He has lived here many a year．
What a beautiful park it is!
如果形容词为all，both，half，double或twice，冠词the必须放在它后面。
All the guests have come．
Both the brothers study Spanish．
I bought it at half the price（double the price）．但是：He has waited half an hour（or a half hour）．
如果所用副词为so，how，as，too，quite，rather或no less，冠词a就放在副词所修饰的形容词后面及被修饰名词的前面。
It is so（or too）big a dog．
How big a dog it is!
It is as big a dog as yours．
It is no less big a dog than yours．（=It is as big a dog as yours．）
It is quite（or rather）big a dog（or a quite big or a rather big dog）．
如果a后面紧跟的词以元音（不指元音字母）开头，例如apple，egg，uncle，idle fellow，old man或hour [auə]，M．A．[em ei]，8 [eit]，L beam[el biːm]，H frame [eitʃfreim]，就要用an代替a。如果后面的词以辅音开头，即使是元音字母，也只能用a，不能用an，如useful [ˈjuːsful]，European [ˌjuərəˈpiən]，one [wʌn]。另外，用a还是an取决于紧跟它的词，而不取决于形容词后的名词。如在an old teacher中，用an是由紧跟它的old决定的，而不是由名词teacher决定的；在an awfully hot climate中，用an是由于紧跟它的副词awfully以元音开头，而不由climate决定。
A．冠词与可数名词
89 1．冠词a有泛指作用，可和单数可数名词连用，隐约地表示 “任何一个（即随便哪一个）”。
A dog is intelligent．
I like a child．
A big family is hard to support.
90 2．复数可数名词也有泛指作用，隐约地表示“所有的”。
Dogs are intelligent.
I like children．
Big families are hard to support.
91 3．冠词the可与单数可数名词连用，表示一类东西，而不指哪一个。
The dog is intelligent.
I play the piano．
The palm grows in many countries.
Tomatoes are good for the liver．
以上3种用法是很相近的。
92 4．A还有“一个”或“某个”的意思，可以和单数可数名词连用。
A dog is coming.
I see a child．
I have to maintain a family.
He is a teacher．
They call him a fool．
93 5．复数名词如表示“几个”或“某几个”，前面需加some这类词（由此也可以将其看作是一种冠词）。
Some children are playing there．
I met some friends on the street．
There are some large schools in New York．
I bought some novels.
I have some pictures.
在某些特殊情况下，some必须省略。
Children，but not grown-ups，are playing there．（表示对比）
I meet either friends or relatives on the street．
I bought both novels and newspapers．
Children are playing there because they have nothing else to do．（注意力在其他方面，而不在孩子的数目上）
I often meet friends at this time and at this place.
I bought novels to give to my girlfriend．
There are children in this park．（大量的）
Hats are sold in this shop．
They are children．（作补语）
These people are great scientists．
I found the demonstrators children．
94 6．The有特指的作用，可用在单数可数名词前，表示“那个”，这时所指的那个人或东西是很清楚的。
I bought a house yesterday afternoon．The house is across the river．（指新买的房子）
I want to see the boss．（你知道the boss指谁）
What is the price of this pencil?
Open the window，please．（当然是指这个房间的窗子）
The government does not allow gambling．
The enemy was defeated．
The moon is rising．
95 7．The也可和复数可数名词连用，表示“那些”，这时所指的那些人或东西也是很清楚的。
I bought several houses yesterday．The houses are across the river．
I met some nice people at the party．It seems I had seen the gentlemen somewhere．
Open the windows，please．
Where are the children?
96 8．The也有表示集体的作用，用在复数可数名词前，表示“所有（那些）……”。
They are the teachers of our school．
The cities of this country are dirty．
Have you ever seen the Seven Wonders?
