bath．I could not submit（or surrender）（myself）to the enemy（or insult）．I trained（myself）for the race．I never troubled（myself）to help anyone．He turned（himself）to me for advice．He washed（himself）．He worried（himself）about nothing．He wrapped（himself）before going out．
b．在下面的例句中，动词之后的反身代词常常被省略。
No suspicion attaches to John．A chicken develops in the egg．The road extends for miles．His heart fills with sorrow．Don't hurry．Keep quiet．Make sure that the journey is safe．We made merry．Don't misbehave．I cannot refrain from laughing．We removed from place to place．John separated from Mary．I withdraw from society．
c．在下面的例句中，动词之后的反身代词可以保留，也可以省略，根据特定的上下文决定。
The child does not behave（himself）（=show good manners）．
He behaved well（or gallantly，properly）．
He drew himself up（=assumed an erect attitude）．
He drew up（=came near）．
He gorged himself with meat．
He gorged on meat．
He indulged himself with wine．
He indulged（himself）in wine．
We have to prepare ourselves．
We have to prepare（ourselves）for the worst（or the exam）．
d．He is recovering himself（=becoming calm）．
He is recovering from illness（or madness，fatigue，shock，fright）．
He set himself to write letters（or to writing letters）（=began to write letters）．
He set to work（=began to work）．
He set out to do it，set about doing it（=began to do it）．
He settled himself（=became calm）．He settled himself（=sat down）in a chair．
He settled（himself）down（=became established in a new way of life）in London．
It（Thing）will settle．
1357 图解：
6．S＋TV＋N（John lives a happy life．）
1358 约有60个动词，通常用作不及物动词，却可以有同源宾语（Cognate Object）。这种宾语几乎和动词的意思相同，通常都有一个形容词或形容词短语修饰它。同源宾语可以和动词同形。
She blushed an innocent blush ；bowed a little bow ；coughed a terrible cough ；danced a silly dance．He died a natural death（or a thousand deaths，the death of a martyr，the death he deserved）；dreamed a sweet dream ；laughed a hearty laugh ；lived a happy life*；look a look of weariness；could not say his say．He sighed a deep sigh（or a sigh of satisfaction）；slept a sound sleep（or the sleep of the just）．It smelled a strange smell．He smiled a sad smile；talked football talk；thought all good thought．
1359 有些同源宾语可以和动词不同形。
It blew a brisk gale．He danced a phantom ballet ；did a great deed ；fought a brave war（or fight，battle，action）；went a long way（or a dangerous journey）；harvested a good crop ；lived a hand-to-mouth existence ；played a silly game ；played（or acted）a great part ；plod a weary way ；prayed an earnest prayer ；saw a strange sight ；ran a long race．The bell rang a merry peal．He sang a beautiful song ；struck a deadly blow．
1360 有些动词后的同源宾语常常被省略，代之以一个表示情绪或态度等的名词。
He beamed satisfaction（=beamed a beam of satisfaction，showed satisfaction by beaming）；bowed his obedience（or his thanks）（=showed his obedience or thanks by bowing）；danced his joy（=danced his dance of joy，showed his joy by dancing）；gesticulated his love ；giggled agreement ；laughed dissent ；look inquiry（or his thanks）；nodded his assent（or welcome）；roared approval ；shouted applause *；sighed disappointment ；smiled his welcome（or his relief，his approval，his thanks）；whistled his contempt ；wept tears of joy．
1361 在最高级形容词后，有些同源宾语常常被省略。
The fire blazed its brightest（blaze）．He breathed his last（breath）*；did his best（deed）；fought his bravest（war）；laughed his loudest；looked his best；ran his fastest；shouted his loudest；sang his sweetest；tried his hardest．
1362 在口语中，一个没有意义的it常可用在某些动词后作同源宾语，表现一定的情绪。
He braved（or brazened）it out（＝faced trouble bravely［or shamelessly］）．We'll face it out and fight it out．As it was getting dark，I had to hotel（or inn）it．She queened it（=domineer）over them．He used to rough it（=live an uncomfortable life）．I'll go it alone（=act independently）．He's starring it in a film．As there's no cab，I've to trudge（or walk，foot）it．
1363 图解：
7．S＋TV．AP＋N/G（John gave up his plan．）
1364 很多及物动词后面跟有一个地点副词来构成成语，整个成语相当于一个及物动词。但这些地点副词（Adverb of Place）多不表示地点，而表示其他东西，因此这种副词也可被称作副词性小品词（Adverbial Particle），可以用AP来代表。
He gave up his plan．*I have to think out new methods．*
She folded up his coat．We may pass over the details．
The plague swept off many people．He has taken over a business．He gave in the paper．He closed down the store．
The bell bellowed（or pealed）forth the anniversary（or the victory of our army）．
有些由“动词＋地点副词”构成的成语可以用作不及物动词，如1346节中句子表示的那样，有些则用作及物动词。
An ammunition dump blew up（=exploded）．（作不及物动词）
The enemy blew up（=destroyed by explosion）the bridge．（作及物动词）
The noisy children cleared off when I came．（作不及物动词）
I have to clear off those noisy children．（作及物动词）
Our conversation broke off as a lady came in．（作不及物动词）
That fellow broke off our conversation．（作及物动词）
He showed off before girls．（作不及物动词）
He showed off his new car．（作及物动词）
如果宾语较短，特别是由人称代词表示时，地点副词可以，有时甚至必须放在宾语后面，在对副词加以强调时尤其如此（可参阅1497节）。
Put the money by．She called him back．Don't break it off．He dreamed his hours away ；slept the clock around ；cried his heart out ；laughed（or talked）them down．He ate it up ；closed it up ；packed it up ；tied it up．He sent me away，saw her off，called me out，drew us aside．
