有些动词通常为不及物动词，但有时用作及物动词，这时也不能变。
He flew（or fled，roamed，ranged，roved）the country．× They walked the plank（or the streets，the hospitals，the boards）．× They stood an assault（or their ground，ill treatment）．× He sat a horse well．× They talked business（or shop）．× They went a journey．× I shall stay dinner．× He waited supper．× She wept hot tears（or blood）．× She shed（or cried）hot tears．× His eyes flashed fire and shone sparks．× He sweated blood．× It rained dust．×
用自身代词作宾语时不能变为被动结构。
5．He killed himself．× She has never praised herself in all her life．×
带同源宾语的句子有时可以变为被动结构。
6．They are living a very hard life．—A very hard life is being lived．*
They fought a fierce war（or battle）．—A fierce war（or battle）was fought．
They sang some fine songs．—Some fine songs were sung．
带有下面这类宾语的句子不能变为被动结构。
He smiled a welcome．× He nodded assent．×
He breathed his last．× He tried his best．×
We fought it out to the end．× We have to foot it．×
7．They gave up the plan．—The plan was given up．*
The plague swept off many people．—Many people were swept off by the plague．
以动名词作宾语时却不能这样变。
He put off going to the doctor．× John gave up performing the plan．×
8．She laughed at every boy that fell in love with her．—Every boy that fell in love with her was laughed at．
We all agreed to his view．—His view was agreed to．*
Some one trod on his toes．—His toes were trodden on．
Nobody had slept in the bed．—The bed has never been slept in．
People can climb over this wall．—This wall can be climbed over．
当动词表示状态而不表示动作时不能变为被动结构。
The river abounds in fish．× The house abounds with rats．×
The bridge abuts on the road．× This does not accord with the rules．× This fault admits of no excuse．× This piece of land belongs to John．×
介词后跟有动名词时不能这样变。
I abstained from drinking liquor．×
His reply amounts to refusing your request．×
“不及物动词＋介词＋名词”为一个不可分开的整体时也不能这样变。
She burst into tears．× My son came of age．× We went to law．×
“不及物动词＋副词＋介词”构成的成语有些可以变为被动结构。
9．He ran away with a million dollars．—A million dollars was run away with．
They looked back on the old days．—The old days were looked back on．
但宾语为动名词时不能这样变。
I look forward to meeting you again．×
10．The school furnished John with books．—John is furnished with books．
We translated this poem into another language．—This poem is translated into another language．
They made fun of our children．—Our children were made fun of．
They took compassion on the old woman．—The old woman was taken compassion on．*
其他可以变为被动结构的这类动词成语有：
find fault with，give effect to，set fire to，pay heed to，bear testimony to，give chase to，take pity on，make fun［or game，sport］of，take heed of，catch［or get，lay，seize，take］hold of，lose sight of，make a fool［or a show，a victim，an example，an end］of，make much［or little，slight，nothing］of．
They attach（some，little，no，much，small）importance to education．
—（Some，Little，etc．）importance is attached to education．
They raised objection against the measure．— Objection was raised against the measure．
其他能这样用的成语还有：
lay siege to，give an order to，take possession of，make mention of，lay stress on，set value on，leave word of，send word of，make allowance for，make allusion to，take offence at．
They pay attention to education．—Education is paid attention to．* or，Attention is paid to education．*（当主语attention前有much，no，little或其他形容词修饰时，用后一种被动结构就比前一种更好一些）
They have never taken notice of this matter．—This matter has never been taken notice of．or，Notice has never been taken of this matter．（当主语前有much，no或另一形容词修饰时，用后一种被动结构可能更好）
其他可用两种方式构成被动结构的成语有：
