第3类名词由用在“S＋LV．A＋I”句型中的形容词转变过来。
(4)The opportunity（主体词）to go to college（不定式作同位语）（=The opportunity，that is，to go to college）is not open to everyone．*
He has the power to control our thought．I had the honour to dance with her．He has the knack to cry like any kind of animal．
第4类名词不是由其他词类转变过来的，它们自身就可以跟用作定语的不定式。
1597 很多抽象名词不仅可跟不定式，还可跟“of＋动名词”或“for＋动名词”，意义和不定式基本相同。
This is the best way to make（or for making）friends．I suspect his scheme to kill（or for killing）her．He has the authority to handle（or for handling）this matter．He made arrangements（or made preparations，took measures）to promote（or for promoting）industries．He felt no anxiety to please（or for pleasing）his boss．He is not in the mood to listen（or for listening）to serious music．
1598 不定式意义上的主语可以从句子的主语或宾语推想出，如I have a novel to read（=which I may read）．She gave him bread to eat（=which he might eat）．有时看不出意义上的主语是谁，如Music is a good subject to study．这时意义上的主语可以是一般人，或是读者可以猜出的人。否则，需用“for＋名词”（称为不定式意义上的主语）来说明，如Music is a good subject for John to study（=which John should study）．
He is a useful man for Leo to know（= whom Leo should know）．It seems a good instrument for a carpenter to use（=which a carpenter should use．）* He is an unsatisfactory man for anybody to travel with．There is still one more river for travellers to go across．（这里带意义上的主语的不定式，在语法上相当于一个由关系代词whom或which引起的定语从句）
The “time”（or “hour”）for us to act（=when we should act）has come．This is the “day” for our house to be cleaned．Some “space” for children to play（=where children can play）is necessary．Can we find a “place” to live peacefully（=where we can live peacefully）？This is the best “way” to treat those rascals（=in which you must treat those rascals）．（在time，place，way或类似词后，带意义上的主语的不定式相当于一个由关系副词引起的定语从句）
The“appeal” for all children to be educated（=that all children should be educated）is being made．The “plan” for every citizen to know at least two thousand words（=that every citizen should know，etc．）has been put into practice．The “demand” for more rice to be imported will be considered．The “arrangements” for all the members to gather at the station are known to only a few．（在plan，request和一些其他抽象名词后，带意义上主语的不定式相当于一个由连词that引起的同位语从句）
1599 不定式前的主体词用在动词be及have后时的情况最多（参阅1137节）。
He is not a man to tell（=who would tell）a lie．It is a sight to gladden（=which will gladden）everyone's heart．
There are many stores to supply（=which can supply）us with food．There is no time to lose（=that we should lose）．
He has many things to do．I have some news to tell you．
He had the goodness（or the kindness）（=was kind enough）to help me，had not the heart（or the conscience）（=was not hard-hearted enough）to abandon her，had the confidence（or the courage）（=was confident or brave enough）to shoulder the responsibility，had the face（or the impudence）to ask for money，had the misfortune to lose his parents，had the good luck to find it，had the folly to marry such a woman，had no cause（or no occasion）to feel ashamed，had a weakness to drink，had a good mind（=was eager）to go abroad．
This has（or has got，is）nothing（or something）to do with that（=This is in no way［or in some way］connected with that）．Has this anything to do with that？He likes anything（that has）to do with（=anything concerning）politics．Everything（that has）to do with sports interests him．
She has a pretty nose and a pretty mouth to match．Also she wears a blue dress and（or with）a bonnet to match．
这类主体词当然也可放在其他位置。
The man（作主语）to come is John．The medicine to cure the patient is penicillin．The bride to be is Mary．
He forgets the debt（作及物动词forget的宾语）to pay．He has to face a problem to be settled at once．
