e．除外情况
He has nothing to do beyond playing（= except that he plays）the guitar．
He is fit for the post except for being（= except that he is）too old．
f．条件
She can't defend herself in case of（ or in the event of）being robbed（= if she should be robbed）．
I should have been wet through but for having carried（if I had not carried）a raincoat with me．
Without greasing（=If you don't grease）his palm，you'll have trouble．
g．目的
He saved all his money towards sending（= so that he might send）his children to college．
John takes exercise every day for the purpose of（or with the intention of，in hopes of，in the hope of，with the hope of）improving his health．
She talks for the sake of talking．
She said this with a view to（or of）intimidating John．
He sent presents to my mother by way of pleasing her．
They built a city wall against being attacked（= lest they should be attacked）．
h．结果
He enticed her into marrying（= so that she did marry）him．
He provoked her into slapping him．
I talked him out of earning（=so that he refrained from earning）the dirty money．
I reasoned her out of going out with a playboy．
i．让步或“不管”
We continued our journey in spite of feeling（= though we felt）ill．
He made the decision without regard to creating any enemies．
We shall stand firm regardless of（or irrespective of）being（= no matter whether we shall be）praised or attacked．
j．限制
He is foolish in divorcing（= in that he divorces）his wife．
John is wrong in not following your advice．
He has done something wonderful in accomplishing this．
He is skilful at playing tricks．
As for（or With regard to，In regard to or of）cooking，my sister is unequalled．
In respect of writing essays，she is better than her brother．
I trust John for judging the quality of curios．
Nothing can be done about ending this war．
另一些介词短语可以改为并列分句，表示下面几种意义。
k．外加
Besides selling rice，he keeps chickens．（=He sells rice，and besides he keeps chickens．）
l．替代
Instead of doing business，he became a monk．（=He did not do business，but instead he became a monk．）
m．手段
By using our brains and hands，we create our civilization．
（=We use our brains and hands，and thus we create our civilization．）
n．选择
You must take more rest on pain of ruining（=or you will ruin）your health．
和分词与不定式相同，这类动名词也应指句子主语的动作。
o．Af ter explaining，the doorman let me in．（错误。explain不是doorman的动作，应说After explaining，I was let in by the doorman．或 After I explained，the doorman let me in．参阅1091节）
Before getting married，our parents opposed us bitterly．（错误。不是our parents got married，而应说Before getting married，we were bitterly opposed by our parents．或者 Before we got married，our parents opposed us bitterly．）
1714 图解：
这里的burning已成为一个纯粹的名词。
D．分词
1715 分词也可用来修饰谓语动词。
1．起状语从句作用的分词
分词可以放在主语前面，也可紧跟在主语后面（这时较不受强调）。它们的作用和as，when，after，if，though等引起的状语从句相似（参阅1087节、1089节）。
Having（= As or Because I had）no money，I borrowed some from John．*
Seeing me，he gave me the warmest welcome，extending his arms and shouting．
Believing that she can be a good merchant，she decides to do business．
Finding that the other members of my family all smoke cigarettes，I smoke，too．
Being（= As he is）a little child，my brother likes sweets．
（Being）Addicted to the gayeties of city life，they do not like to live in the country．（在后面跟过去分词时，being常可省略）
（Being）Written（= As it is written）hastily，the letter left a bad impression．
（Being）Born of rich parents，Pedro is not accustomed to hard work．
He adopts the latest method，having been trained in the United States and Germany．
（Being）Defeated in every battle，the enemy will soon surrender．*
Walking（= When I walked）along the bank，I met a friend．
Looking outside，I saw it was raining．
（Being）Seen（= When they were seen）by men，the mice began to run．
Turning（= If you turn）to the right，you will see the shop．
Taking（ If he had taken）more doses of the medicine，he would have died．
Taken in large doses，the drug will be fatal．
Taking（= After she took）up the basket，she went to the market．
Having been taught for years，he knows how to behave．（having能强调动作先发生）
Having been working（=After he had been working）for forty years，he retired．
Snowdrop，suspecting（=As she suspected）no evil，let the witch come in．*（紧跟在主语后面的分词，相比放在主语前面的分词，不易引起注意）
The merchant，seeing（= when he saw）the customers，showed them his goods．
The king，having been（= after he had been）too busy with State affairs，went to bed earlier than usual．
