What prevents you from coming？I warned him against doing evil．I paid him for having done something for me．I must keep my feet from getting wet．I talked him into believing me．They excused me for making a mistake．They forced us into fighting．
1377 图解：
注：在上面及物动词的空格内只有gave一个词，gave下方的标记说明了它和介词to的联系。
11．S＋TV．R．P＋N/G（John prided himself on his new car．）
1378 约有60个及物动词可与反身代词和特定的介词构成成语，整个成语可以看作及物动词。
a．I availed myself of（=made use of）his offer（or this chance）．I prepared myself for a journey to Singapore and other countries．I occupied myself with（or addressed myself to，applied myself to，engaged myself in，employed myself in）（=was busy in）literary work*（or reading，studying a problem）；threw myself into（=took a vigorous part in）the contest（or teaching）．He betook himself to（=resorted to）his old job（or his legs，his heels）；lost himself in studies．
b．He allied himself to（or with）（=was united with）a rich family；associated himself with the firm（or the party，the movement）；engaged himself to a businessman（or a woman）；concerned himself with（or about）the exam；enrolled himself in the army．
c．He helped himself to（=stole）my watch；served himself with the cake；possessed himself of（=obtained）a horse；gorged himself on chicken．
d．He prided himself on（=was proud of）his new car；valued himself on his birth；plumed himself on his appearance；pique himself on his dress．
e．He indulged himself（=gratified himself）with wine（or in wine）；addicted（or delivered up，gave up，abandoned）himself to pleasure（or dissipation，wine，drinking，gambling，grief，bad habits）；lost himself to her；dedicated himself to education；devoted himself to music；submitted himself to discipline（or his wife）；yielded himself to temptation．
f．He familiarized himself with（=made himself well acquainted with）business；accustomed himself to the weather；accommodated（or adapted）himself to new circumstances；reconciled himself to（or with）（=overcome his objections to）his enemies（or his fate，his lot，the situation，a life of poverty）．
g．He troubled himself about such a small matter；worried himself about the education of his children．
He delighted（or contented）himself with his success（or the result）；enjoyed（or amused）himself with wine and women；refreshed himself with coffee．
He bethought himself of a plan．
He has satisfied himself of the truth of the report；can't assure（or persuade）himself of my sincerity．
h．He intruded himself on my company．
He avenged（or revenged）himself on his enemy．
He defended himself against robbery；guarded himself against vice；set himself against everyone．
He broke himself of a bad habit；freed himself of evil．
i．He distinguished himself for bravery．
He ingratiated himself with（=flattered）his boss．
He absented himself from school．
He excused himself from coming．
j．The problem resolved itself into a question of money．This trifle developed itself into a serious problem．
The snow melted itself into water．It burned itself into ashes．It changed（or transformed）itself into a giant．
The kingdom divided itself into three．
I engaged myself in making dress．*He threw himself into teaching．He addicted himself to gambling．He accustomed himself to living on the mountain．He amused himself by reading．You must resign（or reconcile）yourself to living a hard life．I excused myself from attending the party．
1379 图解：
12．S＋TV＋I或S＋TV．N＋I（John wanted to swim．）
1380 约有90个及物动词用不定式（而不是动名词）作宾语。
a．He wished（or hoped，delighted）to go；* wanted to know it；* schemed（or arranged）to kill his rival；tended（or desired）to fight；meant to help you；aimed to become a doctor；thought（=intended）（现在用得较少）to go；ached（or yearned，longed）to be free；trusted（=earnestly hoped）to hear from you soon．She admired（=intended）（美式）to learn Russian．He did not care to go．
b．He volunteered to help me；offered to buy my house（or to strike me）；chose（or elected）to remain here．He hesitated to go；didn't scruple to steal；hastened to tell me；decided（or determined，resolved，concluded）to marry her；vowed（or swore）to revenge himself．He promised（or agreed，consented）to pay me soon．They have contracted to build a large theatre．He threatened not to pay me．
c．He condescended（or deigned）to help me（or to offer me tea）；vouchsafed to answer．He submitted to be punished．He refused（or declined）to lend me the money；scorned（书面语）to accept the bribe，disdained（书面语）to speak with the hypocrite．He demanded（or required）to see my passport；asked（or applied，begged）to see the king；moved to postpone the decision．
d．He could（not）afford to wait（or to be generous，to be idle）；managed to control his temper；will never manage to learn；contrived to live a simple life（or to make matter worse）．They tried（or sought）to kill their enemy；endeavoured（or strove，struggled）to be independent．
