The clown，with no warning，jumped from behind the sofa．John，like every other child，is fond of sweets and fruit．The woman，with tears in her eyes，left her husband．（这种短语前后都要加逗号）
He had，by mistake，thrown it away．It may，for convenience，be left here．Any boy can，under a suitable condition，grow into a great man．He has，in a fit of anger，killed a steadfast and trusted friend．
(c)在多数情况下放在谓语后面。大多数方式副词及短语都可以或必须放在这个位置。
He spoke naturally（=unaffectedly）．*［Cf．Naturally（=Of course）he knows．］He looked in curiously．He looked at the boy smilingly．He ran away fearfully．
The work has been done carefully（or，has been carefully done）．Please hold it tightly．
They revolted against the unjust measure．You can do it at your pleasure．He sold it for seven dollars．He distributed the property among his sons．He would have gone out but for rain．The engine goes by steam．We drank liquor by the gallon．Prepare for the worst．He translates the article word by word．We started for Hong Kong．We cannot refrain from tears．He was taken aback on being told about this．
He stood there，hat in hand（or cigar in mouth，gun on shoulder）．He came home with face clouded（or with smiling face，with beating heart，with bent head）．（这种短语中的名词前不加冠词）
He looked my way．He travelled third-class．（用名词作状语）
It costs ten dollars，* weighs 30 kilograms．I bought it（for）five dollars，（at）five dollars a pound．（表示数量的名词可用作状语）
His heart went thump．The door went bang．The house fell crash down．She hit him smack in the face．〔可和（a）类句子比较〕
(d)表示说话人的评语，修饰整个句子。下面的例句表明了这类方式副词（短语）的用法及位置。
Dennis suffered，very unjustly，for a fault not his own．
They rose in revolt，ungratefully，against their leader．
He remained，wisely，single until thirty．
图解：
(7)疑问副词（短语）
1673 疑问副词（短语）必须用在助动词及主语前面。
When do you start？* How can you do it？Where does your brother study English？Why should they resign？
In what way did he get it？For what reason could he speak ill of me？In which paper did you read the news？Of whom are you thinking（口语中多说Who are you thinking of）？What time did you come？
图解：
b．关于副词（短语）位置的19条一般规则
1674（1）除了on，away，up，down这样的地点副词，其他副词（短语）都不可以放在及物动词及其宾语之间。下面例句中的副词（短语）都放在了错误的位置上，应当放到宾语后面去。
He speaks fluently English．He likes very much my suggestion．
He understands very clearly your viewpoint．
He reviews again and again his lessons．
但如果出现以下任一情况，则这个副词（短语）必须放在宾语、动词或主语的前面：（a）宾语比副词（短语）长得多，（b）宾语被认为比较重要，（c）宾语是一个从句。
(a)He brought to school so many books，pictures，magazines etc．I copied from him the lecture notes concerning the structure of the atom．Please return before Sunday all the books you have borrowed from the library．He put into execution the plan he made years ago．She took to heart what I had told him．（放在宾语前面、主要动词后面）
We have，with great difficulty，defended this village of our fathers and sons．The enemy has many times attacked the people inhabiting this area．（放在主要动词前面）
Here they study chemistry，physics，biology and mathematics．With incredible speed，he conquered all his opponents who had looked down upon him．（放在主语前面）
(b)He received from his friends many precious gifts．He emphasized from time to time the importance of love and duty．John is reading very carefully a letter from his wife．
(c)After a moment I said that I could do nothing for her．I asked out of curiosity with which boy she dined yesterday evening．
1675（2）绝大多数肯定、程度及频度副词放在主要动词前或助动词后。
He certainly loves his parents．
He will probably come tomorrow．
I very well know the value of his assistance．
He little understands what he himself says．
He seldom goes to the movies．
John has sometimes written to Mary．