The members of the club are Indians．
B．冠词与不可数名词
97 9．不可数名词既不能加a，又不能用于复数形式。
He has a money．（错）
Thailand produces much rices．（错）
You need an advice．（错）
Informations are important in war．（错）
98 10．不加冠词的不可数名词泛指这类东西，隐约地表示“任何数量的……”“任何程度的……”。
I am fond of milk．
Air is important to animals．
Honesty is the best policy．
John hates darkness．
99 11．如果表示有限数量或某种程度，不可数名词前可加some，表示“一些……”“一定程度的……”。
I offered him some tea．
Some sugar is to be sprinkled over the cake．
He has got some experience from the job．
Some consideration of the matter is necessary．
在某些特殊情况下，如93节所列情况，some必须省略：
I offered him tea，not coffee．（表示对比）
I offered him both tea and coffee．
I offered him tea because he liked it．（注意力在其他方面）
This country produces tea．（大量的）
Rice is produced in Thailand．
This is tea．（补语）
100 12．表示特指的the可以用在不可数名词前面限定其意义，表示“这”或“那”。
I offered him the tea which I made．
The sugar produced here is excellent．
He has obtained the experience of an expert．
The bread has been eaten up．（你知道指哪块面包）
Please pass me the salt．
C．冠词与专有名词
101 13．下面这类专有名词不加a，也不加the，也不能用于复数形式。
continent—Asia
province—Guangdong
county—Henrico County
island—Rhode Island
mount—Mount Everest
lake—Lake Geneva
park—Hyde Park
square—Times Square
domestic animal—Bobo
day—Monday
festival—Labour
country—Japan
state—California
harbour—Pearl Harbour
hill—Bacon Hill
cape—Cape Comorin
bridge—Westminster Bridge
street—Fifth Avenue
person—William Shakespeare
deity—Jupiter
planet—Jupiter
month—February
102 14．下面各类专有名词前需加the。
republic—the French Republic
state—the Irish Free State
empire—the British Empire
kingdom—the United Kingdom
peninsula—the Indian Peninsula
ocean—the Pacific（Ocean）
sea—the Japanese Sea
canal—the Suez（Canal）
pole—the North Pole
railway—the Trans-Siberian Railway
river—the Mekong（River）
plateau—the Tibetan Plateau
basin—the Yangzi Basin
valley—the Rhine Valley
desert—the Gobi Desert
“普通名词＋of＋专有名词”这类词组前均需加the。
the Cape of Good Hope
the Strait of Gibraltar
the City of New York
the House of Representatives
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
the Society of Natural History
103 15．复数专有名词前都加the。
the Himalayas
the Rocky Mountains
the United States
the Great Lakes
the Stuarts
the Philippines
104 上面讲的是冠词的一般用法，一些特殊用法将在专门谈冠词的单元中处理。在形容词这部分还有3项内容，即量词与数词、比较级及指示词。由于它们牵涉到代词和副词，因此放在一起专门讨论。
六、名词所有格
105 所有格指名词加上“'”，如dog's，John's，teachers'。它们虽然由名词构成，却和形容词差不多。因此，名词所有格在本书中未列在名词一章中讨论，而放在形容词这一章中，作为一种特殊的形容词来考虑。
A．所有格构成法
106 1．单数名词的所有格一般在其后面加“'s”。
the boy's dog，the gentleman's hat，my father's friend，Smith's kindness，one day's trip
以-s结尾的名词，在其后面加“'s”。
the hostess's sons，the boss's secretary，Chambers's readers，St．James's Palace，King Charles's reign
以-es结尾的古代人名仅在后面加“'”。
Ceres' rites，Xerxes' fleet，Achilles' wrath
以-is，-es，-us结尾的古代人名仅在后面加“'”，但也可加“'s”。
Adonis' bane，Venus' image，Judas' betrayal，Atlas' daughter
以-ce，-ss结尾且后面跟有sake的词仅在后面加“'”。
for appearance'（or conscience'，goodness'，righteousness'）sake
107 2．复数名词后一般仅加“'”。
My parents' friends were all rich．
The dogs' eyes look fierce．
又如the prisoners' camp，that wasps' nest，a fools' paradise，her girls' school（单数主体词）；seven prisoners' camps，those writers's styles（复数主体词）。
例外情况：children's，men's，women's（这些是不规则的复数形式）
108 3．短语或其他词组在最后面加“'s”。
