I returned the purse，untouched，to the owner．
They dragged him，blindfolded and shackled，into the car．
Father sent me，still dreaming，to school．
May told her son，still playing，to go to bed．
4．We admire Shakespeare as a great writer．（常见）
He is going to report Dick as a thief．
We look to Singapore as a supplier of rubber．
5．We spoke to John，who refused to cooperate．（常见）
I know your father，whom I met the other day．
She looked at the burned house，which had been her home．
三、主语补语
1621 主语修饰语的第3种用法是用作主语的补语。它用在系动词后，是句子的一个基本成分。它和限制性定语、说明性定语不同，后两者为从属成分，去掉后不影响句子结构。由于主语补语在前面已做详细讨论（详见1438节—详见1486节），这里仅举少量例子。
He is kind．He seems afraid．John got rich．（形容词）
He appeared tired．Mary became intoxicated．My brother remained unmarried．（过去分词）
It looks interesting．The story is amusing．The news was shocking．（现在分词）
Dinner is over．The show is on．The time is up．（地点副词）
I feel at home．He seems in debt．He appears out of humour．（介词短语）
He is to die at eighty．The sample is not to be sold．（不定式）
This book is to be read ten times．
四、宾语补语
1622 修饰语的第4种用法是用作宾语的补语。它虽修饰宾语，不过它用在宾补动词后，是句子的基本成分。它和限制性定语、说明性定语不同，是不可省略的。由于前面我们已对它做了详细讨论，这里仅举少量例子。
They made the house clean．I found the book easy．My father left me poor．（形容词）
You should make your work interesting．I find the situation discouraging．I hear her singing “Home，Sweet Home”．（现在分词）
I got a new coat made．He had his watch stolen．I found the work done．（过去分词）
I found the family in tears．I will put everything in order．He left me in the dark．（介词短语）
He asked me to come．He let me eat more．He declared it to be false．（不定式）
第20单元 状语
引言
1623 在这个单元中我们将讨论状语。状语是修饰名词和代词以外任何词的，可修饰：（1）动词；（2）形容词；（3）另一副词；（4）介词；（5）连词；（6）整个句子。下面的例句中加引号的为被修饰词，状语为斜体部分。
(1)He “works” patiently．（2）It is extremely “easy”．（3）He slept very “soundly”．（4）He sat just “behind” me．（5）He got ill partly “because” he was worried．（6）Honestly，“I am as poor as a beggar”．
1624 状语可以是：（1）副词；（2）短语；（3）分词；（4）不定式；（5）介词＋非谓语动词；（6）状语从句。
(1)He came yesterday．（2）He came from time to time．（3）He came to my office，wanting to have a talk with me．（4）He came to say goodbye．（5）He came after finishing his work．（6）He came only when he wanted to borrow money．
1625 可以从句中删去状语而不影响句子的基本结构。
“Yesterday” “at five” “when it began to dawn”，he “secretly”left “for a distant city”．（S—IV）
He left．（S—IV）
1626 也可在句子里加上这种修饰语，而不影响句子的基本结构。
Mary fell ill．（S—LV—A）
“After she had been to a dinner party”，Mary “suddenly” fell ill．（S—LV—A）
He killed himself．（S—TV—R）
“Becoming bankrupt”，he killed himself “at a hotel”“by jumping down from the twelfth storey”．（S—TV—R）
从上面的例句中可以看出，状语在语法上并不是必不可少的，但在意义上却很重要，因为它修饰一个词，对它作更细致的描述。
1627 状语修饰动词时最多。在修饰动词时，它可以放在几个位置，只不过放在某个位置可能比放在其他位置更合适。（定语的位置却比较固定，一般放在所修饰名词的前面或后面。）例如yesterday可以放在下面数字代表的5个位置上，不过在一定的上下文中只有一两个位置比较合适。
1 Lee2 was3 driving his car4 into the country5．
一、谓语动词的修饰语
A．副词（短语）
1．副词（短语）概说
a．副词分类
1628 根据其意义，副词可以分为5类。
1629（1）时间副词
表示某个时间的副词（回答when提出的问题）：
today，now，tonight，nowadays，presently，immediately；yesterday，earlier，lately，before，recently，ago；tomorrow，soon，shortly，after，later，afterwards；when，then，early，late，meantime，punctually
表示频度的副词（回答how often这个问题）：
always，perpetually，eternally；continually，repeatedly，generally，usually；frequently，often；sometimes；occasionally；rarely，seldom；never；once，twice；daily，weekly，monthly，yearly；nights（=each night），mornings（美式）