He sent（or gave，offered，brought）me many books（作双宾动词的直接宾语）to read．
He will go with some policemen（作介词的宾语）to escort him．He merely bowed his head，with nothing to say，as he was a man of few words．I am looking for someone to go with me，I can't go alone．He thought of the promise to keep，but could he keep it？He is ready for the crisis to come．He will be remembered in ages to come．
图解：
17．同位语
1600 有4种形式的同位语。
a．名词同位语
Lord Halifax，* Doctor Read，and Mrs．Whitestone were present．
Farmer Johnson，teacher William Jenkins，actor John Matthews were some of his friends．
其他例子：
the mother goose，the baby seal，a toy gun，a messenger boy，the river Thames，my brother Charles，her husband Dennis Kennedy
the state of California，the city of Guangzhou，the distance of two hundred miles
I spoke to the woman no more my wife．Make good use of things yet yours．He admitted the fault not his own．I have a hope almost a dream．
b．动名词同位语
The problem of divorcing his wife worried him．* He was disappointed in his plan of earning ten thousand dollars a month．This task of unifying all political groups is a fruitless attempt．（动名词前要加of）
c．不定式同位语
His aspiration to become an engineer will succeed．I have the honour to dine with her．The trouble to always hear one's wife grumbling is not a small one．
d．同位语从句
The thought that she would be separated from her husband saddened her．* The rule that everybody should pay the fee was strictly observed．I did not realize the fact that the articles are difficult to learn．The news that her son had been killed was a great shock．He expressed the wish that she would be well again．There can be no doubt that he is intelligent．There is little probability that he will succeed．Is there any likelihood（or possibility）that he will be promoted ？Is there any certainty that you will get married ？Can you find out any evidence（or proofs）that he had murdered his uncle ？Rumours that he would resign amazed everybody．Something must be done in view of the fact that the situation has become critical．An order was issued that all should stay at home after dusk．Nobody can understand the mystery why he was murdered．The question— when we have enough food ？—is not easy to answer．
图解：
18．关系（或定语）从句
1601 由关系代词或关系副词引起的从句，修饰它前面的名词。
He is the man who teaches us．*
He is the man（whom）I have been looking for．
He is the man whose brother called on me yesterday．*
He is not the man he was．
She is Mrs．Wang that was（or that is to be）．
It is the book which interests me．（可用that代替which）
It is the book（which）I want．*
It is the book（which）I have been looking for．
This is the first time I have come（不要用 come）here．
It is the fourth apple you have eaten．
That was the sixth boy you had considered for a husband．
I want the same book as you read．
I want the same book that you read．
There is no child but likes him．*
It is not every boy（who）can get such a chance．
It is not I（that）let the rascal in．
There is a man（who）wants you．
Here is some money（which）will satisfy your need．
This is the place where（= in which）we study．*
It is the season when（= in which）the mango is in．
The reason why（= for which）he did not come is not clear．
图解：
注意关系词的图解方法。
二、6种类型的说明性定语
1602 上面讨论了定语的第一种用法，它们可以放在所修饰名词的前面或后面。因为它们限制了名词的意义而与名词结合，表示一个单一的概念，所以称作限制性定语。下面我们将讨论定语的另一种用法。它们通常放在主语的前面或后面，用一个逗号和主语隔开。它们有时也可放在谓语后面，它们也“修饰”主语，但含有“额外”的意义，被称为说明性定语。从形式上来说，它们可以是：1．形容词；2．介词短语；3．现在或过去分词；4．名词；5．关系从句；6．不定式。在作用上，它们起一个包含be的从句的作用，表示伴随的情况。例如，Desperate，he committed suicide．可以看作是两个句子巧妙地结合在一起，即He was desperate．及He committed suicide．因此我们可以用Satisfied and warmed，the baby fell asleep．来代替The baby was satisfied and warmed and he fell asleep．这样，我们可用一个简单句代替一个复杂句来表示相同的意思。
