He became a doctor．He commenced（archaic）writer（or carpenter）．He turned（rather unexpectedly）thief（or optimist，socialist，author，tailor）．They turned thief（or thieves）．It grew to be a big tree．The child has grown to be man．She grew up to be a pretty girl．（to be常省略，可参阅1440节）
He turned out a good doctor（or a robber）．It turned out a foolish idea*（or an effective measure）．It will turn out a dream．He loomed up a horrible figure．He proved a thief（or a good father）．It proved an effective measure．It proved a great success（or a bad project）．Cf．1441
b．He remained a bachelor．They continued good friends．
She will stay a widow for the rest of her life．The case rests a mystery．Cf．1442
He looked（sometimes looked to be）a fool（or daggers，compassion，the doctor that he was）．My hut looks a wreck（or a palace to me）．He does not look himself．He appeared a thief．He seemed a good boy．It sounds a good plan（or nonsense）．It loomed a fearful figure．
He fell a prey to a tiger（or a victim to his own folly，a sacrifice to your scheme）．
c．She stood a peony* and walked a lily．He stood godfather to me（or sentinel，sponsor）．He stood a giant（or my friend）．He posed the tallest of them all．He sat there a guest．He went an enemy and returned a friend．We parted the best friends．He came out a different man．He came off a loser（or a winner，a gainer）．He emerged a victor．He died a saint（or a beggar，a bachelor，a prisoner）．He lived a lonely man（or a bachelor）．He came home a millionaire．He returned a sadder and a wiser man．He left school a good scientist．He did cook and did host．He played truant（or the fool）．He acted best man for me．She acted hostess．He went cabin boy to Singapore．He went apprentice to a trade．He will go bail（or security）for that（or for John）．（在很多句子中，动词和其后面的名词之间可以插入as）Cf．1444
d．It meant happiness（or loss）．Liquor means death．It spelt ruin（or death，disaster）．A equals B．Two and four make six．He will make a good teacher．The place makes a heaven．John made one（or the fifth）of the company．Seven days constitute a week．He constitutes a burden on the family．
Did he look（or seem，remain）a scholar？He looked（or seemed，remained）so（=a scholar）．I am not a slave but I feel so（=a slave）．
He decided to be a scientist，and he becomes so（=a scientist）．
1447 “much of（或somewhat of，little of...）＋名词”可以用作补语。
He is much of a gentleman（or a lawyer，a rascal）．（=He is quite a gentleman，...）
He is somewhat of a politician．（=He is in some degree a politician．）
He looks more of（a）gentleman than（a）rogue．
He became less of a gentleman than a rogue．
He is enough of a philosopher to keep cold．
1448 一个抽象名词或具体名词用在具体的主语后时，有时和一个由形容词表示的补语意思相近。若和all或一些其他特别词连用，则表示极大程度。
a．H e is all mirth *，all confusion，all attention，all kindness，all anxiety，all astonishment，all life，all dignity，all wisdom，all politeness，all gratitude，all aches and pains，all airs and graces，all talk and no deed．（=He is extremely merry，extremely confused，...）
She is all tears，all thumbs，all smiles，all eyes，all ears，all skin and bones，all legs and breasts（=extremely sad，extremely clumsy，extremely cheerful，extremely attentive，...）
He is all boy（or all farmer）（=showing all characteristics of a boy，...）
The chest is all（=full of）precious books（or diamond s）．
He is the picture（or model，image，pattern，epitome，paragon）of wisdom．
He is the spirit（or soul，essence，crystallization）of honour（or meanness，selfishness）．
He became cruelty itself（or incarnate，embodied，personified，crystalized）．
b．John is immense fun（=full of fun）．
My studio is chaos．
Life is all glamour．
Is he good pay（=financially reliable）？
Whispering is bad manners（or good fun）．
This sentence is bad grammar（=grammatically wrong）．
John is good（or poor）company（=friendly or unfriendly）．
I could be more help．
This is no matter（=unimportant）．
This truck is no use（=useless）．
The novel is nineteenth century．
Our party is Monday night．
This car is a green colour（=green），an American make．
What year is your car？
These two shirts are the same size，but different shapes．
What direction is the post office？
My pen is two dollars．
She doesn't look her age．
We are the same age，but you don't look your thirty years．Cf．1455
普通名词、集体名词、物质名词也偶尔用作带形容词意义的补语。注意它们前面常常不加冠词。
c．He is fool（or rogue）（=foolish or roguish）（普通名词）enough to say that．
He is gentleman enough to stand firm．
He became fully master of（=proficient in）mathematics．
He is right wing（集体名词）．
His taste is middle-class．
The clergyman is church of England．*
John is Cambridge University．
This watch is gold（物质名词）．
My dress is silk．
The image is plaster of Paris．
This poem is Shakespeare（专有名词）．
1449 图解：
26．S＋LV＋AP（John was in．）
1450 只有be可以用地点副词作补语，其他系动词很少这样用。在这里，地点副词起形容词的作用，往往不表示地点而表示别的东西。
a．Somebody was about（=near）．He will be about（=active）again after he leaves the hospital．He is now up（or out）and about（or around）（=active after an illness）．Lots of books are about（=available）in this city．Influenza is about（=here and there）in this area．He is not about（=very unwilling）（美式）to admit his fault．