表示时间长度的副词（回答how long这个问题）：
everlastingly，eternally，forever；long；temporarily，briefly,quickly，awhile
1630（2）地点副词
表示地点或方向的副词（回答in what position或to what position这个问题）：
here，there，yonder；far，afar，near，by；on，off，away；before，behind；left，right；up，down；in，out；back，forth；aback，ahead，athwart，overboard；longways，sideways；over，under；above，below，beneath；outside，inside，aside；within，without；along，across；together，separately，asunder，apart；centrally，around，about；nowhere，everywhere，anywhere，somewhere；vertically，horizontally，slantwise；downtown，uptown；downstairs，upstairs；abroad，home
方向副词（回答to what position这个问题）：
backward，forward；upward，downward；inward，outward
注：地点副词常修饰表示移动的动词，说明“到某地”，如He went there．He ran away．He walked across．It flew outside．It fell down．如果它修饰不表示移动的动词，则说明“在某地”，如He lives there．He kept away from us．A log lay across，so the car could not pass．He waited down there．He stood outside．
另外，许多地点副词可以用作名词，作介词from的宾语。这种from短语表示“来自某处”，试比较下面的句子：
He went abroad．He came from abroad．
He came downtown．He came from downtown．
It appears somewhere．It appears from somewhere．
1631（3）方式副词
以-ly结尾的副词：slowly，justly，foolishly，honestly，steadily（and many others）
不以-ly结尾的副词：fast，hard，thus，how，ill，well，so；peasant-style，Soviet-style，dog-fashion，Mongol-fashion；likewise，otherwise，somehow．
1632（4）肯定副词
表示肯定的副词：certainly，indeed，surely，really，doubtless，truly
表示不肯定的副词：perhaps，probably，possibly，maybe
1633（5）程度副词
可表示各种不同程度。
接近于“不”：not，hardly，little
较小程度：slightly，somewhat
某种程度：fairly，rather，pretty
较大程度：very，much，highly，greatly，deeply，extraordinarily
极大程度：entirely，utterly，absolutely，completely，fully
表示“渐渐”：increasingly，steadily，gradually，slowly
表示“足够”：enough，sufficient
表示“几乎”：nearly
表示“仅仅”：only，just
b．副词短语的结构
1634 副词短语指起副词作用的短语。它常常包含一个介词，如by the way，one after another；有时包含一个名词和一个形容词，如this year，next week，five days，a long time；有时包含and或or，如again and again，sooner or later；偶尔包含一些其他词，如sure enough，as usual。它可以是非成语型短语，也可以是成语型短语。它至少有16种类型。
非成语型短语
(1)介词＋宾语（名词、动名词、疑问词＋不定式、疑问词从句、介词短语）
at Hong Kong，to the city；after meeting her，by travelling；on how to do it，about where to eat Philippine food；as to how they do it，as to when young people should get married；till after lunch，from behind the door
(2)“介词＋名词＋介词”＋宾语
in case of failure，by reason of his illness，by means of sweet words，on behalf of my country，in spite of the rain，in place of his position，in the light of his great work，with a view to helping the poor（“介词＋名词＋介词”是一个固定短语）
(3)“副词＋介词”＋宾语
together with John，along with his son，apart from his folly，out of the house，down to the modern times，agreeably to their instructions，conformably to his promise，aside from money（“副词＋介词”也是固定短语）
(4)副词＋“介词＋名词”
early in the day，sometime in the evening，late in May，Sunday at seven，back in the stone age，far out at sea，beyond on the horizon，high up in the sky，out in the street，once for all
(5)指示词＋表示时间的名词
this week，next year，one day，each week，some day，every hour，that moment，this time（of year or day），a moment，a Sunday，the moment（he shouted），the day（John left Paris）（在指示词前的in，on，at均省略）
(6)表示数目或数量的形容词＋表示时间长度、距离、重量、价格等的名词