1716 分词可放在谓语后面，这是其三种位置中最受强调的位置（参阅1089节）。
She decides to do business，believing that she can be a good merchant．
They do not like to live in the country，being addicted to the gayeties of city life．
The thief ran away，having killed a young lady in a hotel．
He arrived in Hong Kong，starting from Europe some days ago．（分词短语若放在谓语后面，那么它表示的时间应在谓语所表示的时间之后，除非有时间状语显示它在前。如some days ago表明starting在arrived之前。分词也可用完成形式，即以having开头来显示其在前）
2．前面带连词的分词
1717 和状语从句相似，分词前也可加一个连词，来使分词所表示的时间、条件或让步关系更清楚（可参阅1090节）。
While listening（=While she was listening）to the radio，she fell in a swoon．*
Before speaking（=Before you speak），you must think over what you are to say．
When going to church，I lost my watch．
Though living near her house，I have never seen her．*
Whether staying at home or going out，they are always together．
He talked about every subject as if having seen much of the world．
The article will make a sensation when published（=when it is published）．*
If caught（=If he is caught），the robber will be put to death．
Though caught，the pickpocket will not be punished．
Unless suppressed quickly，the unrest will spread everywhere．
The Japanese，as compared（=as they are compared）with the Chinese，are different in character．
The mountain，as seen（=as it is seen）from here，looks blue．
I will buy trucks when really needed（=when trucks are really needed）．（trucks不是主语，而是宾语）
Don't send me any money unless required（=unless any money is required）．（money不是主语，而是宾语）
这种习惯用法，虽说与语法规则不合，却是大家已经接受的。
Cf．If any，if possible，when necessary，where necessary
3．有意义上主语的分词
1718 如果分词本身需在句子主语之外有自己的主语，可以在它前面加一个意义上的主语（参阅1092）。
Night coming（=When night came）on，we went home．*
The moon having risen（=When the moon had risen），we took a walk with our friends．
This being the case，we shall have to change our plan．*
They being hard up，my father lent them some money．
She being so much grieved，I advised her to go for a trip．
It being Sunday，the shops were closed．
The task having been finished，we waited for dinner．
We were compelled to dismount，the hill-side being too steep（=because the hill-side was too steep）．
All was quiet in the house，everybody having gone to bed．
There will be five thousand students，all told．
John seeing me，he smiled．（错误。因为两个主语都指同一个人，应改为Seeing me，John smiled．）
The mountain being too steep，it is difficult to mount．（错误）
1719 当没有这种意义上的主语时，句子主语不仅是主要动词的执行者，也是分词所表示动作的执行者。
Getting dark，I left in a hurry．（错误。因为I并不get dark）
Seeing that it got dark，I left in a hurry．（正确。因为I saw that it got dark．）
Being unprepared，the examination is too difficult for me．（错误。因为the examination并不是unprepared）
Being unprepared，I found the examination very difficult．（正确。因为I was unprepared．）
John being unprepared，the examination was too difficult for him．（正确。因为分词有意义上的主语）
Having answered the questions，the teacher let me leave．（错误）
Having answered the questions，I was allowed（by the teacher）to leave．（正确）
Having answered the first question，many more questions follow．（错误）
I helped him to bed，being very ill．（错误）
Having taken our lunch，the journey is resumed．（错误）
Stepping upon the platform，the audience gave John a thunderous applause．（错误）
4．being常可省略
1720 分词being常可省略（参阅1602—参阅1612）。
（Being）A keen observer，he saw the danger at once．*
（Being）Tough，vigorous，and lusty，he will live at least a hundred years．
（Being）Sick of life，he committed suicide．*
The prince，（being）full of joy，said he would give a party．
The students，（being）tired and sleepy，didn't listen to the teacher．
She looked at me，her face（being）in shadow，her umbrella（being）red．
She has two daughters，one（being）eight and the other（being）six．
The trial started，I（being）strangely quiet，my wife（being）restless．
While（being）at home，he worked at his plan．*
1721 图解：
having前的I是分词意义上的主语，在图解中可省略。
同样，they也可省略。
at once可以看作是一个习用语。
sick of可看作是一个习用语。
E．不定式
1722 不定式也可用作谓语动词的修饰语。在这样用时，它可以表示：1．目的，2．情绪产生的原因，3．程度或结果，4．意想不到的结果，5．条件。
1723 1．表示目的的不定式
They came to see me．*（=They came so that they might see me．）
He killed a chicken to warn the monkeys．
Eat to live，but not live to eat．
To pass the exam（放在前面表示强调），they worked very hard．
To escape the enemy's fury，we have to hide in the jungle．
We need not be rich to be happy．
We have only to press the button to kill millions of people．
They did it on purpose（or with intent）to annoy me．（加上on purpose这样的词来对目的概念加以强调）
They stepped up in an attempt to murder him．
They started work early so as to finish it by five．