b．He has been around（=is sophisticated）．
c．The hammer is away（=put away）in the box．
d．Nobody was by（=near）．None of his relatives are close（or near）by．
e．He is not yet down（=He has not yet dressed and come downstairs）．The tide is down（=out）．He is down with（=ill in bed with）a cold．The river is down．The sun（or The moon）is down．The tyre is down（=flat）．The rate（or The price，Her temperature）is down（=has become lower）．He seems terribly down（=depressed）about his defeat．He appears down and out（=utterly defeated，in very bad circumstances）．He is down in the mouth（=sad）．He is down to two dollars（=has only two dollars left）．She is down for（=on the program for）a song．He will be down on（=look down on）me for this mistake．He was down（=failed）in the exam．Your words are down（=written）in the contract．
f．He is home from school．They are back by six．
g．Is he in（=at home or in the office）？Is the train（or the steamer）in（=arrived）？Oranges are now in（in season）．Summer is in（=come）．He has been in（=in office，in power）for two years．A short skirt is in（=in fashion）．The rice crop is［safely］in（=has been reaped）．Applications should be in（=received）by May 3．I'm in for（=will join）the contest．We are in for（=will suffer）a punishment．
h．I must be off（=go）now．The train is off（=has started）．The church is miles off（=away）．Christmas is not far off．The electricity（or The water，The gas）is off（=not on，no more available）．This gift article was off（=no more available）months ago．The meeting（or The picnic，The engagement）is off（=cancelled）．He is well（or badly，ill）off（=in good［or bad］circumstances）．My watch is off（=wrong）．His hat and overcoat were off（=had been taken off）．This lamp is 30 percent off（=off its regular price）．The meat is off（=no longer fresh）．I'm off（=free from regular work）today．
i．The water（or The electricity，The light，The tap，The radio）is on *（=running，functioning，in action）．The battle（or The rain，The show）is on（=going on）．What is on（=happening）in the street？What is on（=on the program）at Palace？His hat is on（=on his head）．His case is on（=being considered）．Dinner is on（=served）from six to ten．All passengers are on（=in the vehicle）．
j．My brother is out（=not in，not at home）．The manager is out（=not in the office）．The secret is out（=has become known）．The latest number of the magazine is out（=published）today．The results are out（=have been published）．The stars are out（=visible）．My daughter is already out（=has already been introduced into society）．The tide is out（=low）．The flowers are all out（=open）．The wine（or the cup）is out（=finished）．My purse is out（=empty）．The term is out（=finished）．The lease is out（=at the end of the term）．School is out（=over）．I shall return before the week is out（=finished）．The candle（or The fire）is out（=has been extinguished）．The Republican Party is out（=not in power）．The road is out（=impassable）due to snow．Some prisoners are out（=released）．This hairdo has been out（=out of fashion）for 5 months．The labourers are out（=on strike，out of a job）．My hand is out（=out of practice）．Two players were out（=had lost the right to play）．You are out（=wrong）in your guess．My watch is ten minutes out（=too fast or too slow）．They are out（=at odds）with each other．
k．The storm（or The rain，The show，The war）was over（=has ended—opposite to on）．It is all over（=all finished）with me．The tea party is nearly over．Some friends were over（=came here）yesterday．Some money is still over（=remaining）．He'll be over（=there）（口语体）at six．
l．He is not at all there（or here）（=crazy）．（俚语）
m．When will you be through with（=finish）my novel？I am through for the day（=have finished today's work）．I get through with my work at 6 p．m．He is through in politics（=His political life is finished）．I am through with you（=Our friendship is no more）．You are through（=Telephone connection has been made）．
n．The moon（or The sun）is up（=has risen）．Prices（or Sales）are up（=have become higher）．A question is up（=arises）．He was up（=did not sleep）all night．He is not up（=has not left bed）yet*．Let us be up and doing（=active and busy）．The country is up（=rising）．My blood is up（=I am angry）．The rebels were up．Parliament is up（=no longer in session）．Your chance is up（=finished）．Time is up（=The allotted time has terminated）．His time（or His term，His leave）is up．What is up（=happening）with you？It is all up（=all finished，hopeless）with him．He seems well up in（=well acquainted with）this subject（or current events）．He will be up（=go to a higher place or a large city）．He will be up and around（=well）again soon．He is up（=on trial）in court．
o．He is alone（or away，aloof，asleep，agape）．It is ashore（or aflame，afloat，abloom）．（这些是作补语的形容词，前面带有前缀a-，有些并不是地点副词）Where is the Great Wall？When is her wedding？How are you？（这里用疑问词作补语）