A．用在主语前面的说明性定语
1603 1．形容词（有时带有自己的修饰语）
Tired and sleepy，（=He was tired and sleepy，and）he went to bed．
Seventy years old，Mrs．Johnson is still healthy．*
Austere and reflective，he stood at the door．
Different from rich people，it is necessary for John to work harder．（这是错句，因为这样说就表明different将修饰it，而它应当修饰John。正确的说法：Different from rich people，John must work harder．）
The most assiduous，I awarded John the first prize．（错误）
（正确说法：The most assiduous，John was awarded the first prize．）
1604 2．介词短语
这样用的介词短语大多是可以用在系动词后作补语的，如 out of order（the room is out of order），on sick leave（I am on sick leave）（参阅1450节）。
Still under age，（=He is still under age，and）he is not responsible for his behaviour．
At her wits' end，Mary committed suicide．*
Out of temper，he dashed the glass against the wall．
At death's door，he began to repent．
1605 3．分词
Smiling and nodding，Adam came up to me．（=Adam smiled and nodded and thus he came up to me．或He smiled and nodded when he came up to me．）
Spreading out its leafless branches，the old tree looks very impressive．
Sitting beside my sick mother，I waited on her．
Attacked repeatedly by the enemy，our troops become stronger and stronger．
Accompanied by a guard，he arrived at night．
1606 4．名词（作同位语，有时带有自己的修饰语）
A man of strong character，John would not agree．（=John was a man of strong character，and he would not agree．）
A professor of philosophy，he shouldn't live a boisterous life．
Probably the only one in this country，this machine costs a million dollars．
One of the greatest universities in the world，Oxford University has produced many men of ability．
注：这类名词前有时可加as，句子的意思不变。
As a man of strong character，John would not agree．
As a professor of philosophy，he shouldn't live a boisterous life．
1607 上面4种类型的修饰语（除名词外），都可以用and，or，but或其他并列连词连在一起。
Haggard and excited，Francis thought he would die．
Radiant with joy，and triumphing in his success，he got up and danced．
Proud and joyous，gasping and bewildered，Pierrot ran and told us the news．
Astonished but happy，he walked up and down，and looked out of the window from time to time．
Either fresh or preserved，this fruit tastes delicious and is nutritious，too．
Embarrassed and out of temper，the colonel beat his brother．
Still impassive and in his dream．Adam was dragged to prison．
B．用在主语后的说明性定语
1608 上面谈到的4种形式的说明性定语也可放在主语的后面，但在语气上比放在主语前的弱。
1．形容词
The girl，tired and sleepy，went to bed．
Mrs．Johnson，seventy years old，is still healthy．*
John，austere and reflective，stood at the door．
2．介词短语
1609 John，still under age（=who was still under age），was not responsible for his behaviour．
Mary，at her wits' end，committed suicide．*
The tyrant，at death's door，began to repent．
3．分词
1610 Adam，smiling and nodding，came up to me．
Lee，suppressing his sorrow，wrote her a letter．*
A tree，spreading out its leafless branches，stood by a temple．
The baby，satisfied and warmed，sleep soundly．
1611 上面提到的3类说明性定语可以用一并列连词连接起来，如1607节所谈情况。
Francis，haggard and excited（= who was haggard and excited），believed he would die soon．
The farmer，radiant with joy，triumphing in his success（= who was radiant...success），got up and danced．
Pierrot，proud and joyous，gasping and bewildered，ran and told us the news．
The colonel，embarrassed and out of temper，beat his brother．
Adam，still impassive and in his dream，was dragged to prison．
The child，at first earnest，at last in tears，asked for money．
4．名词（作同位语）
1612 Dr．Wang，a man of fortune（=who was a man of fortune），would support our plan．*
His wealth，something admired by his friends，proved his own ruin．