I shall always remember what you have done for me．
1676（3）如果动词为be，则副词（短语）通常都放在be和补语之间。
He is，no doubt，a good doctor．
The amount is，in all probability，the same as before．
He is，to some extent（or in a way），a famous musician．
He is rarely sick．
He is always late．
副词（短语）也可用在被动结构中，位置在be和过去分词之间。
It will be altogether forgotten．The workers were fully employed．It is earnestly hoped that…．The war is needlessly prolonged．
1677（4）如果有几类副词（短语）一起用，它们的顺序可安排如下：
1678（5）如果有两个时间状语，则表示较小单位时间的状语宜放在较大单位时间的前面。
I will meet you at three o'clock tomorrow．I saw the film on Tuesday evening last week．
如果较大单位时间比较重要，或较小单位时间是后来想起的，则其顺序也可以颠倒。
I arrived yesterday afternoon，about five o'clock．She and I got married in 1968，in the month of July．
1679（6）有两个地点状语时，较小的单位一般放在前面，但有时也不如此，其顺序往往根据文体或句子平衡的需要来安排。
He lived at a small village in a northern state．We spent the holidays at a cottage in the mountains．We spent the holidays in the mountains，at a cottage we rented from a friend．
1680（7）最好不要把所有的状语都放在一个地方。
I returned “to the village”“by train” “before dark” “one day”．（不好）
“One day” “before dark” I returned “to the village”“by train．”（较好）
1681（8）如果把几个状语放在一起，通常宜把最短的放在前面，把最长的放在最后。
He arrived “silently” “after all his companions”．He slept “soundly” “on a very large bed”．He sat “down” “by mistake” “on the back of a sleeping crocodile”．
“Tomorrow” “at five” “when it begins to dawn”，I shall go to a distant city．I shall stay “here” “for three days” “while the festival is going on”．“Yesterday” “just before breakfast” “when I was writing a letter”，Mr．A called at my house．（先是单词，然后是短语，最后是从句）
1682（9）像refer to，insist on，beware of；play hell with，take care of，lay stress on；live up to，put up with，look down on；line up，get along，fool about；carry on，give forth，gamble away这样的惯用语最好不要分开。
He has always firmly and passionately believed in manners．（比 believed firmly and passionately in manners好）
He depends upon his uncle for his education．（比 depends for his education upon his uncle好）
She looks patiently after the baby．（中间有时可插入短的状语）
1683（10）包含this，that，like，such，so，thus，the这类词的状语，和其他与前面句子或段落有关的状语，最好放在主语前面。
Just at that moment，a man came．At such a sight，they all shuddered．In this manner he died．So they said．So I do．So do I．Thus they started the rebellion．Here he stopped．After the war，many were starved．In like manner they were killed．From what has been said，this theory is very easy to understand．
1684（11）放在动词前的状语带有装饰性，有时可以省掉，而放在动词后面的状语比动词更重要，受到强调。
They suddenly attacked us．They attacked us suddenly．
We quietly went away．We went away quietly．
I immediately corrected it．I corrected it immediately．
I often go to the pictures．I go to the pictures very often．
1685（12）为了强调而重复一个状语时，必须把它放在句子的前面。
She decides to go tomorrow，and tomorrow she must go．
She cried sorrowfully，and sorrowfully everyone sighed．
John learned Chinese with difficulty，and with difficulty he had learned everything．
Cf．He is as happy as happy（形容词）can be．If mother thinks I must have a wife，wife（名词）I must have．
1686（13）最好不要把状语放在两个动词之间，以免意思含糊不清。下面的句子都不妥当，需要改正。例如在第一个句子中，如果immediately修饰第一个动词，那么它应当放在wrote的前面;反之，如果它修饰第二个动词，它就应当放在tell him the news后面。
I wrote immediately to tell him the news．
I have telephoned to him three times to come．（最好说I have three times telephoned to him to come．或者I have telephoned to him to come three times．）
To inform him immediately I rang him up．（在immediately之后应加逗号）
下面的例句是正确的：（“×”表示状语不宜放的位置）
My son now and then asked（×）to follow me to the cinema．He earnestly hoped（×）to see me．John kindly suggested（×）taking care of my little girl．She candidly admitted（×）having gone out with her boyfriend．