1365 其他例子：
a．They backed up（=supported）Johnson and his policy．They bailed out their friend．They beat back our attack．I must beat up（=beat severely）those mischievous children．I blew out（=extinguished）the candles．We bolstered up（=supported）this old system．I booked down（=wrote down）the sum．We booked up（=fixed an engagement with）several singers．They boss us about（=order us about）．The news bowled over（=overwhelmed）my family．We broke up（=dispersed）the meeting at 11：00 p．m．The mistake brought about（=caused）a lot of trouble．Can you bring down the price？The tax brought in ten million dollars a year．The examples bring out（=explain clearly）the meaning of this word．She brushed off（=jilted）her lover．We must build up our own armed forces．He will buy off（=pay money to get rid of）my interest．
b．This strong measure called forth（=provoked）a revolt．We called in a doctor．We have to call off（=cancel）the picnic，which we have prepared for so many days．Call（=Wake）me up at 6 a．m．I'll call you up（=telephone to you）．The music carried off（=moved）everyone．He carried off（=won）all the prizes．Let's carry on（=continue）the work，We carried out（=performed）the plan．
c．He can dig up（=discover）some important information．He drew on（=pulled on）his socks after getting up．I drew up（=prepared）a bill（or a list）．The taxi dropped me off（=let me get off）at my hotel．The noise drowned out（=made inaudible）our conversation．
d．The mother fed up（=gave extra food to）her sickly son．We filled in（or out，up）the form．He fenced off（=built by means of a fence）a garden．Figure out（=Count）the sum．He fired off many questions，which nobody could answer．They fitted out their son with everything necessary．We fitted up（=installed）the machine．We fixed up（=arranged）a trip．He flagged down（=stopped by waving to it）a passing car．Follow up（=Continue）your success with something more ambitious．
e．He gambled away his last cent，even all he had won before．He will get over（=finish）his job．He gave away（=gave free of charge）his property．He gave away（=betrayed）his friends．We gave in（=handed in）the exercise books．The food gave off（=emitted）a bad smell．He gulped down his coffee．Heat up（=re-heat）the leftovers．He helped me out（=helped me get over a difficulty）．She held back（=kept back）her tears．Can we hold down（=keep down）costs？We could not hold off（=keep at a distance）the attackers．
f．The enemy kept up（=maintained）the attack for three months．I knocked off（=ate up quickly）five bowls of rice．I laid aside（or by）（=saved for future needs）some dollars．I laid down（=state clearly）some rules for the office．Our company laid off（=dismissed）five workers．Leave off（=stop）fighting．He left out（=didn't include）Mary in the invitation．Don't let down（=disappoint）your parents．The driver let off（=dropped）a lady at the hotel．The judge let him off（=did not punish him）．I will look you up（=visit you）tomorrow．The manager looked the applicant up and down（=examined him carefully）．A girl will liven up（=make lively）our party．He lived out his years（or days，life）（=lived all his life）in this small village．He will make out（=write out）a cheque．My father can't make out（=see）these small letters，for he is farsighted．He makes up（=invents）all kinds of lies．The boss marked down（=reduced the price of）all articles．He messed up（=put in disorder）my desk．I nailed up（=closed up with nails）the window．
g．He packed off（=sent away hurriedly）all his children to the country．Partition off（=Divide with partition）your living room．Pass on（=Hand）this notice to other people．We passed over（or up）（=overlooked）the chance．I've paid off（=paid the wages of）the workers．I have to pay off（=pay for safety）the blackmailers．I will pick out（=select）the best necktie for you．He picked up（=found）a cab at the cross-roads．He picked himself up（=got up after a fall）．He picked up（=learned without teachers）English so quickly．I pinned him down（=got him to commit himself）as to the question of socialism．
h．I played back the recording，so that what has been recorded about her speech could be heard．He played down（=made less emphatic）the defects of his factory products．Plug in（=Make connection，by means of a plug，with）the radio．He can polish off（=finish off）all these grapes．He pulled on（=put on）his pants and then went out．I pulled up（=stopped）my car at the post office．His brother pushes him about（or around）（=orders him about）．I put aside（or by）（=saved）a few thousand pounds．After five hours of work，I put away（=replaced）the tools．Put forward your viewpoint．I put in（=spent）five hours repairing this radio-set．He put in（=submitted）an application months ago．We have to put off（=postpone）the trip until next month．Instead of losing weight I put on some weight lately．We put on（=presented）a show．