His brother，a specialist in chemistry，will tell you everything about this．
作说明性定语的名词放在主语后面时，这些名词即成为主语的同位语。此外，这些名词前还可加as。
Dr．Wang，as a man of fortune，etc．
His wealth，as something，etc．
5．并列关系从句
1613 和限制性关系从句不同，并列关系从句是起说明作用的。但它们和前述4种说明性定语不同，必须跟在主语（或它们修饰的任何名词）后面。
Dr．Wang，who was a man of fortune，would support our plan．*
（=Dr．Wang was a man of fortune，and he would...）
John，who was tired and sleepy，went to bed．
Mrs．Johnson，who is eighty years old，looks young and pretty．
My aunt，whom I haven't seen twenty years，died today．
Crime and Punishment，which I borrowed from a friend，is a very good novel．
I am staying with my aunt，who works in a bank．
I came to the United States in 1914，when World War I broke out（= and then World War I broke out）．
Singapore，where I have lived ten years，is a nice place．
6．不定式
说明性的不定式常常跟在主语后面。
This herb，to be found in Asia，is poisonous．
The prisoner，to be executed at night，sang all day．
Ted，to meet Liz at noon，put on his new clothes．
图解：
C．用在谓语后的说明性定语
1614 说明性定语放在主语后时最不受强调，而放在谓语后时最受强调，这时的谓语多为一个表示动作的动词。
1．形容词
1615 He fell（表示动作的动词）down unconscious．*（=He became unconscious when he fell down．）
He approached，careless of danger．（=He approached，and was careless of danger．）
He stood（or listened）motionless．He married young．
We parted content．He lived poor and died poor．He awoke all tired．
We wandered about，happy and free．He arrived home sad and tired．
He went away silent but angry．Her words came out，plain and simple．
He dashed out desperate．He went to bed hungry．He joined in the game，tall and skinny．He was born in 1982，illegitimate．My sister Liz was lying on the cot bed，pale and thin．He came down out of the mountains，shy and unschooled．In the north snow covered the ground 3 inches deep．He was dragged，unconscious，into the jungle．
2．介词短语
1616 The deer was cropping grass，unafraid and at ease．（=The deer was cropping grass and was unafraid and at ease．）
He wandered about hungry but at liberty to go anywhere．
3．分词
1617 a．He entered the house，laughing and weeping．*
John sat in the chair writing letters．
He went hiking（or swimming，boating，begging）．
He is off love-making（or fortune-seeking）．
b．He went away a little drunk but as happy as a king．
He stood transfixed with wonder．
He set out accompanied by a guard．
The dog appeared in the stable，harassed and exhausted．
He rose，shivering，deeply touched，unable to speak．
4．名词
1618 Daniel left his homeland a young man．（=He was a young man when he left his homeland．）
He wandered about，a hunter of adventure．
He died a saint．
He went an enemy and returned a friend．
We parted the best of friends．
She returned a full-grown woman．
注：如果这样的定语紧跟一个不及物动词，一个没有修饰语的动词，那么这样的定语可以看作是补语，而不及物动词可以看作是一个系动词，如He stood motionless．He went hiking．The girl fell exhausted．She returned a full-grown woman．（参阅1444节、1446节）
5．并列关系从句
1619 尽管并列关系从句修饰主语，如果它比谓语长或更加重要，则也可放在谓语后面。
His father is disappointed，who has laid all his hopes on him but finds him a good-for-nothing．
Mary decided to run away from home，who had dissuaded her husband from drinking but all in vain．
The house remains vacant，which，it is rumoured，has been haunted many years．
图解：
D．修饰宾语的说明性定语
1620 说明性定语大多修饰主语，但间或也可修饰宾语。
1．They carried Alan，half dead（=who was half dead），to the hospital．
We took the piglet，unable to stand up，into the house and gave it treatment．
Nature sent mortal man into the world，strong and lusty．
2．The teacher asked Gary，（who was）all at sea，about the theory of evolution．
I advised Eric，（who was）in a bad humour，to take more rest．
3．We attacked the enemy，unguarded，from behind