e．They won't trouble（or bother）to do such a thing；do not care to see it．They undertook（or guaranteed，engaged）to pay me the debt．They helped（us）（to）build the house．They expect to be there at noon．They never thought（or expected）to see me again．They pretended（or affected，made believe）to be rich men；claimed（or professed）to know everything．
f．They dared（or ventured）to do it；won't presume to criticise us．May I venture（or presume）（=take the liberty）to ask you a few questions？They learned to swim．They prepared to leave here；started out（or set out）（=began）to write a report；proceeded to play music；moved to arrest the criminal．They deserved to enjoy this privilege．This child needs to be spanked．
g．He grew to believe it．How did he come（=begin）to know it？How came you to love her？The extra job serves to increase my income．These sentences will suffice to explain the use of the verb．Her looks contribute to show her joy．That just goes to show your ignorance．Every man tends（or inclines）to believe in himself．The boy bids fair to succeed（or to be an engineer）．
1381 有些动词在不定式前可加for引起的短语，表示意义上的主语。
We planned for him to come．* We arranged for something to be done．* He wanted（for）his son to be happy．The ringing of the bell meant for them to come to dinner．We have decided for the meeting to take place on the 3rd（=decided that the meeting should take place on the 3rd）．He doesn't deserve for you to help him．
1382 在下面的句子中，及物动词和后面跟的名词构成成语，可以看作一个单一的及物动词，后面跟不定式作宾语。
He had a good mind（=earnestly wished）to do it；tried his best（=endeavoured）to find out a solution；took the trouble to consult a dictionary；took（good）care not to trouble her；had not the heart to leave her；* made up his mind（=decided）to go abroad；had to make shift to set up a hut；saw his way（clear）to criticise（or praise）them．
1383 有些动词，看起来像是及物动词却不是及物动词，可以和to构成词组，起助动词的作用。
You ought to（=should）obey your parents．*
You want to（=should）be more careful．
I shall have to（=must）go．*
I（have）got to（=must）go now．
I am to（=must）see him．*
He stands to（=may）win（or lose）the game．
He is going to（=will）leave here．
He failed to（=should，but did no）answer her．
He appeared（or seemed）to know it．
He used to come at seven，and usedn't to come at eight．
He chanced（or happened）to meet me there．
He turned out（or proved）to have discovered our secret．
试比较下面的句子：
He is certain（or sure）to（=will certainly）succeed．
He is likely to（=may）come this evening．
He is able to（=can）speak English．
He is allowed to（=may）do what he likes．
He is obliged to（=must）go at once．
He is bound to（=must）go．
He is in a position（or a situation）to（=can）help his friends．
在上面所举动词之后不可加动名词。
I wanted going abroad．（错误）
He promised helping me．（错误）
1384 图解：
注意不定式的图解方法和动名词一样（参阅1368节）。
注意不定式意义上主语for him的图解办法。
13．S＋TV＋G（John enjoyed swimming．）
1385 约有100个及物动词用动名词（而不是不定式）作宾语。
a．You cannot avoid making mistakes．* They will evade answering my questions．How can he escape being punished？* I will never shirk helping my good friends．I cannot help thinking so（or laughing）（=I cannot but think so or laugh）．She could not resist telling him everything．
b．They commenced（or set about，fell to）building a bridge．They kept（on）waiting there，and you kept（on）drinking．He resumed studying French．He has finished（or completed，done）writing the letters．You must stop（or quit）drinking．Perhaps you can't believe，he has renounced smoking cigars，given up（or given over）playing the fool，left off being idle．I have to delay（or postpone，defer，put off）meeting him（or going to the doctor）．
c．I will consider（or contemplate）cooperating with him．He mentioned learning Japanese；reported having done all his work；described their making liquor with rice．They suggested（you）making a trip to Japan．He advocated（or urged）（our）using force．He encouraged（our）spending less and earning more．He advised（or counselled）（your）trying once more．He recommended（our）increasing the salary．
d．He enjoyed eating Vietnamese food；relished watching women passing by；fancied going to the movies；adored（=liked very much口语体）being praised．He appreciated your assisting him．I detest（or abominate，loathe）working at night；resent being laughed at；dislike accompanying her；reject giving him any aid；favoured taking a decisive step．They depreciated（=expressed disapproval of）building a big library；officially sanctioned flogging．Do you mind opening the door（or his smoking，being awakened，taking this letter to the post office）？I don't mind opening the door（or his smoking，being awakened）．
e．He admitted（or acknowledged）having done something wrong；owned（or owned to，confessed，confessed to）killing her；denied stealing it；disclaimed having tempted anyone to do evil．I doubt having any chance．
f．He risked offending somebody（or losing all he had，getting hurt，being robbed）．Should he chance being caught，he would be put to death．He faced being isolated from society．He missed eating a good dinner（or seeing such a good play）．I will await hearing from you．