1687（14）如果主要动词前有两个助动词，（a）修饰整个句子的副词（特别是频度及肯定副词）要放在两个助动词之间，而（b）修饰主要动词的副词（特别是方式副词）应放在这个动词的前面。
(a)Tigers have often been discovered in this area．
You can never have seen such a beautiful place．
He will probably be made President of the Company．
He has surely been punished for his offence．
He may，unfortunately，be killed by robbers．
(b)This decision will be publicly announced．
I would have carefully done it，if it had been useful．
He must have seriously considered this matter．
1688（15）要使副词（短语）尽可能地靠近它修饰的动词。
We went to a deserted village almost ten miles away from the capital yesterday．（不好）
We went yesterday to...capital．（较好）Yesterday a guest who had come from a distant country calledon me．（不好）
A guest...me yesterday．（较好）
Immediately，he told me to leave his house．（不好）
He told me to leave his house immediately．（较好）
1689（16）某些副词，如only，alone，also，too，even，可能只与某个词有关，应尽量使之靠近这个词。
Only John（n．）（Nobody else）saw Mary there two days ago．
John only saw（v．）Mary（did not talk with her）there two days ago．
John saw only Mary（n．）（not anybody else）there two days ago．
John saw Mary only there（adv．）（not in any other place）two days ago．
John saw Mary there only two days ago（adv-phrase）（not more than two days ago）．
He alone（Nobody else）loves her．
He loved her alone（nobody else）．
He loves her for her simplicity alone（not for any other reason）．
Even John（not only his elder brothers and sisters）writes articles for the newspaper．
John even writes articles for the newspaper（not only does other things less important）．
John writes even articles for the newspaper（not only letters，which are easier to write）．
John writes articles even for the newspaper（not only for his own school）．
Her husband，too（not only she），spends a lot of money．
Her husband spends a lot of money，too（not only earns so much）．
Her husband spends a lot of money on dress too（not only on other things）．
1690（17）一个包含否定词（或有否定意义的词）的副词（短语）可以放在“助动词＋主语＋主要动词”的前面来加以强调。
Nowhere can I find a cleaner place．（否定的地点副词或短语）
In no other land do I wish to live and die．
Neither from the north nor from the south does he come．
Only to Asia（=To no other places than Asia）can we export our goods．
From the Middle East alone（=From no other areas than the Middle East）does this country obtain its oil．
Not until sixteen had this great writer learned to write．（否定的时间副词或短语）
Never have I said anything to him．（正确）
Not have I said anything to him．（错误，not虽为否定词，但必须用在短语中，不能单独这样用）
Not to anyone have I said anything．（正确）
No sooner had I touch the pillow than I fell asleep．
For only a few（= not many）months could my married life be called happy．
Less than a month have I learned to cook．
Not a fig does he care！（程度副词或短语）
If you do not know her，much（even，still）less do I．
If you can't answer the question，no more can I．
Least of all could I kill anyone．
Hardly（or Scarcely）（=Not quite）had he seen me when he called out to me．
Never in all her life has she seen such a handsome man．（频度副词或短语）
Rarely（or Seldom）（= Not often）did he notice such a matter．
Not infrequently may I get the permission to see the boss．
No longer can I stand his impudence．
By no means must you say that．（方式副词或短语）
Under（or In）no circumstances must anyone violate the rules．
Only by stealing can he make his living．
Only when one has enough to eat can one be honest．（副词＋状语从句）
Not though you made a request would he agree．
Hardly ever has there been any case like that．（注意there been的位置）
Never will there be any World War Ⅲ．
不过，要是一个短语虽然包含否定词，却没有否定意义，则句子仍用正常语序。
Not long（=A short time）ago I still saw him．（不要说did I still see him）
