He stands to（=is sure to）win（or gain，lose）．
1463 如果主语是不定式，或是补语很长，那么用不定式作补语比用动名词作补语更好一些。
His purpose is to discover（而不用 discovering）who is the most faithful of his friends．His habit has been to eat breakfast after brushing his teeth．
To respect others is to be respected（而不用 being respected）．（=If you respect others，you will be respected．）To keep silent is to save plenty of trouble．（=If you keep silent，you will save plenty of trouble．）
1464 图解：
参阅1311节。
注意不定式to admit意义上的主语for you的图解办法。
29．S＋LV＋G（John's problem was having to do it at once．）
1465 只有系动词be可以用动名词作补语。
His problem was having to get over all these obstacles．*
That is telling a lie．That would be going too far．*
My objective is finishing the work as soon as possible．My problem was having to get everything ready by six．His distress was having too much money and too many wives．His bad habit has been getting up late．My mistake is studying literature．
Leaving a large fortune to children is encouraging them to be good-for-things．（如果主语是动名词，则用动名词作补语的情况比用不定式作补语的多）
Saving is having．
Seeing is believing．
注：在这类句子中，主语必须是抽象名词或动名词，be表示主语和补语是指同样的东西。但在John is studying．The wind is blowing．The story is interesting．This child is charming．这类句子中，动词的-ing形式表示主语的动作或特点，因此是谓语动词或是分词，而不是动名词。外形相似，但意义不同。
1466 图解：
30．S＋LV＋that-Cl（John's problem was that he had to do it at once．）
1467 在所有系动词中，只有be能用that引起的从句作补语。
His problem was that he had to get over these obstacles．*
The chances are that he will fail．His order is that everybody should come at seven．*
Not that she loves Bob，but that she loves society．（= It is not that... but it is that...）
It's not so much that I love her as that she loves me．
seem和appear可用来代替be，但只能在主语为it时才可这样用。
It seemed（=or appeared）that he was right．（=The appearance was that he was right．）
1468 图解：
注：这种由that引起的从句可以借助来进行图解，作为一个单一词类看待，而成为系动词was的名词型补语（参阅1311节）。从句的图解方法和一个简单句一样，只是在其前上方放有连词that。
31．S＋LV＋W-Cl/W-I（John's problem was what he should study/what to study．）
1469 在所有系动词中只有be能用一个由疑问词引起的从句或不定式作补语。
That（or This）is why I have come*（or why I worry）．
The problem is who is to pay and when we can start．
Our problem is what to do *，where to go，how to begin．
Our question is how can we stop this bloodshed and when shall we live a peaceful life？（注意主语前的助动词和句末的问号）
My question is what to do after I am graduated．
1470 图解：
注：疑问词why的双重作用（副词及连词）均已在图解中表示出来。
注：由疑问词引起的不定式可以看作是由疑问词引起的从句的紧缩形式，省略了从句中的主语和谓语动词be。
32．S＋LV．A．P＋N/G或
S＋LV．PrP．P＋N/G或
S＋LV．PaP．P＋N/G（John was afraid of dogs．）
1471 约有30个系动词可以跟一个形容词（或分词）及一个合适的介词构成短语，在语法上等于一个及物动词。有时甚至可以找出与这种动词短语意思相近的单一及物动词。
be是这类系动词中最重要的一个。
a．He is conscious of [or is alive to ]（=knows）（LV．A．P）his situation*（or being suspected）．*He is short of（=lacks）money．John is desirous of（=desires）fame（or going abroad）．This is similar to（=resembles）that．She is void of（=has no）common sense．They are fearful of（=fear）rats（or being searched）．She is fond of（=likes）flowers．He is averse to（=dislikes）tobacco（or helping anyone）．His face is suggestive of（=suggests）contempt．He is famous for hospitality．He is attentive to the lecture．These books are readable by young men only．His writings are unintelligible by common people．Her singing was audible by the farthest seats．The movie is enjoyable by anybody．He is equal to meeting any crisis．They were bent on doing evil．All things are subject to decay．I am sorry for him．She is sore at me．She 's cuckoo on dress．
b．This story is interesting to（=interests）（LV．PrP．P）every child．*The movie was amusing to（=amused）the audience．His expression was pleasing to（=pleased）his friends．The result is shocking to（=shocks）our team．
