He treats John with kindness（=kindly）．*
He speaks Japanese with fluency（=fluently）．
I can do it with ease（=easily）．
They marched off in triumph（=triumphantly）．
He has told you in private（=privately）．
By good luck（=Luckily）I find the thing I lost．
He sent the letter by mistake（=mistakenly）．
He deceived me on purpose（=purposely）．
He screamed like a fool（=foolishly）．
但这类短语多数不能用副词代替。
He comes of a rich family．
He failed because of his negligence．
It is made by John．
He was killed with a stone．
It is made of iron．
He is starved to death．
We wished for peace．
He went out in spite of the rain．
Plants will die without water．
1659 表示方式的短语大多是由介词引起的，如1658节中所给的例子。还有一些为地点副词，亦称副词性小品词，常可用在动词成语中，表示方式而不表示地点。有些地点副词跟在不及物动词后（参阅1346节）。
He drew up（=stopped）before a store．
Hold on（=Wait）a second，please．
The machine broke down（=didn't work properly）．
Things work out（=develop）badly．
He didn't show up（=appear）．
The couple split up（=ended their relationship）just an hour after their wedding．
He turned in（=went to bed）at eleven．
Speak up（=speak in a loud voice）．
有些则跟在及物动词后面。
We put on（=presented）a show．
He turned down（=refused）my application．
Don't hold up（=delay）the traffic．
You made up（=invented）the story．
I'll take on（=undertake）the task．
We have to put off（=postpone）the trip．
还有一些跟在不及物动词后，后面再跟一个介词。
She came around to（=agreed to）my views．
She went in for（=got interested in）photography．
I have to fall back upon（=depend upon）his support．
We stand up for（=support）his policy．
Can you catch up with（=overtake）your class？
(2)带-ly词尾的单音节副词及不带-ly词尾的单音节副词
(a)带-ly词尾的副词和不带-ly词尾的副词可以有相同的意思。
1660 特别值得注意的是一些单音节形容词可以有两个副词形式：一个带词尾-ly，一个不带-ly。这类副词中，有些两种形式的意思相同，但用法不同。带-ly的副词可以用在所修饰动词的前面或后面，而不带-ly的副词通常紧跟在一个特定的单音节动词后，与这个动词构成一种习惯用语。
CHEAP（LY）：We must buy cheap（=buy at a low price）and sell dear．It costs cheap．
Victory cannot be bought cheaply *（=with little loss）．
He got off cheaply（引申用法）．
可和DEAR（LY）比较。
CLOSE（LY）：He held（or clasped，hug，shut）it close（ly）．
DEAR（LY）：He wants to sell dear，but does not want to pay dear．It costs dear．
He loves her dearly．He pays dearly（=suffers）for his folly．
DEEP（LY）：He drank deep（=drank to excess）．Still waters run deep．It was buried deep．
I felt his death deeply．I deeply regret it．He is deeply interested．
FAIR（LY）：He played fair（or fairly）（=acted justly）．
We fought fair（=fought honestly）．Copy it out fair（=clearly）．
We deal fairly with him．We act fairly by all men．
FALSE（LY）：He played（someone）false（=cheated someone）．
They falsely accused him．
FINE（LY）：It suits me fine．We are doing fine．
It is finely down．He is finely dressed．
FIRM（LY）：He stood（or held）firm（=stuck to his opinion）．
He firmly believes it．He fixed it firmly．
FIRST（LY）：He came first（=before all the others）．
He first saw her in 1969．
First（ly），we should be kind to people．Secondly，...