（for）three days，（for）all week，（for）a short moment；（for）five miles，（for）a long distance，three blocks；（for several）weeks，（for several）years；two pounds；50 cents
(7)名词＋地点副词、形容词或定语短语
face downward，partiality apart，his mouth full of chocolate，his back against the wall，hat in hand，gun on shoulder，cigarette in mouth，my ankle swollen，my heart beating fast
名词前的with省略。例如：A drunkard was lying in the street（with）face downward．The bell hung from the ceiling，（with）its tongue still．
(8)各式各样的短语
Sunday morning，Tuesday evening，July 6；two days ago，five weeks hence，three years later；ten storeys up，halfway down
成语型短语
(9)介词＋名词
in fact，in any case，by turns，at times，on no account，for instance，by God，without avail，between us
(10)介词＋形容词
in general，in short，above all，through thick and thin，after all，for good，at best，at most，of old
(11)介词＋时间或地点副词
before long，until now，at once，for ever，of late，in short，by far，for short
(12)名词＋介词＋名词
side by side，word for word，day after day，face to face，（from）time to time，（from）door to door，all in all
(13)副词＋and，or或其他连词＋副词
again and again，better and better，by and by，more and more，through and through，over and over again，up and down，to and fro，on and off，backwards and forwards，（every）now and then，now and again，here and there；right or wrong，once or twice，sooner or later，now or never，seldom or never，neither here nor there；seldom if ever，more often than not
(14)名词＋and（或or）＋名词
Winter and summer，night and day（day or night）she waited for him．
They served him hand and foot（=attended to his every wish）．
They bound him hand and foot（=so that he was unable to move）．
He left，bag and baggage（=with all his belongings）．
He removed it，root and branch（=totally）．
They attacked us，horse and foot（=with all their might）．
They went at it，hammer and tongs（=with great force）．
We must devote ourselves，body and soul（or heart and soul，heart and hand）（=wholeheartedly），to this great cause．
They dragged him out head and shoulder（or neck and heels）（=with violence）．
They fought tooth and nail（=with all strength）．
We must go，rain or no rain．
The house has been redesigned，top and bottom（=completely）．
Good or bad，this is my country．
(15)介词（常省略）＋名词
He walked（along）the street．
He swims（after）dog-fashion．
（As）The first thing in the morning I went to see her．
I'll be here（at）seven-thirty Friday．
（At）What time did you leave？
（On）What day did you arrive？
I said it（for）a second time，but he didn't hear．
We stayed（for）the night．
He fled（from）this country．
I don't see it（in）your way．
Come（in）this way．
（In）What direction do you go home？
He went（on）a journey last week．
We ranged（over）the woods．
We travelled（over）the Continent．
We work part time（=for less than the regular time）．
They bound him hand and foot，smote him hip and thigh．（参阅第13类）
They did it mornings（or nights，Sundays）（=every morning，or every night，every Sunday）．
(16)副词＋副词
close by，near by，far away，far off，sure enough，funnily enough，later on，early on，no more，not any more
c．副词短语的用法
1635 几乎所有的副词短语都用来修饰动词（谓语动词或非谓语动词）。
He “went” to the city．*
John “came” along with his wife．
Ada “stood” up to the chin in water．
It “was thrown” out in the street．
He “tumbled”，face downward．
“Meeting” her one day，he told her the news．
He tried to advise her，“speaking” to the effect that ...