c．Water is composed of（=comprises）（LV．PaP．P）oxygen and hydrogen．He is pleased with（=likes）my gift*（or playing with children）．John was accustomed（or used）to comfortable life（or living in a warm climate*）．He is reduced to poverty（or begging）．John is given to intemperance（or lying）．He was starved to death．This is made of iron．He is qualified for the job（or teaching）．He is interested in chickens（or keeping ducks）．He is tied up in a crime．
1472 其他一些系动词也可用于这种结构。
a．He felt tired of life；* seemed（or appeared）astonished at the news．Things seem hard on me．
He became conscious of the danger；got married to her；grew intoxicated with love；went distracted with grief; fell（or came）short of his duty; ran short of provisions（or hands，goods）．His income fell short of the expenditure．His work fell short of the standard（or our expectation，the required amount）．His speech fell flat on the audience．The tax fell heavy on the tenants．It came right（or easy，natural，wrong，ill）to me．The ship got（or ran，fell）foul of the rocks（or a junk）．The sewing machine proved（or turned out）useful to our family．
b．He remained ignorant of the serious situation．The package remains untouched by anyone．The library stays open to the public．He kept aloof from others．She stays keen on David，a teacher she met five years ago．You may rest certain of his support（or obtaining what you want）．
It smells（or tastes，looks）bad to him，but good to me．The statement sounds funny to us．
He stood mute with rage．The burden sat light（or easy）on me．The custom passes current among mountaineers．The remarks passed unnoticed by all present．She fought shy of him（or canned food）．
He made merry over another's mishap．I must make sure of his address．He makes free with my money．They made ready for the fight．
注：某些名词，例如enemy，可以用作形容词。
He is an enemy（=averse）to falsehood．He is a friend to（=fond of）literature．He may be master of（=proficient in）this subject．
1473 图解：
33．S＋LV．P．N．P＋N/G（John was in fear of death．）
1474 约有5个系动词（特别是be）可以和介词、名词和介词构成成语。这种成语在语法上相当于一个单一的及物动词，可以用名词、代词或动名词作其宾语。
a．We were at war with（=fought）them．*He was at the head of（=headed）the procession．He is at home in（=knows）English．Gambling is at the bottom of（=causes）all evils．He seems at a loss for words．
They grew at variance with us．They are at peace with us．He remains at the zenith of his fame．
This subject is beyond the reach of（=exceeds）my knowledge．
He appeared beside himself with joy（or praising himself）．*
b．The adventurer is in the danger of（=risks）losing his life．He is in a fair way to（=approaches）success（or being promoted）．Mary is in the mood for music（or listening to music）．*He is in the service of（=serves）Dr．Johnson．He is in command of（=commands）5,000 men．She is in the first blush of youth．He is in partnership with some friends．It is accordance with the rules．The documents are in the hands of a jeweller．He is in charge of this library．The book is in process of publication．
c．He is on a visit to（=is visiting）Japan．They were on an expedition to the North Pole．They are on the track of（=are pursuing）a criminal．I am on the lookout for（=am finding）a job．He was on the brink of（=was nearing）death．He is on the high road to being promoted．He is on the point of moving to another place．
It is out of keeping with（=violates）his words．He became out of favour with her．He grows out of touch with the times．This subject goes out of the sphere of science．
This is within the reach of ordinary men．He is within an inch of destruction．
1475 图解：
34．S＋LV．A＋I或
S＋LV．PaP＋I（John was anxious to study．）
1476 一个系动词加上一个表示意愿的形容词（或过去分词）可构成动词短语，如果后面跟一个不定式（作宾语），那么这个短语在语法上也相当于一个及物动词。约有10个系动词可以这样用。
He is anxious（or concerned）（=longs）to go abroad．*
