Most of us longed（or hoped）for the war to be over，but some dreaded for a peace to come．
I wished（or pressed）for it to be done at once．
I agree for him to pay me next week．
The plan provided for the rich to assist the poor．
I have arranged（or planned）for her to go to college．
We have fixed for the wedding to take place on Sunday．
We waited for them to tell us the news．
They sent for him to build the house（or the doctor to come at once）．
He didn't care for me to do anything for him．
They looked for someone to assist them．They did not look for a stranger to come at night．
The company advertised for boys to do the job．
c．We called upon him to act．
We depended（or relied，counted）upon him to help us．Everything depends upon him not to interfere．We count on him not to know it（=count on the chance that he does not know it）．
He prevailed upon her to marry him．
They fixed on him to speak on their behalf．
d．I pleaded with him to do something for me．
They demand of me to keep a secret．
We beg of him to save our lives．
He trusts in me to help him．
He yelled at her to stop．
试比较：
I made signs for（=signed）him to come，made an appeal to（=requested）them to help the victims．
I am anxious（or willing，impatient，in a hurry）for（=entreat）John to come．
1522 图解：
44．S＋FV＋N＋I（John let me do it．）
1523 约有20个宾补动词用不带to的不定式作补语。
I made him study（不要用 to study）hard．I will make him stay．
He let me go（不要用 to go）．Let him come here at seven．*
Let it be destroyed．
He had some accident happen to him（=Some accident happened to him）．
I had many friends call on me．
I watched（or looked at，beheld，perceived，saw，observed，noticed）him come．We watched the plane fly．He found（or witnessed）her speak with someone．He heard（or overheard，listened to）her sing．I felt the pressure increase．He felt himself grow interested in music．*
I have（never）known him tell lies．
1524 He let slip the opportunity（=let the opportunity slip），let fall a hint（=let a hint fall），let go my hand，let drop the unessential parts，let pass my mistake．
1525 在某些结构中，一些宾语可省略。
She helped（me）make my clothes．（美式）
He has to make do（=manage）with a table for a bed．
He made believe（=pretended）not to see me．
I h ear（people）say that John has died，hear（people）tell（or speak，talk）of the accident．
1526 在某些宾补动词后to可用可不用。
I will have him（to）come at once．Would you have me（to）believe it？
He'll help（me）（to）carry it．He bade me（to）wait．
Catherine helps（me）（to）cook the dinner．（美式）
I have never known（or never knew）him（to）behave so badly．
1527 不要说：
I make him stud ies hard．（错误）
I make him to study hard．（错误）
1528 图解：
45．S＋FV＋N＋Prp或S＋IV．P＋N＋Prp（John kept me waiting．）
1529 至少有60个宾补动词可用现在分词作补语。
a．约有40个宾补动词后面不用as。
（1）They kept me waiting；* kept the machine running．
He left me standing outside．The news left me wondering．
I cannot have（=cannot suffer）（or won't have）them wasting their time．I will have（=insist on）you finishing it by January．We shall have the rain coming（=The rain will come）．I had many friends waiting for me（=Many friends waited for me）．
He got his son learning（=made his son learn）English，the water boiling．He got（=had）some friends waiting for him（=Some friends waited for him）．
(2)I took her（out）shopping，hunting．
The bell brought people gathering on the square．
He sent his child tramping，begging；sent the price soaring，them packing，his enemy sprawling backwards．
He set the house burning．The story set them laughing，roaring，gasping，trembling，thinking．He started（or set）the engine running，the ball flying，the clock going，the music playing．He started（= set）me laughing．（Cf．Let us set the period as beginning on June 1．）
(3)I caught him（while he was）stealing it．He caught you doing that．I met her（while she was）walking with John．He surprised her bathing in the river．
I sensed him doing something very mysteriously．I felt the house shaking，my heart beating，my end approaching；felt myself trembling in his arms．
I saw（or beheld，looked at，observed，watched，glimpsed，perceived，descried，scanned）a rat running past；noticed（or felt，found）him stealing something．I saw（or heard）him talking with her（=I happened to observe part of the action）．I saw（or heard）him talk with her（=I observed the whole action．）
注意：I should like to hear him talk（不用talking）with her．
(4)I heard him giving orders．
His imagination depicts（or pictures，paints）himself hovering in the sky．I imagined（or fancy）him wandering about the city like a beggar．（Cf．Imagine yourself as being respected by your friends．）
He thought himself doing the best thing．Never suppose yourself knowing everything．
I anticipated something happening．
I recollected（or recalled，remembered）her glancing at me more than once．
(5)Newspapers reported him missing．
I cannot understand（or conceive）him doing such a foolish act．