the king of England's crown，my son-in-law's house，the President-elect's speech，Alexanders the Great's conquest（头衔）（不要说the King's of England crown，my son's-in-law house）
his brother George's wife，Mr.Wang the headmaster's decision（同位语）（不要说his brother's George's wife，Mr. Wang's the headmaster decision）
（They borrowed）each other's books；some（or no，every）one's affair，somebody else's affair．（指示性代词）
The man you introduced to me's wife（is a teacher of English）．（I forget）what is his name's address．（包含从句的结构）
如果两个名词代表两个人，则有下面情况：
Wang's and Lee's houses=Wang's house and Lee's（各有一栋房子）
the seller's and buyer's rights
Wang and Lee's house（共有的房子）
the students and teachers' interest
her and her brother's friends（不好）=her friends and her brother's（较好）=hers and her brother's friends（文气）=her friends and those of her brothers（最好）
Mary's baby's face（不好）=the face of Mary's baby（较好）
John's friend's business（不好）=the business of the friend of John（较好）=the business of John's friend（最好）
B．名词所有格所指东西
109 名词所有格中的名词可以指人、各种东西等。最常见的有下面几种。
1．指人。
His Highness's health，my brother's job，John's desk
110 2．指动物，尤其是较大的、具有人的某些特点的动物。
the dog's tail，the horse's neighing，the lion's mane
111 3．指人格化的庄严的地方、集体或东西。
地方：the world's future，the country's good，the earth's surface，the city's population，the State's history，the globe's centre，India's policy，London's life，Honolulu's All Way Yacht Harbor
集体：the university's students，her sex's right，the Conservative's opinion，the church's doctrine，our bank's investments，the University of California's Music School
自然界的某些东西：the sun's rays，the mountain's brow，the ocean's roar，the river's bank，nature's work，the wind's sighing，the moon's rising
具有特别意思的某些事物（具体或抽象的事物）：the brain's function，the book's importance，the car's history，the treaty's signing，a word's structure，Death's door，fortune's smile，duty's call，life's struggle，wisdom's ways，science's influence，the mind's development
注：其他代表无生命东西的名词不宜加所有格词尾“'s”，而应用of引出的短语来表示所有关系，如不能说the book's cover或the tables' legs，只能说the cover of the book或the legs of the tables。在有些情况下可用更简单的形式，如book cover或table legs。
112 4．表示时间、距离、价值、重量。
时间：two years' time，three months' duration，（a）seven years' war，（a）three days' absence，his five minutes' walk，a moment's notice，a good night's rest，today's news，yesterday's lessons，last week's meeting，our next month's journey，the week's（or year's）end
距离：a cable's length，a stone's throw，a needle's point，a hand's span，a hair's breadth，the razor's edge，（a）thirty miles' march，（a）two hours' walk（or flight，drive，ride，sail）
价值：a dollar's worth（of apples），thirty pounds' value
重量：a pound's weight，two tons' weight
113 5．表示家、商店、机构。这时，主体词常省略。
(1)家（住处）：my uncle's，Mr．Eliot's，the shoe-maker's，Wang's，Schuman's
(2)商店：the grocer's，the tobacconist's，the carpenter's，the florist's，a large photographer's，a well-managed baker's，three grocers'（that are full of customers），Dr．Lee's，Robinson's（or Robinsons，Robinson Ltd.）；Palmer's（or Palmer Company，Palmer's the book-sellers），Wallis'（or Wallis，Wallis's—Name in-s has 3 forms）
(3)机构：St．Andrew's（Church），St．James's（Palace），St．Paul's（Cathedral），St．John's（College），Warner's（Cinema），St．Paul's（Hospital），St．Mary's（Abbey）
114 6．表示船只。
the ship's captain（or cook，doctor，cabin），the boat's crew（or head），the vessel's course（or departure）
115 7．在某些习用语中有名词所有格。