They are impatient（or eager，keen）（=eagerly wish）to get married．
He is disposed（or desirous，inclined）（=likes）to fight．
After living abroad for thirty years，she is dying to see her fatherland．
He seems determined（or decided，resolved）to divorce his wife．*
He is ready（or prompt）to help the poor．
He grows interested to get rich．
He appears willing（or content，ready，prepared）to work hard．
We are apt（or liable）to criticize others．
After three months of illness，he remains ambitious to stand first in the class．
He felt afraid to disturb his boss．
At the age of ten，he became curious to know about sex．
David is going（=intends）to study electronics．
We are agreed（=have agreed）to wait and see．
He is all wild（or crazy，dying，burning）（=fervently wishes）to own a motorcycle．
He is unwilling（or averse，loath，reluctant）（=refuses）to help anyone．
这样用的不定式可有一个意思上的主语。
He is anxious for Mary to study hard．* =He is anxious that Mary study（or shall study or should study）hard．
He is eager for his students to pass the examination．=He is eager that his students pass（or shall pass or should pass）the examination．
He is willing for his daughter to marry a poor scholar．
I am in no hurry for you to get married．
He is pleased for you to come over．
副词too可以放在上面提到的形容词前，意思和very相同。但He is too（=very）anxious to speak．和He is too angry to speak．不同，后者的意思是He is so angry that he cannot speak。此外，all too，but too，only too可用来代替too，意同very，但比very语气更强一些。
1477 图解：
35．S＋LV．A＋that-Cl或
S＋LV．PaP＋that-Cl或
S＋LV．P．N＋that-Cl（John was afraid that his mother would scold him．）
1478 一个系动词和一个表示精神作用的形容词（或过去分词）可构成动词短语，在语法上相当于一个及物动词，后面可跟一个由that引起的从句作宾语。约有10个系动词能用在这种短语中。
a．I am sure（=believe）that he is at home．*He was afraid（=feared）that he would fail．* I am not doubtful（=don't doubt）that he will succeed．He is aware（=knows）that I cannot help him．I am glad（=rejoice）that the war is over．He became angry that you made the same mistake．I made certain（or sure）the door was closed．He remains（or keeps）confident that he will win．He is ignorant（or conscious，sensible，happy，thankful，...）that everything is OK．
b．He is deeply interested that I'll study in France．He appeared（or seemed）surprised that I said “no”．He felt（or grew）worried that you didn't write．
c．I 'm amazed（or shocked，annoyed，irritated，disappointed，disturbed，upset）that you should reject her like that．（在这类由that引起的从句中可用should表示感情，有时有like that，so这类词和它一起用）
I' m glad（or pleased，grateful，satisfied）that you should return the money so fast．
在书面语中表示“不安”的词后，可用lest...should代替that...should。
He is afraid lest she should（or might）reveal the secret．
I felt uneasy lest she should have an accident．
He was impatient lest he should be late．
1479 在和表示虚拟语气的动词一起用时，that可有if的意思。
He would be happy that（=if）you should follow his advice．
I should be astonished that（=if）you could win the game．
1480 由于“介词＋名词”有时相当于一个形容词，所以S＋LV．P．N＋that-Cl可以相当于S＋LV．A＋that-Cl。和S＋LV．P．N．P＋N一样，这种句型本可构成另一句型。
He is under the apprehension（=is apprehensive）that a great war will break out．*
He is in hopes（=is hopeful）that you will recover very soon．
I am in dread（=am afraid）that he will fail．
He was in fear（=was afraid）lest she should be killed．
I am of opinion that every man is a good man．
He is under the impression that your family is very happy．
1481 that常可省略，特别是在一些常用形容词后的that从句中。
I am glad you have come．
Are you afraid he will be angry？
I'm sorry you are hurt．
She is sure he will come．
1482 在形容词（或分词）和that从句之间不要插入介词。
He is afraid of that his mother will scold him．（错误）
I am sorry for that I have made the same mistake．（错误）
1483 图解：
36．S＋LV．A．（P）＋W-Cl/W-I或
S＋LV．PaP．（P）＋W-Cl/W-I或