FOUL（LY）：He played foul（=acted unjustly）．The ship fell foul of（=ran against）the rocks．
They murdered him foully．
FULL（Y）：I know it full（=completely）well．
It has not been fully understood．I cannot satisfy him fully．（fully为程度副词而不是方式副词）
HIGH（LY）：He lived high（=lived luxuriously），paid high（=paid a high price），played high（=played for large stakes），aimed or flew high（=was ambitious）．The bird flew high．
They spoke（or thought）highly of（=praised or respected）him．He is highly paid．
LAST（LY）：He arrived last（=after all the others）．I last（=for the last time）saw her in 1969．
Lastly，I will phone to you in case of need．
可和FIRST（LY）比较。
LOOSE（LY）：The dog broke（or got）loose（=escaped）．He played fast and loose（=acted recklessly and inconstantly）．
The bolt work loose（or free）（=became loose）．
He used this word very loosely．
LOW（LY）：He buys low and sells high．He lived（or paid，played，aimed，flew）low．He bowed（or lay）low．
He sang（or spoke）low．The supply ran low（=became diminished）．
He spoke lowly（=humbly）．
He bowed lowly（=humbly）．
可和HIGH（LY）比较。
NEW（LY）：It is a new-built hotel．A new-made dress was on display．A new-coined word is sometimes very attractive．
It is a newly built hotel．They are a newly married couple．
PLAIN（LY）：Write plain and speak plain．
I told him plainly．
QUICK（LY）：He got rich quick．He ran（or went，walked）quick（ly）．
He quickly ran to the opposite side．
可和SLOW（LY）比较。
RIGHT（LY）：Please turn right．He judged（or guessed，remembered）right．No matter whether you act right or wrong，you will suffer．
He is rightly accused．You rightly suppose that．
I cannot rightly recollect．
可和WRONG（LY）比较。
SLOW（LY）：Go slow（=Work slowly，Be less active）．How slow（ly）they did it！We drive slow（ly）．
Let us drive slowly．We slowly spoke to that deaf boy．
可和QUICK（LY）比较。
SOUND（LY）：He slept sound（ly）．
STRONG（LY）：He is going strong（=continues to be vigorous）．
He（or That）is coming（or going）it rather（or too）strong（=makes an extravagant proposal or claim）．
He strongly supports our plan．He smelled strongly of alcohol．
SURE（LY）：Sure enough，he will do what he's promised．
He will surely come．（但surely为肯定副词）
THICK（LY）：Snow fell thick．The blows came thick and fast．
The hill is thickly wooded．
TIGHT（LY）：He held（or clasped，hug，shut）it tight（or tightly）．
可和LOOSE（LY）比较。
TRUE（or TRULY）：He aimed true（=aimed correctly）．
He told me true（=told me the truth）．This animal will breed true（=breed in accordance with the parental type）．He spoke truly．
可和FALSE（LY）比较。
WRONG（LY）：He aimed（or heard，spelled the word，told me）wrong．He got it wrong（=miscalculated）．It worked out wrong．
Something has gone wrong．
They are wrongly accused（or informed，directed）．
可和RIGHT（LY）比较。
(b)带-ly词尾的副词和不带-ly词尾的副词可有不同的意思。
1661 有些副词，两种形式的意思互不相同。
DIRECT（LY）：Speak to him direct（=not in a round-about way）．*
I went to Hong Kong direct．I sent it direct to him．I got it from him direct．（亦可用directly）
Come here directly（=at once）．* I will be back directly（=very soon）．My family is directly affected．There has been a directly opposed tendency．
EASY（EASILY）：Take things easy（=Be in no hurry）．Go easy．Easy come，easy go．I can do it easily（=with no difficulty）．The machine runs easily（=smoothly）．
FIT（LY）：She laughed fit（=till she was ready）to die．
She can sing sorrowful songs fit to make you cry．
The matter has not been fitly handled．
FLAT（LY）：The play fell flat（=produced no response）．
He lay flat on his face．She sang flat（=sang below the true pitch）．
He denied it flatly（=down right）．
FREE（LY）：I got it free（of charge）．I was admitted free．
You can criticize anybody freely．
HARD（LY）：He works hard（=strenuously）．He drinks hard（=excessively）．It rained hard．He hardly（=scarcely）knows it．
LATE（LY）：He arrived late（=beyond the right time）．He goes to bed late．He was ill lately（=recently）．