out of harm's way，in his mind's eye，to his heart's content（or desire，delight），for form's（or god's，mercy's，brevity's，pity's，shame's，art's，her）sake，his father's son（=he），everyone's mother's son（=everyone）
116 8．其他情况。
Mary's letter（=the letter FROM Mary）
Japan's history（=the history CONCERNING Japan）
Justice's battle（=the battle FOR justice）
Paris's painters（=the painters IN Paris）
Queen's College（=the College CALLED Queen）
Mary's party（=the party GIVEN by Mary）
John's dinner（=the dinner ENJOYED by John）
Charles's defeat（=the defeat EXPERIENCED by Charles）
C．名词所有格后主体词所指东西
117 名词所有格后的主体词可以表示各种不同的东西。
1．人或某动物所有的东西。
the boy's pencil，John's workers，Uncle's dog，my sister's old friend，the animal's master，the dog's wife
118 2．某人创造的东西或某动物制作的东西（某人或某动物由名词所有格表示，以下各节均如此）。
Shaw's plays，Disney's film，Webster's dictionary，Schubert's serenade，Shakespeare's Hamlet，Dickens's David Copperfield，Charlie Chaplin's City Lights，John's exercise，Mary's cakes，the printer's error，a bird's nest，bee's wax
119 3．某人使用的东西。
beginner's lessons，a judge's wig，ladies' dress，children's hospital，the women's weekly（比较a lunatic asylum，a cow house，a mouse trap）
120 4．某人或某动物具有的东西（比如身体的一部分等），也可指某物的一部分。
John's face，my father's legs，the scientist's brain，the dog's eyes，goat's meat，the lion's heart
He is at his wit's（or life's，journey's）end．He has English at his fingers' ends（or tips）．He lives near the town's end（or the water's edge，the wood's edge，the city's centre，the hill's foot，the river's head，the mountain's top，the river's mouth，the mountain's side）．They are at sword's points．
121 5．某人或某动物的某个（些）特点或状态。
John's folly，Mary's kindness，my dog's ability，the pig's laziness，Lee's attitude，aunt's bad luck（所含主体词多由形容词演变而来，如folly由foolish变来，kindness由kind变来，等等）
122 6．某人或某动物的动作（由名词或动名词表示）。
John's appearance（or decision，statement，progress，death，imagination，thought，arriving，jumping，sleeping）（主体词多由不及物动词转变而来，如appearance和decision分别由appear，decide变来）
123 7．某人或某动物承受的动作。
John killed Charles，and everyone worried about John's punishment（=the fact that John will be punished）．
John's loss（or treatment，murder，praise，education）（主体词多由及物动词转变而来，如loss，treatment分别由lose，treat转变而来）
Help及其同义词也可以这样用，表示承受的动作。
He came（or hurried，ran，rushed）to Mary's help（or aid，defence，assistance，rescue）．
这类主体词也可表示某人或某动物的动作。
John says he must punish Charles，and we worry about John's punishment．
如果表示一个无生命东西承受的动作，前面只能用its或their，而不能用名词所有格。
I have delivered the money，and John has received it．Its delivery and its receipt（不是the money's receipt）was witnessed by three persons．
承受的动作也可用动名词的被动形式表示。
John's being punished（or being murdered，being praised）was true．
D．名词所有格的特指与类别的作用
124 如果所有格中的名词表示某一特定的人、动物或其他特定的东西，这个所有格即有特指的作用（Specifying）。
my father's house，John's dog，London's population，yesterday's lessons（可以指出是“谁的”或“哪个的”）
如果表示某类人或东西，它就具有表类别的作用（Classifying）。
the doctor's degree，a fool's errand，printer's ink，the traveler's check，a driver's license，collector's items，Mother's Day，the bull's eye，a snail's pace，a cat's paw，death's door，sheep's eyes，their dog's life，a good night's rest（这时无法指出是“谁的”或“哪个的”）
表特指的名词所有格和表类别的名词所有格，其名词都可有复数形式。
my parents' friends，those children's habit，my relatives' houses，the prisoners' camp，a fools' paradise，her girls' school，the thieves' den，two thieves' dens