S＋LV．P．N．（P）＋W-Cl/W-I（John was doubtful whether he would succeed/what to do next．）
1484 由系动词加表示精神作用的形容词（或副词）和介词构成的短语，如果用一个由疑问词引起的从句或不定式作宾语，那么它在语法上也相当于一个及物动词。约有10个系动词可用在这种短语中。介词常常被省略掉（可参阅1478节、1482节）。
a．He is not sure（of）whether you will succeed．* I am forgetful（of）what I have done．* He appeared（or seemed）afraid（of）what you would do．I grow doubtful（of）whether she likes me．He became aware（of）how you treated him．He seems ignorant（of）who is his father．He felt surprised（at）why Wang was killed．Be careful（of）how you write to her．He seemed reckless（of）what would happen．He remains curious（about）why she neglects him．I am amazed（at）how he has succeeded．He is indifferent（to）what you said．I am not certain（of）when this ought to be done．He grows fussy（about）how his meals are cooked．
b．He is not sure（about）how to do it．* He is careful（of）what to say．He is not sure（of）whether to resign or not（=whether he should resign or not）．I am forgetful（of）what to do（=what I must do）．I grow doubtful（of）where to find a job（=where I can find a job）．He seems ignorant（of）when to go back to school after the vacation．He is indifferent（to）what food to eat and what work to do．He grows fussy（about）what to drink．John seems puzzled（about）what to say．He remained doubtful（of）where to find a wife．He grew curious（about）how to make a toy．
1485 由于“介词＋名词”有时在语法上相当于一个形容词，在本节中将LV．P．N和LV．A合并处理可能是恰当的（参阅1480节）。
a．He is in doubt（=is doubtful）（as to）what we could do．I am in a puzzle（=am puzzled）（about）what step I must take．I am at sea（=am puzzled）（about）how he did it．I am at my wit's end（or in perplexity）（about）which way to take，whether to get married or not．
b．He is in doubt what to do．* I am in a puzzle（about）what step to take．He is all at sea（about）how to begin．I am at my wit's end（or in perplexity，in two minds，in several minds）（about）which way to take，whether to get married or to continue my study．
1486 图解：
注1：在S＋LV＋C这类句型中，还有一个句型可包含在内，那就是用as引起的从句作形容词型补语的情况。
Things are exactly as（=in the same state as）they were before．
This country is almost as I left it ten years ago．
Our policy is still as we declared it in Geneva．
注2：句型32、33、34、35、36都放在S＋LV＋C类句子中处理，因为它们中间都有系动词。不过放在S＋TV＋O那一类中处理也许更好，因为系动词和某些词可构成及物动词。这样安排虽然比较合乎逻辑，但容易使某些读者感到糊涂。
E．宾补动词＋宾语＋各种补语
1487 和S＋DV＋O＋O句型的直接宾语一样，S＋FV＋O＋C句型中的宾语通常为名词或代词（而补语可以是形容词、名词、地点副词、介词短语、分词或不定式）。
I find John talking with his child．
I want him to dress like a nice boy．
但这种句型中的宾语间或也可能是不定式、动名词或名词从句。在这种情况下，不定式、动名词或从句应用代词it代替，其本身则移到补语后面去，成为it的同位语。
I find it hard to persuade a woman．（不可说I find to persuade a woman hard．）
He considers it necessary that a man should know at least one foreign language．（不可说He considers that...language necessary．）
37．S＋FV＋N＋A（John made the house dirty．）
1488 约有200个宾补动词可用形容词作补语。
a．约有50个宾补动词表示精神活动（有些结构属书面语）。
（1）They found the book easy；felt it cold；felt themselves guilty；saw him so sad；learned her gone；discovered the house empty．
（2）They thought him honest；* fancied themselves right；imagined it easy；supposed it true；presumed it genuine；esteemed themselves happy；considered it easy；figured（or counted）it good；accounted themselves innocent；believed it true；judged it good；concluded him dead；held it cheap；held me dear；conceived themselves safe；knew him honest；took it easy（or ill，amiss）；remembered him still young．
（3）They called（or termed）him generous；declared him dead；avowed themselves wrong；pronounced it genuine；professed themselves mistaken；confessed themselves guilty；were reputed very generous．
（4）They proved it false；showed themselves honest；certified him insane（or healthy）；guaranteed（or warranted）it pure；passed him honest；rated it good；granted it possible；graded his handwriting illegible．