He decides “to translate” the article word for word．
1636 有少数这类短语，特别是1634节中（9）（10）两类短语，可以用来修饰整个句子。
In fact，“he has done his best”．
For instance，“good is an adjective”．
In short，“money means everything”．
Sure enough，“he divorced her”．
1637 第（5）类从理论上可以看作是介词短语，其中at，on或in省略。
He came（in）every year．*
He left（on）last Sunday．
We shall meet（at）next Christmas．
He died（on）the day when it rained hard．
1638 第（6）类短语只和几个特殊动词一起用。
The book “costs” 50 dollars．
The pork “weighs” five pounds．
It “measures” three feet．
1639 在和其他动词一起用时，这种短语中的for也可以省略。
He “waited” three hours（or for three hours）．
Some trees can “live” a thousand years．
The boots “last” two years．
We “travelled” a thousand miles．
The cat “fell” a hundred feet．
The road “extends”（for）miles．*
The patient cannot “move” even a step．
1640 这种短语也可用来修饰后面的形容词（特别是比较级）。
This fish，as they say，measures ten metres “long”（or “in length”）．
The road measures more than twenty metres “wide”（or “in width”）．
The Pacific Ocean is，on an average，140,000 feet “deep”（or “in depth”）．
The army of our enemy is more than a million “strong”．
The civilization of China is at least 4,500 years “old”．
The bridge is ten miles “distant” from my house．
This car is a thousand dollars “cheaper” than that．
He is a head “taller” than his sister．
This is only a trifle “better” than that．
1641 表示时间长度或距离的短语可用来修饰后面的时间或地点副词。
He arrived ten minutes（too）“late”．
He died a week “ago”（or “since”）．
He had left a fortnight “since”．
He came three days “afterwards”（or “after”，“later”）．
I'll meet him three days “hence”．
He lived four miles “away”（or “off”）．
It is thrown far “off”．
They are waiting a short distance “off”．
The bullet fell a long way “beyond”．
1642 表示时间长度的短语还可用来修饰后面的介词和连词。
He died two weeks “after” his wife's death．
A long time “before” the war，we had prepared ourselves．
He died two weeks “after” his wife died．
A long time “before” the war broke out，we had prepared ourselves．
注：副词短语几乎可以修饰各种词类，但本章以下各节将仅仅讨论修饰动词的用法。如何修饰其他词类将在其他章节中讨论。
图解：
2．5类副词（短语）的用法
a．时间副词（短语）
(1)副词（短语）表示时间与动词时态的关系
1643 由于副词短语和副词的作用差不多，为了方便，我们把两者放在一起讨论，统称为“副词（短语）”，说明时间的称为“时间副词（短语）”。
1644 表示过去时间的副词（短语），可和过去时的谓语动词一起用，也可和“助动词＋现在完成时”构成的谓语一起用。
He “came” yesterday．John “was” born in 1940．He “was” formerly（or once）a rich man．He “arrived” two days ago．* He “got” married last week．He “left” Paris two weeks back．
He“can't have arrived” here today week（or a week ago）．He “may have left”（on）Thursday week（or Thursday of last week）．The diamond “must have been stolen” on Friday before last．
1645 表示现在时间的副词（短语）可以和各种时态一起用。
He “is” tired now．He “is studying” music today．We “are learning” music this year．I “have done” my exercise this week．
He “will do” many things today．（今天早晨讲的话）
He “did” many things this year．（今年较晚时讲的话）
He “has done” many things this week．（周末讲的话）
1646 有些副词（短语）可和现在完成时或一般过去时的动词一起用。
I “saw”（or “have seen”）him lately（or of late，recently，before，before now，all along，right along，in the past，over the years）．
He has just gone out．（英式）He just went out．（美式）
1647 有些副词（短语）多和完成时态的动词一起用，偶尔和其他时态的动词一起用。
He “has been” ill since 2 June（or ever since，since two months ago）．Till now（or Up to now，Until this time）nothing “has happened”．So far（or As yet，Thus far）he “had said” nothing to me．So far he “was trying” without success．There “is” as yet no hope for peace．The guests “（had）arrived” by（[=before or at] seven o'clock）．
1648 表示未来时间的副词（短语），必须和将来时或现在（一般或进行）时的动词一起用。
He “will come” tomorrow．I “shall meet” him some day（or one day）．He “will begin” his work next week．He “will call” on me in ten days（or in ten days' time，ten days from now）．
He “will do” it soon（or shortly，presently，instantly，before long，by and by）．（这6个副词及副词短语可以和过去将来时的动词一起用。如He “would do”it soon．He “would come” shortly．）
He“arrives” this coming Thursday．He “is to move”（on）Friday（of）next week．He “is leaving” today week（or a week from today）．He “is returning” this day month（or a month from this day）．
1649 个别副词（短语）可以和过去时或将来时的动词一起用。
She came last Monday and he “came” the day before（or two days later）．
She will come next Monday，and he “will come” the day before（or two days later）．
1650 频度副词（短语）可以和任何时态的动词一起用。
He “studied”（or “had studied”，“was studying”，“studies”，“is studying”，“has studied”，“will study”）every day．
He “is” always（or often，frequently，sometimes，occasionally，seldom，rarely，scarcely，hardly，never）ill．
I “have warned” him once again（or a time or two，once in a long while，now and then，now and again，again and again，time and again，over and over again）．