LOUD（LY）：Don't talk（or laugh）so loud．
He boasted（or praised her）loudly（引申用法）．She is very loudly dressed．
MOST（LY）：Mary is the most（=in the greatest degree）beautiful．I love Mary most．They are mostly（=chiefly）nice people，though not all of them are．
NEAR（LY）：He came near（=approaching something）．
He nearly（=almost）died．It is nearly finished．
PREVIOUS（LY）：It happened previous to（=before）his arrival．
He has said it previously．
ROUND（LY）：We turned（or looked）round．
I told him roundly（=flatly）．
SHARP（LY）：Look sharp（=Be alert）．My car turned sharp．
He answered me sharply（=seriously）．
SHORT（LY）：He stopped short（=suddenly stopped）．We ran（or went）short of（=lacked）capital．The result came short of（=failed to meet）the requirements．
I'll be back shortly（=soon）．He answered me shortly（=briefly）．
SHY（LY）：I fought shy of（=kept away from）her．
She shyly（=bashfully）mentioned her lover．
SOUND（LY）：He is sound（=thoroughly）asleep．
He slept soundly．He is soundly beaten．
WIDE（LY）：He spoke wide of the mark（=incorrectly）．
The islands are widely scattered．He travelled widely．
They differ widely．
(c)带-ly词尾的副词表示方式，不带-ly的副词表示程度。
1662 另一些副词，不带-ly的形式用来表示程度，修饰形容词、副词、连词、介词或后面的动词；而另一种形式表示方式，修饰它前面或后面的动词。
CLEAN（LY）：All he has is clean（=completely）gone．I have clean forgot it．He is cleanly dressed．
CLEAR（LY）：The bullet went clear（=entirely）through his leg．* The robbers have escaped clear away．
He speaks clearly．*
CLOSE（LY）：He followed close（=a short distance）behind me．
She brought him close to ruin．A church is close by．
He watched her closely（=strictly）．Guard him closely．
DEAD（LY）：It is dead（ =completely）straight．He is dead drunk（or tired，certain，slow，against me）．
He is deadly（=dangerously）wounded．She is deadly pale．
DEEP（LY）：He studies deep（=far）into the night．
I regret it deeply（=bitterly）．
JOLLY（or JOLLILY）：He knows you jolly（=very）well．
He laughed jollily．
JUST（LY）：He left just now．Jus t read this．
He is justly（=rightly）punished．He justly criticized this policy．
MOST（LY）：She loves her mother most of all．
They mostly（=chiefly）come from the north．
PRETTY（or PRETTILY）：It is pretty（=moderately）good．
She is prettily dressed．
RIGHT（LY）：He dashed right（=all the way）to the end of the street．
They turned right round．He has read right（=completely）through the book．He stood right（=exactly）in the middle．
I understand her rightly（=correctly）．If I heard you rightly，I don't have to pay him．If I remember rightly，they got married in 1985．
WIDE（LY）：The gate is wide open．These two parties are wide apart in their views．He is wide awake．
He travelled widely．
图解：
d．程度副词（短语）
1663 下面例句中的副词（短语）表示不同的程度。程度副词（短语）用来修饰形容词的最多，但也常用来修饰动词。
接近零程度：He can not see．He hardly（or scarcely）knows it．*I little expect it．He is by no（manner of）means respected by his friends．You should on no account trust this man．I'll not for the world（or for anything）（=never）speak against anyone．I don't care a fig（or a jot，a bean，a bit，a rap，a damn，a pin）（=do not feel sorry）for his criticism．He is not a bit（or a jot，a whit，a hair，a tit，a rush，a button）injured．I cannot in any way tell you all the truth．He is not in the least（or not at all）happy．I simply（or just）can't help．“Will he give up？”—“The devil（or The heck，The deuce）he will”（=He won't）．“Is he honest？”“Like hell（or Like fun）he is（=He never is）”．“He is so kind．”—“Kind my foot（or my eye）！”（=Very unkind）
较小程度：He writes a little．I was somewhat（or slightly，a bit）disappointed．It helps some（=a little）．
某种程度：This matter depends more or less（or in a way，to a certain degree）on your decision．* It sort of（or kind of）（=somehow）amazes me．It is partly broken．I half believe in ghosts．