Not many（=A few）months later，he came again．
Not infrequently（=Often）he told me the same story．（也可说did he tell...）
Not only she agreed，but also her husband said “yes”．（也可说Not only did she agree...）
尽管副词（短语）并不表示否定，间或也可有“副词（短语）＋助动词＋主语＋主要动词”这样的语序。
In vain have I written all these articles．
From time to time has he said that，but nobody cares．
Still more was I impressed with her manners．
Many a night did John wait for her at the corner．
Of the fifty students，can only five pass this year．
1691（18）副词（短语），特别是地点和时间副词（短语），可以放在表示“存在”“出现”“发生”等的不及物动词前面，而主语（第一次出现的东西或加以强调的东西）放在动词后面〔参阅1667（a）、1668（a）〕。
地点副词（短语）：
At the end of the wood stood a church．
By the front door entered three soldiers．
In this beautiful palace lived a king and his daughter．
All around the house grew millions of flowers．
On the grass（there）lay a shepherd．（在状语和不及物动词之间可以加there，也可不加）
By the river（there）has a pagoda（短的主语）stood for 101 years．
By the river（there）has stood a pagoda as high as 30 meters．
There happened an accident in this city．（这里的there不可省略）
时间副词（短语）：
Soon after this omen began a revolt．
At last came the wedding day．
In 1952 was born one of my daughters．
When father returned from France，there happened（or took place）something strange．（带有状语从句）
Just as they drank merrily，there came a terrible knock at the door．
如果句子的主语很长，则可以将其放在不及物动词后面，而把副词（短语）放在动词前面。
In all her splendour appeared the bride followed by two pretty children．
For the sake of justice died hundreds of people who made a peaceful protest．
In such surroundings there was born（=appeared）a man of extraordinary ability，destined to save his nation．（被动语态的动词在语法上相当于一个不及物动词）
In her hands was placed all his being and all his happiness．
There was taken to the mayor a man one hundred and twenty years of age and still in good health．
1692（19）有些副词可以放在几个不同的位置上，表示不同的意思。
NOW
I am now（=at this moment）reading a novel．
I am reading a novel now（更强调）．
He lost all his money in gambling．Now（用作连接副词，对前面的话加以解释，或只是为了引起注意）this money he had borrowed from his aunt．
AGAIN
I again（=once more）tried the project．
I tried the project again（更强调）．
He is a scientist，and again（=besides，用作连接副词）he knows seven languages．
SO
I told him so（=the same thing）．
It is raining，so（=therefore，用作连接副词）I can't go out．
INDEED
He knows a lot of things indeed（用来加强语气）．
He is，indeed（系动词be之后），the best man I know．
Indeed（和but连用），he knows a lot of things，but he is selfish．
ONLY
I can tell you only（放在宾语前面）this（=nothing else than this）．
He is very kind，only（=yet，用作连接副词）he doesn't know how to talk．
ONCE
I have been there once（=one time，on one occasion）．
He once（=formerly）lived in the country．
Once（=after one time，用作连接副词）I visited the place，I could recognize all the streets．
YET
He has not yet（=till now）come．
He has studied English five years，yet（=but）he is unable to write letters．
B．状语从句
1693 状语从句和副词（短语）一样，可以修饰谓语动词。根据引起从句的连接词或连接短语的意义，这种从句可以分为15种。它们是：1．时间状语从句，2．地点状语从句，3．比较状语从句，4．方式状语从句，5．伴随情况状语从句，6．对比状语从句，7．原因或理由状语从句，8．结果或程度状语从句，9．目的状语从句，10．条件状语从句，11．依据状语从句，12．让步状语从句，13．“不管”状语从句，14．限制状语从句，15．例外状语从句。
1694 大多数状语从句可以放在主句前面或主句后面。放在主句前面时，整个句子比较紧凑，读者须看到句子末尾方知究竟。放在主句后面时，整个句子比较松散，读者在看完整句前就已知道主要意思。此外，状语从句还可插在主句中间，这时它的地位较不重要。下面3个例句表示了3种不同位置：
When he saw the thief，our neighbour began to shout．
Our neighbour began to shout when he saw the thief．
Our neighbour，when he saw the thief，began to shout．
在以后的章节中，通常主句在后的句子都加上（P）这个记号（表示periodic，即主句在后），通常从句在后的句子都加上（L）这个记号（表示loose，是松散的意思）。
1695 当状语从句在主语之前时，如果两者的主语表示同一个人，则其中任何一个主语都可以用代词表示。如果主句在状语从句前面，则只有状语从句的主语可以用代词表示。
When Tom speaks Chinese，he looks awkward．（正确）