make short work of，take advantage of，take care of，take exception to，have recourse to，set store by．
但下面的成语不宜用于被动结构：
He shook hands with us．× He rubbed shoulders with workers．× He took refuge in another country．×
其他很少用于被动结构的成语有：
give ear to，bear witness to，pay court to，keep company with，join hands with，take example by，set eyes on，set foot on，take leave of，give[or pledge] faith to，break [or violate]faith to．
11．He reconciled himself to his fate．—He was reconciled to his fate．
He engaged himself in business．—He was engaged in business．
He allied himself to a rich family．—He was allied to a rich family．
He devoted himself to music．—He was devoted to music．
但下面的成语不能这样变：
I availed myself of his offer．× He helped himself to the cake．× He applied himself to literature．× He prided himself on his new car．× He valued himself on his birth．×
12．They planned to go．— It was planned to go．*
Someone offered to buy my house．— It was offered to buy my house．
They decide to reconstruct the park．—It is decided to reconstruct the park．
They meant to reconstruct the park．—The park was meant to be reconstructed．（两个被动式放在一起不算错误，但不是很好）
13．You can't avoid making mistakes．× You must stop crying．×
I dislike accompanying any woman．×
14．与第12、13种句型相同。
15．They believe that the rumour is true．— It is believed that the rumour is true．* 或The romour is believed to be true．
People said（or reported）that many had died．—It was said（or reported）that many had died．或Many were said（or reported）to have died．
16．I cannot understand how they can get married so easily．— It cannot be understood how they can get married so easily．
One wonders when war will vanish from the earth．— It is wondered when war will vanish from the earth．
We cannot tell what to do．— It cannot be told what to do．
17．We must decide upon who is to do the job．— It must be decided upon who is to do the job．
They have agreed（about）when to start the offensive．— It has been agreed（about）when to start the offensive．
18．They gave an account of how they had fought．— An account was given of how they had fought．
We should take notice of what to buy．— Notice should be taken of what to buy．
但下面这类句子不能变：
He set his mind on how he could maintain his large family．×
He has no interest in which country defeats which．×
图解：
D．双宾动词
1549 19．They teach me Japanese．— Japanese is taught（to）me．或I am taught（=learn）Japanese（保留宾语）*．
They gave John everything．— Everything was given（to）John．或John was given（=received）everything．
其他可把直接或间接宾语变为主语的动词有：
advance，afford，bequeath，carry，concede，deliver，do，ensure，hand，make，mete out，pass，pledge，point out，prescribe，put，read，reimburse，remit，return，sell，sing，take，telegraph，tender，throw，wire，write，yield
This incident causes us much trouble．× He nodded me a welcome．×
（其他很少用于被动结构的双宾动词有：grudge，smile，stand）
20．She cooked me eggs．—Eggs were cooked for me．或I was cooked eggs．
He called me a taxi．—A taxi was called for me．或I was called a taxi．
第20种句型中的动词可用于被动结构，既可用直接宾语作主语，也可用间接宾语作主语。
21．He promised me a new coat．—A new coat was promised me．或I was promised a new coat．*
They set us a good example．—A good example is set us．或We are set a good example．
They served me a trick．—A trick was served（on）me．或I was served a trick．
可把直接或间接宾语变为主语的其他双宾动词有：
charge，forgive，forbid，guarantee，prophesy，vouchsafe
She cast him a glance．— A glance was cast（at）him．（但不可说He was cast a glance．）
It means me no harm． — No harm is meant me．
He quoted me a proverb．— A proverb was quoted me．
可用直接宾语作主语而把句子变为被动结构的其他动词有：