较大程度：He is deeply（or greatly，highly，not a little，very much，more than）impressed．The villagers were mainly killed by the war．Success depends considerably（or in a great degree，to a great extent）on your patience．
I need it badly（or sorely）．It helps a lot（or a great deal）．The car runs nice and（=very）fast．He works good and（=very）hard．
极大程度：The town is entirely（or totally，completely，utterly）destroyed．He fully（or thoroughly，quite）understands her．I fairly（or clean）forget about it．
Her heart is broken through and through．You can omit it altogether．
渐渐：The people speak less and less but think more and more．I moved gradually（or bit by bit，step by step，little by little）toward my object．
仅仅：He only（or merely）reads，but never writes．
I just（or simply）asked her about her cat．
It is sold exclusively（or solely）at this firm．
足够：Has the fish been cooked enough ？
Could money be sufficiently earned？
几乎：He nearly lost his job．He almost forgets his own face．
He all but died．
过分：He drinks to excess．He worried himself too much．
Don't believe excessively in fate．
图解：
e．肯定副词（短语）
1664 肯定或不肯定副词（短语）常常用来修饰整个句子，或用在简短回答中。
肯定副词（短语）：
Surely（or Sure）he knows it！Surely he knows it？
Really（or Truly）he knows it．
Undeniably（or Doubtlessly）Rex has been a drug pedlar many years．
Clearly（or Obviously），Harold was killed by his only opponent．
“Do you want your children to obey your order？”“Definitely．”
You should by all means（=certainly）follow the rules．
“May I go now？”“By all means（=Certainly）．”
True（or Indeed）she loves him，but she keeps silent．
Sure enough（or To be sure，No doubt．Without doubt．Undoubtedly，Of course，Naturally）he knows it．*
In fact（or In point of fact，As a matter of fact，As it is，As the matter is，In truth，In reality）（=not in name，word，appearance，or imagination），he is a big shot，a demagogue，not only in name．
I can't tell you for sure（or for certain）．
He has become an alcoholic，all right（or and no mistake）．
不肯定副词（短语）：
“Can he possibly know it？”“He may possibly know it．”
Perhaps（or Probably，Maybe）he is not happy．
Did you，perhaps，see John？*
He generally，but not necessarily，comes at eight．
I dare say（or Presumably），he won't agree with you．
In all likelihood（or As likely as not）（=most probably），he will lose all his fortune．
图解：
No doubt和perhaps修饰整个句子，注意它们的图解法。
3．副词（短语）的位置
a．有关7类副词（短语）位置的特别规律
1665 当副词（短语）修饰动词以外的其他词时，它的位置很容易确定。但在修饰动词时，其位置却不易确定，它可以放在主语前面、助动词前面、主要动词前面、及物动词宾语的前面、补语前面、动词后面、宾语后面或补语后面。在一个特定的句子中，从语法或修辞角度上考虑，只有一个或两个这类位置是最好的。例如在—John—will—lend—me—his bicycle—．* 中，tomorrow只适宜放在一两个位置上，而不是很多位置上。
所谓“规律”只是一些建议，因为特定的副词（短语）有特殊的习惯用法，宜放在某个特定的位置，有些还会随着作者的特殊意图有特殊的位置。
1666 为了决定副词（短语）的位置，我们把它们分为7类，而不是5类。
(1)地点副词（短语）：there，forward，ashore；in Japan，at the station，on high
(2)时间副词（短语）：yesterday，ago，yet；on Sunday，this evening，for five days，from 1950 till 1960，since last January
(3)频度副词（短语）：often，rarely；from time to time
(4)肯定副词（短语）：surely，definitely，probably；no doubt
(5)程度副词（短语）：greatly，partially；beyond measure，to some degree
(6)方式副词（短语）：slowly，sadly；at a low price，in jest
(7)疑问副词（短语）：where？why？how？when？for what reason？in which room？
图解：
不管tomorrow在句中的位置如何，它在图解中的位置都不变。
(1)地点副词（短语）
1667 地点副词（短语）可以：
(a)放在主语前面。能用在这个位置的副词很少，但副词短语却很多。
Outside，the wind is blowing．Here I stop．Upstairs they are gambling．
In Japan everybody works hard．From behind a voice said，“good morning”．To the west lay a large villa．
Into the city I've never driven this car．（这是错句，否定谓语不能放在表示方向的状语后面，而应放在前面，应当说I've never driven this car into the city．）
为了强调而放在主语前面的副词有 off，up，away，over，down，out，in，back，round，on，above，along，about，below，inside，outside。
Off went John．* Off John went．Off he（代词）went．（但不可说Off went he．）
Down fell the vase．Away he ran．Round and round flew the bird．
Up you jump！In you go！
Up with the King！Down with Fascism！Off with his head！Away with you！