1451 图解：
27．S＋LV＋P．N/P．G（John was in a bad temper．）
1452 约有15个系动词可用介词短语作补语。
He is in Room Six．They have been at the wedding party．The book seems about some form of revolution．My house is without water．Are they for or against the proposal ？I am from Tibet．
1453 这些短语可能是通常用在系动词后的成语。
a．He was at hand（or at work）．*
He was in debt（or in power，in pain）．
He was on duty，（or on edge，on the phone）．
He was out of office（or out of work）．
He was under oxygen．
He was beyond himself with grief．
It was below sea level（or below the average）．
It was beneath contempt（or beneath criticism）．
It was beyond repair（or beyond belief）．
It was in blossom（or in fashion）．
It was on sale（or on ice）．
It was out of context．
It was all over the place（or It is simply over my head）．
It was within one's grasp（or within sight）．
b．I feel at home（or out of sorts，up to it，at ease）．
It has become of no use．They grew at variance（or out of temper）．
He seemed at his wit's ends．The news seemed out of doubt．Your remark appeared out of place．He appeared out of his mind．He appeared just out of school．
He looks in good health．She does not look at ease．It looked out of place．It smells of fish．It tastes of onion．They kept in touch with me．Our world remains out of order．The situation continued out of tune．
He went off his head（or out of his mind，into ecstasies）．He stood in terror（or in awe，in dread of it，in need of it）．I lay at his mercy．The city lies in ruins．
1454 介词的宾语可以是一个动名词。
That is like throwing pearls before swine．*
She is near crying．
It is worth doing．
She is above marrying such a man．
He is against declaring war．
He is for fighting to the last man．
He is past relenting．
1455 在系动词后，use，age，size，colour这类名词前的of常常省略。
It is of no use（=useless）．It is of educational interest（=interesting in education）．It is of some consequence．It is of little value．
（Of）What age is he？He is（of）your age．*They are（of）the same age，the same sex，the same taste．They are society people，but not our type ；We are not that sort．
（Of）What size（or shape，length，height）is it？The animal is the size of an ox（or the shape of a bird）．These two buildings are the same height．The street is the right width．The bed is just the length he likes．He is a long figure．The room is a hundred feet square．It's good quality and a good design．
What colour is the table？The table is a dark yellow（or the colour of your chairs）．
What price is the car？（Cf．How much is the car？）The car is twenty thousand dollars．
What weight is the pork？The pork is two kilograms．
What use is this stick？The stick is no use．The dog is much service to men．What good is this cat？It's no good．
What part of speech is the word “go”？
1456 约有10个系动词可和名词连用，表示数目或尺寸。可以认为这些名词前省略了某些介词。多数词典都认为这些动词是不及物动词（不过，若真是不及物动词，它应可以独用，在它后面不需加上日期、尺寸或重量等词）。
The journey costs ten days（or five thousand dollars）．
The work costs a lot of care．
The sugar weighs five kilograms．
The table measures two feet in width and four feet in length．
The thermometer reads（or registers，indicates）30℃．
He looks only twenty years of age．
He stood five feet．
The rainfall averages 52 inches a year．
The workers average eight hours a day．
The students total two thousand．
The troops numbered twenty thousand．
1457 图解：
注：这个符号表明它上方的介词短语起单一词类（形容词）的作用。参阅1311节。
28．S＋LV＋I（John was to come at six．）
1458 约有10个系动词可以用不定式作补语。
1459 这些系动词中最重要的是be。
1460 a．不定式可以用作名词型的补语，表示某个动作和抽象主语所指是同样的东西。
My aim（抽象主语）is to assist you*（or for him to lead a happy life，for Mary to go to college）．
His advice is for you to admit your mistakes*（or to fight to the last man）．
Our difficulty was to master English in a year（or to have to smile in the presence of our boss all the time）．
To teach is to learn．To boast is to cheat．To live is to suffer and to struggle until our death．
1461 b．不定式也可以用作形容词型的补语，表示主语的动作或品质。主语可以是抽象的东西，也可以是具体的东西。
This book（事物）is to be read（=readable）by children．*This herb is not to be eaten（=edible）．The house is to protect us from rain，sunshine and theft．Money is to be spent．
We（人）are to get married next Sunday．Mary is to go to college next year．I am to teach English grammar．John is to die at 90．
Music（抽象名词）is to entertain and raise our spirit．Grammar is to assist us in writing good sentences．The worst is to come．
He is to blame（=to be blamed）．The house is to let（=to be let）．（有被动意义）
1462 在下面的句子中有be以外的系动词，后面可跟不定式。
The report proves（or turns out）to be true．He proved to know it all．
The situation appears to be improving．It looks to be easy．
The letter seemed to have been tempered with．
He can't seem to see（=He seems unable to see）．
He grew to know the world．He grew to believe it．He came to hate her（or to know her，to hear it，to believe it）．This place has come to be used as a school．He is getting to be（=is becoming）a nice fellow．Kim got to be（=became）well-known．
This theory remains to be tested．He continues to be faithful．