bestow，bet，impose，enclose，intend，make，set，shoot，strike，wager．
They banished me the realm．— I was banished（from）the realm．（但不可说The realm was banished me．）
He called me names．— I was called names．
可用间接宾语作主语而把句子变为被动结构的其他动词有：
dismiss，excuse，fine，lead．
They answered me nothing．× They envy him his wealth．×
很少用于被动结构的其他动词有：
avail，bear，bode，catch，cost，deign，drop，flash，fling，forbid，hit，kiss，last，occasion，lose，portent，sweep，take，tip，vote，work．
22．He told John what I did．—John was told（=learned）what I did．*
They asked me where I bought it．— I was asked where I bought it．
He reminded me what to do．— I was reminded what to do．
23．He convinced me that I was wrong．— I was convinced that I was wrong．
They told her that her sister had come．— She was told that her sister had come．
图解：
双宾动词在变为被动语态时成为不及物或及物动词。
E．宾补动词
1550 37．They found the book easy．—The book was found easy．*
They drove him mad．—He was driven mad．
They certified it as correct．—It was certified as correct．
但下面的句子不可改为被动结构：
He shouted himself hoarse．×
38．He laughed the idea away．—The idea was laughed away．
We declared the war over．—The war was declared over．
39．They called him John．—He was called John．*
They left me an orphan．—I was left an orphan．
David chose her as a wife．—She was chosen as a wife．
但下面的句子不能改为被动结构：
Alex acknowledges himself my inferior．×
40．He put everything out of order．—Everything was put out of order．
They set him on me right way．—He was set on the right way．
但下面的句子不可改为被动结构：
Andy cried himself to sleep．×
41．They supposed him to be teaching English，to have taught English．—He was supposed to be teaching English，to have taught English．
They deny the rumour to be silly．—The rumour is denied to be silly．
He is said to be ill．（这个句子不能反过来改为主动结构）
42．He wants everyone to observe the rules．—Everyone is wanted to observe the rules．*
He intends his son to study abroad．—His son is intende d to study abroad．
He ordered us to spend（及物性不定式）our money more wisely．—We were ordered to spend our money more wisely．或He ordered our money to be spent more wisely．
He caused his students to hand in their exercises．—His students were caused to hand in their exercises．或He caused their exercises to be handed in．
He allowed them to arrest him．—They were allowed to arrest him．或He allowed himself to be arrested．
43．He called upon them to act．—They were called upon to act．
He prevailed upon me to get married．—I was prevailed upon to get married．
We applied to them to offer（及物性不定式）us a job．—We applied for a job to be offered．
I waited for him to remit some money．—I waited for some money to be remitted．
但下面的句子不宜变为被动结构：
I cried to her to stop．—She was cried to to stop．（应避免）
44．I make him study（没有to）hard．— He is made to study（有to）hard．
They help me carry it．—I am helped to carry it．
They let me do anything．—I was let do anything．（不算错，但少用）
45．They kept me waiting．—I was kept waiting．
They heard John singing Korean songs．—John was heard singing Korean songs．
46．They have a picture taken．× You must get your hair cut．× They will keep me well informed．×
47．They make it a rule to eat one meal a day．— It is made a rule to eat one meal a day．*
They think it fit to wait here．— It is thought fit to wait here．
I thought it likely that he would fail．— It was thought likely that he would fail．
图解：
宾补动词变为被动语态时成为系动词。
四、分句与从句中的谓语类型
1551 47种谓语类型不仅出现在简单句中，也可出现在分句中，还可出现在从句（名词从句、定语从句及状语从句）中。举少数例子即可说明问题。
名词从句：
I know that he came（IV）．
···· knows it（TV＋N）．
···· dreams of flying to the moon（TV．P＋G）．
···· looks for a job（TV．P＋N）．