g．I do not understand driving a car；can't understand his behaving like that．I practised playing the piano．She aped being a high-born lady．
h．Fancy doing everything for nothing（or meeting you here）．Could you fancy meeting her here？I cannot fancy doing such a silly thing．
I cannot imagine marrying such a man．I did anticipate（=look forward to）having a good time at Christmas．
i．They don't allow（our）talking loud in public；never permit（our）screaming in the house；tolerate（our）smoking and gambling；forbade（our）speaking loud；hindered（or prevented）（our）committing the same mistakes；barred smoking and playing cards．
I never forgive（or pardon，excuse）spitting in public places．
He grudged paying me（=was unwilling to pay me）（or having to pay double the price，my living a happy life）；repented learning too late．
She felt like swimming（or crying）；burst out crying（or laughing）．
j．This measure means changing the whole system．The visit entailed buying gifts for children．The plan includes building a church．Money justifies doing evil．This proposal involves increasing the school fee．This implied condemning him to death．The new system facilitates pronouncing Chinese characters．The birth of another baby necessitated earning more．This provokes（or excites）vomiting（or crying）．
1386 在有些及物动词后面时，动名词前须有意义上的主语，正像上面的某些句子那样。
I cannot approve his（or him）behaving like that．*（用him的时候比用his时更多一些）
Mother welcomed their（them）visiting her at her villa．*
I protest his（or him）treating me like a slave．
I often picture myself living a beautiful life．
I denounced anybody's（or anybody）telling lies．
Dennis announced Greg's（or Greg）getting married．
We applaud Ada's（or Ada）making so wise a decision．
1387 在某些动词后可跟there being这种结构。
I doubt there being any mistake．*
He admitted there being some mistakes．
He didn't mind there being any wild beasts there．
1388 在上面所举动词之后不可用不定式。
I enjoy to eat bananas．（错误）
He avoided to meet her．（错误）
1389 图解：
注意动名词意义上主语his的图解办法。
14．S＋TV＋I/G（John liked to swim/swimming．）
1390 约有50个动词既可用不定式也可用动名词作宾语。
a．I cannot endure（or bear，stand）to be（or being）cheated．*
We proposed（or intended，planned，designed，purposed）to abolish（or abolishing）the outdated rules．*
He attempted to get（or getting）rid of all the beggars．
He forbore to say（or saying）anything against anybody．
He neglected（or omitted）to pay（or paying）the fee．
b．She started to cry（or crying）before getting hurt．
He declined to speak（or speaking）at the party．*
He continued（or discontinued）to stay（or staying）there．
I dread（or fear）to climb（or climbing）the mountain．
We need to learn（or learning）something．
He scorned to cheat（or cheating）anyone．
1391 有一些动词，在某些上下文中需用不定式作宾语，在另一些上下文中需用动名词作宾语。
a．He（表示人的主语）began to cry，to eat，to dance（or crying，eating，dancing）．It（表示物的主语）began to boil（or to rain，to move）（而不说boiling，raining，moving）．He（人）ceased to write（or writing）．It（物）ceased to harden（而不说hardening）．（不过有些作家不承认这一差别）
b．He began to know it（or to love it，to see it，to understand，to feel sad，to be suspected）．（而不说knowing it，loving it，etc．）（在表示一种被动的心理状态时，begin可用不定式作宾语，而不用动名词作宾语）He got（or grew，became）（=began）to know（or to believe，to care for）her．
注意：
They got（=began）quarrelling（or talking，laughing，playing）．（美式）
c．I prefer studying music to（介词）doing business．
I prefer to study music rather than（to）do（不定式）business．
1392 另一些动词用不定式作宾语时的意义不同于用动名词作宾语时的意义。
a．You must stop thinking（=not think any more）；stop to think（=stop doing something else and begin to think）．
He forgot meeting（or having met）you at a hotel（=had met you but forgot it）；forgot to meet you（=ought to have met you，but did not do so）；remembered（or recalled，recollected）going（or having gone）to the pictures with her（=remembered that he had gone）；will remember to post the letter（but has not yet posted it）．
b．I regretted telling（or having told）you the sad story（=regretted that I had told it）；regret to tell you（=regret that I have to tell you）that your son is very naughty．
You must try eating（=eat for the first time）the durian；must try（=make efforts）to finish this work before Sunday．
She cannot help（=cannot help others）to prepare the meal；cannot help（=cannot refrain from）laughing．
c．He went on teaching lesson five（=didn't stop after teaching some part of lesson five）；went on to teach lesson five（=began teaching lesson five after finishing lesson four）．
I like（or dislike，love，hate）swimming（or studying the current events）（habit）；should（or would）like（or love，prefer）to swim in this place（or to drink coffee）．（one recent act）
I began to understand（or to see）my mistake（被动的心理状态），started selling coffee years ago．（主动的活动）
1393 注意避免连续使用两个-ing形式或两个不定式。
He is beginning to work（而不是working）．
He is trying to do it（而不是doing it）．
He seems to like playing（而不是to play）tennis．
It's necessary to start organizing（不要说to organize）a new party．
1394 约有10个及物动词可用被动形式的不定式或主动形式的动名词作宾语。
Your work needs correcting（or to be corrected）．
This baby wants looking after（or to be looked after）．