I don't like（or hate，dislike，detest）my wife going out often；don't want anyone cheating me．
I saw lying on the street a dead man who seemed to have been killed several days earlier．（如果宾语太长，分词应放在宾语前面）
He set running the engine which we had thought useless．
1530 b．至少有20个不及物动词要在分词前加as才能变成宾补动词。
He fancied her clothes as being made of gold；recognized me as speaking on behalf of all；accepted me as having seen much of the world；described the city as expressing a modern idea of speed；* treated money as having little value；dismissed the fault as being the result of carelessness；visualized her as having pretty eyes；saw life as being a dream；struck me as being a fool．
It is regarded（or looked upon）as（being）useless，accepted as（being）the largest，recorded as（being）the best，portrayed as belonging to a new era．He is quoted as saying that education is all important；well-known as being upright．
1531 c．有些不及物动词加上介词之后可以用作宾补动词，后面用分词作补语。由于这类句子很少，我们或许可以把S＋IV．P＋N＋PrP这种句型看作是和S＋FV＋N＋PrP一样的。
They heard of him living a comfortable life；told of my brother having succeeded；listened to her singing；thought of their boss planning to fire them．
I think of him as representing modern writers．They spoke of the factory as（being）the best．They looked upon him as（being）their teacher；referred to the book as teaching everything．Bad novels are sometimes referred to as poisoning the mind of young people．
1532 图解：
46．S＋FV＋N＋PaP（John had it done．）
1533 约有30个宾补动词可用过去分词作补语。
a．She had a red dress made，* a picture taken，her teeth pulled out，me put in prison．He had his watch stolen．King Charles had his head cut off．I had no breath left，no rice left，my car repaired．
（She made a red dress．=She made it herself．She had a red dress made．=Someone made it for her．He had his watch stolen．=Someone stole it．≠ He caused someone to steal it．have表示状态）
The house has its windows broken．
b．You must get your hair cut，* the rules obeyed，your house cleaned．He got his watch dislocated．If you do so，you will get yourself disliked（=become unpopular）．（You must get your hair cut．=You must cause somebody to cut your hair．get表示动作）
c．He could not make his voice heard．His power made him respected．He made his influence felt and recognized，the secret known，the proposal listened to，it understood that he was an honest man．
He will keep me well informed，the bitter lesson remembered，every child well fed，his mouth shut．
He left the matter undecided，it unsaid，his work half done，no means untried，no stone unturned．
d．I heard my name called．Have you ever heard Italian spoken？I've never heard this song sung．
He felt himself lifted up，insulted，hypnotized．
I must（or will）see（=ensure）the work done，her revenged．I've never seen a man hanged．He saw the village burned．
He found the work already done，his country attacked by the enemy，the house deserted，his eyes dazzled by light，himself elected president．
He watched（or perceived，noticed）the situation changed，his country occupied by foreigners．
e．He imagined himself insulted；fancied himself defeated，lost，buried．
He thought himself neglected（or honoured）by his friends．
I considered matters settled，myself discarded by men．
I want（or wish，desire）the package insured，everything finished by twelve；like it done at once，such things discussed；preferred grammar studied first．
I owned（or confessed，professed，acknowledged）myself beaten，myself mistaken．
f．He brought me acquainted with her．
He reported seven planes shot down，twenty persons killed．
He ordered them banished from the city．
I cannot bear this matter mentioned again．
1534 间或过去分词前有一个being表示动作正在（被）进行。
I saw the village burned．（=The village was burned when I saw it．）
I saw the village being burned．（=The village was being burnt when I saw it．）（更形象）
He first discovered potatoes being used as food．
I found the work being done．
I heard the song being sung．
1535 如果宾语过长，则过去分词可以放在宾语前面。
He left untouched all the things to be done immediately．
He heard played again the music he had played when young．
1536 图解：
47．S＋FV＋it＋C＋I/G/Cl（John made it a rule to get up early/that everyone should obey him．）
1537 约有40个宾补动词可用不定式、动名词、that从句或疑问词引起的从句作宾语，但它们都由it代表，而它们本身则移到补语后面。补语可以是形容词、名词、介词短语或分词。
1538 a．不定式作宾语
(1)He acknowledged it difficult（or troublesome）（形容词作补语）to begin any business．* He considered（or esteemed，held）it convenient to come at once．He imagined（or fancied）it easy to learn a language．He supposed it wrong to tell a lie．They believed（or called）it silly to do so．I think it fit（or well）to wait here．They declared（or affirmed）it illegal to criticize the government．
(2)He made it a rule（or a point，his entire business）（名词作补语）not to eat between meals．The situation rendered it a matter of difficulty to tell the truth．She judged it a useless attempt to advise him．They don't hold it a sin to steal．They pronounced it a crime to say anything against them．He accounted it fun to go to sea．He thought it no harm to smoke．