···· is fond of garlic（LV．A．P＋N）．
···· makes friends with homos（TV．N．P＋N）．
···· devotes himself to music（TV．R．P＋N）．
···· is a good-for-nothing（LV＋N）．
···· holds me dear（FV＋N＋A）．
定语从句：
He is the man who came（IV）．
···· knows it（TV＋N）．
···· dreams of flying to the moon（IV．P＋G）．
···· looks for a job（IV．P＋N）．
状语从句：
The party was over when he came（IV）．
He cannot use this method although he knows it（TV＋N）．
He gets tired of the earth，so that he dreams of flying to the moon（IV．P＋G）．
五、非谓语动词的谓语类型
1552 和谓语动词一样，非谓语动词（动名词、分词或不定式）可以和各类宾语及补语结合构成47种类型。举少数例子即可说明问题。
A．动名词的谓语类型
He likes talking（IV）．
··· playing cards（TV＋N）．
··· praising himself（TV＋R）．
··· teaching people how to behave（DV＋N＋W-I）．
··· being influential（LV＋A）．
··· being a high official（LV＋N）．
··· seeing people suffering（FV＋N＋PrP）．
··· causing his wife to cry（FV＋N＋I）．
B．分词的谓语类型
I saw him coming（IV）．
··· looking on（IV．AP）．
··· listening to the radio（IV．P＋N）．
··· paying attention to his business（TV．N．P＋N）．
··· handing her a letter（DV＋N＋N）．
··· leaving his children smoking（FV＋N＋PrP）．
C．不定式的谓语类型
I advised her to try to come（TV＋I）．
····· to avoid seeing him（TV＋G）．
····· to be careful（LV＋A）．
····· to be a nurse（LV＋N）．
····· to be on her guard（LV＋P．N）．
····· to look upon this mistake as nothing（IV．P＋N＋N）
1553 这47种类型的非谓语动词都可用作谓语动词的主语、宾语、补语或修饰语。
作主语：
Reading papers（TV＋N）is interesting．
Attending to patients（IV．P＋N） ····
To take care of children（TV．N．P＋N） ····
To teach children manners（DV＋N＋N） ····
作宾语：
I like reading papers．
·· attending to patients．
·· to take care of children．
·· to teach children manners．
作主语或宾语的补语：
His only interest is reading papers．
My greatest joy is to take care of children．
I found him attending to patients．
I like him to teach children manners．
作修饰语：
The woman reading papersis my sister．
··· attending to patients ····
··· to take care of children ····
··· telling them stories ····
··· asking you to wait ····
··· getting angry ····
第19单元 定语
一、限制性定语的18种类型
A．用在名词前的限制性定语
引言
1554 我们已经在第18单元研究了一个句子不能缺少的四大成分：主语、动词、宾语、补语。在本单元和第20单元，我们将研究一个句子可以缺少的两大成分：定语和状语。在语法上，它们只起修饰作用，可以省略，但在文义上，它们却很重要，能使句子更为充实。
虽然下面所讨论的问题在词法部分已经讨论过，但在这里我们将从不同的角度更详细地加以讨论。例如我们已经谈过形容词、名词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词等，这些不同的名称似乎表示不同的东西，但都可用来修饰名词，因而可起同一作用，可以看作是同样的东西，通称为定语（Adjectival Modifiers）。我们还讨论过副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句，它们也各指不同的东西，但都可以修饰动词，因此可看作一类东西，通称为状语（Adverbial Modifiers）。此外，在第17单元中我们谈到的名词、名词短语、动名词、名词从句等都可在句中作主语。
如果从这个角度来考虑，句子结构就会显得简单得多，而所谓语法就不是很复杂的东西了。
1555 为此，在下面各章中，我们将集中讨论所有不同形式或类型的定语和状语，使读者对它们的相同点有所认识。此外，对某些修饰语的特殊用法，我们将提供大量例句。
1556 和形容词一样，定语（任何修饰名词的单词、短语或从句）可以是限制性的（Restrictive）、补语性的（Complementary）或解释性的（Explanatory）。也和形容词一样，有些形式或类型的限制性定语可以用在它所修饰的名词前面，有些可以用在名词的后面。用在名词前的形式共有10种，它们是限定词（Determinatives）、描绘形容词（Qualitative Adjectives）、名词、物主代词或名词所有格、不定式、动名词、分词、地点及时间副词、各类短语以及从句。
1．限定词
1557 限定词必须根据“单数或复数”和“可数或不可数”的情况修饰它后面的名词。
An（or Every，Each，Another，This，That，Such a，A certain）egg（单数可数名词）is rotten．*
Both（or Several，Three，Few，A few，Those，These，Many，A large number of）eggs（复数可数名词）are rotten．
Little（or A little，Much，A great deal of，A large quantity of，This，That）milk（不可数名词）was spoiled．
Some（or No，An abundance of，A lot of，Plenty of，Enough，All，My，John's，The，Any，Such）eggs（复数可数名词）have been sold．* Some（or No，An abundance of，etc．）milk（不可数名词）has been sold．
If you have much money，you have many friends ；if you have a little money，you have a few friends ；if you have very little money，you have very few friends ；and if you have no money，you have no friends．