(3)He took（or had）it upon himself（介词短语作补语）to settle the problem．He took it into his head to invent a translating machine．He had it in his mind（or his head，his thought）to talk with her seriously；had it in mind（or in view，in contemplation）to advise her．He had it in charge to take care of an orphan．He has it in his power to do good or evil．He wished it in his power to do good．He considered it beyond his power to help me．He put it in his head to go to sea．He has left it to me to decide．He owed it（=was under an obligation）to his boss to tell the secret（or to work hard）．He couldn't find it in his heart（or mind，conscience）to abandon her．
(4)He saw（it）fit（or good）to take a rest；thought（it）fit（or right，well，proper）to wait and see．（it有时省略）He made（it）plain that we would fight on for democracy．
(5)He regarded it as of great importance for you to be humble；looked upon it as useless for us to learn art．
1539 b．动名词作宾语
(1)He considered it useless（形容词作补语）discussing the matter with them．* I found it tiresome doing the same thing every day．
(2)He thought it a pity（名词作补语）having to let slip the chance．I don't call it living being a blind man．I think it dangerous your doing so．
1540 c．that从句作宾语
(1)I thought it likely（形容词作补语）that he would fail．*He considered it important that everything should be finished by seven．He made（it）clear（or plain）that he could not help anybody．He took it amiss（or ill，unfriendly，unkindly）that I kept reticent．
(2)He wished it to be understood（不定式作补语）that she is not his wife．
(3)He had heard it said（过去分词作补语）that somebody would murder him．He won't have it concluded that his son is a fool．
(4)The trial put it beyond a doubt（介词短语作补语）that he was the murderer．He cast（or flung，threw）it in my teeth that I was a toady．He took it to heart that I called him a fool．I owe it to him that I am still alive．I have it on good authority（or by all accounts）that she will marry John．They took it for granted that a girl must marry before twenty．
(5)He laid it down（地点副词作补语）that we should be more frugal．He set it about that she was to marry him．
(6)He gave it as his opinion（补语前加as）that all men are alike．You may take it as a rule that I am ready to help any friend．
1541 d．疑问句引起的从句作宾语：
(1)He declared it mysterious（形容词作补语）why she should be killed．*
(2)He found it astonishing（现在分词作补语）how they could accomplish it．
(3)I heard it debated（过去分词作补语）whether country life is good．They left it undecided who was to be the chief．He wanted it answered how the picture was drawn．（Cf．S＋FV＋N＋PaP）
1542 试比较下面的句子：
不定式、动名词、that从句或疑问词引起的从句作主语时，也常由it代表它们，而它们本身则移到后面（参阅1318节—1320节）。
It is very easy to talk nonsense．
It seems necessary that we should know many people．
1543 图解：
“[=]”这个符号表示里面的to begin any business与符号前的it是指同一东西，也可说是它的同位语。
三、各种谓语类型的被动结构
1544 讨论完各种类型的谓语后，是研究语态变化的良好时机，因为这种变化在47种句型中表现得最为清楚。
在5种动词中，不及物动词和系动词不能由主动语态变为被动语态，因此谓语类型1—3及24—36均不能变为被动结构。下列例句前的数字指第18单元中谓语类型的编号。“×”这个符号表示符号前面的句子不能变为被动结构。“—”这个符号表示符号前面的句子可以变为被动结构，变化后的句子就放在这个符号的后面。
A．不及物动词
1545 1．Mary walked slowly．×
I dreamt last night．×
It weighs five pounds．×
2．The prisoners broke away．×
3．This story reads well．×
B．系动词
1546 24．He looks happy．×
25．He became a doctor．×
26．The storm is over．×
27．It was below notice．×
28．My aim is to help you．×
29．Seeing is believing．×
30．The problem is that the peasants are very poor．×
31．The question is who can do it．×
My question is how to do it．×
32．He is familiar with the street．×
33．He is in dread of death．×
34．He is anxious to study．×
35．I feel sure that he will fail．×
36．He seems ignorant why he failed．×
1547 及物动词及宾补动词，除了少数例外情况，都可变为被动语态。双宾动词还可变成两个或更多的被动结构。一般来说，跟有宾语的动词都可由主动语态变为被动语态，但在一些特定组合中不能变。
C．及物动词
1548 4．They speak English．—English is spoken．*
We must observe the rules．—The rules must be observed．
但在及物动词和其宾语构成一个不可分的整体时不能变为被动语态。
He lost heart．× We gained ground．×
The criminal took flight．×
在宾语前有一物主代词和主语表示同一人或物时也不能变为被动结构。
They clapped their hands．× She did her work．×
John made his escape．× The tree lost its life．×
在及物动词表示一种状态而不是一个动作时也不能变。
He has（or owns，possesses）a big house．× We lack（or want）good teachers．× A sentence must contain a verb．×
She makes a good nurse．× Seven days constitute a week．×
Words failed him．× This job suits me．×
The food will last us two days．× It costs me a hundred pounds．×
Two meals a day will suffice me．×
当一个不及物动词加前缀be-成为及物动词时，也不能变为被动结构。
It doesn't become（or behave，befit，beseem）a gentleman to curse．×An accident befell him．× His dress bespeaks his character．×
She bemoans（or beweeps，bewails）the loss of her son．×
当一个不及物动词加前缀out-成为及物动词时，也不能变。
John outlived his wife．× John outstayed the other guest．×
His expenditure outruns his income．×