They started early so as not to be late．
In order to finish the work by five（放在前面位置表示对它的强调），they started it earlier．*
He loaded the gun as if to prepare to shoot．（假装的目的）
He snatched his revolver as though to kill himself．
We stood aside for the lady to pass．*（=We stood aside so that the lady might pass．）（带有意义上的主语）
The policeman blew his whistle for my car to stop．
For the passengers to notice her，Mary put on her prettiest skirt．
For the production to increase，the labourers have to work one hour more．*
He displays all the articles for the customers to see．*（不要说to see them，但可说so that the customers might see them）
The teacher asked a question for the students to answer．（不要说to answer it，但可说so that the students might answer it）
We waited for the policemen to search．
They prepared many kinds of cake for the buyers to choose from．（不要说to choose from them）
He left the mess on purpose for me to clean up．*
The teacher utter every syllable slowly in order for us to hear clearly．
Many kinds of cake were prepared for the buyers to choose from．（谓语动词为被动语态）
The trap has been set for greedy people to fall in．
I hand in the paper to be signed．（不定式为被动形式）（Cf．I hand in the paper for the manager to sign．）
Young people today create many problems to be settled．（Cf．Young people today create many problems for their parents and the government to settle．）
I rang for the table to be cleaned．
In order to study science，mathematics should be studied．（这是错句，因为不定式to study以句子主语mathematics作它意义上的主语，而mathematics并不study science）
In order to study science，you（or we）should study mathematics．
（正确，因为 you or we study science）
To be a leader，learning from one's followers is necessary．（错误）
To be a leader，one should learn from one's followers．（正确）
As if to kill me，a revolver was pointed at me．（错误）
As if to kill me，she pointed a revolver at me．（正确）
1724 2．表示情绪产生原因的不定式
She laughed（or smiled）to see（= because or when she saw）his funny face．*（这样用的不定式多放在后面，紧跟表示情绪的动词）
He blushed to own it．
I rejoiced to get back what I had lost．
I regretted（or cried，grieved，groaned）for him to（=that he should）do such a silly thing．（带有意义上的主语）
I felt satisfaction to be an ordinary man．
She felt deep regret for his child to steal a chicken．*
He lowered his head to hear his crime exposed．
I shrugged my shoulders to be asked about my marriage．
I could only open my eyes wide to be so praised by my teacher．
I am glad（for my brother）to help people．
Mary was extremely sorry（for her friend）to have made you unhappy．
We are angry（or sad，ashamed，astonished，fascinated，...）to hear the news．
1725 3．表示程度或结果的不定式
How strong is the enemy to have（=that they should have）the confidence to attack us？（to have the confidence to attack us表示strong的程度。How strong is the enemy是说话人提出的问题，这样用的不定式多放在后面）
What reason has he to insult（=that he should insult）me？*（to insult表示结果）
Is he a god not to be criticized ？
Is money easy to earn for him to spend so much？
Is he crazy to do this dangerous business？
How stupid I am to trust（=that I should trust）a man like that！*（to trust a man like that表示stupid的程度，How stupid I am…是一个感叹句，表明说话人的看法）
What a slave he is，to be treated so！
He is not a slave，to be treated as such．（He is not a slave…是一个陈述句，也表明说话人的看法）
You must be an ass，to have missed such a chance．
1726 4．表示意想不到的结果的不定式
He returned to see his wife gone *（大致相当于but he saw his wife gone）．（这样用的不定式通常放在句子后面，表示一种出乎意料、常常令人不快的情况）
He worked hard only to fail．
They moved forward to attack only to meet death．
He did his best only to get into trouble．
He left his fatherland，never to return．
They got married only to be separated the next week．
Many escaped bombs only to perish by famine．
He awoke to find himself a king．（也可表示令人高兴的情况）
He lost a penny only to gain a pound．
He lived to be ninety．
We shall live to see a better world．
He rose to be a great man．
He earned millions only for his children to squander．*
Thousands of soldiers die only for a general to get promoted．（带有意义上的主语）
1727 5．表示条件的不定式
You will be a nice boy to be polite*（=if you are polite）．（不定式表示条件时，谓语动词前常有一个助动词）
I shall lose my reputation to do（=if I do）this dirty business．
I should be crazy to attempt it．
He must be very busy not to be able to come．
To hear him talk，one would think him an Englishman．*（这样用的不定式只在少数情况下可以放在句子的前面）
What wouldn't I give to be able to save her？
Where couldn't you go to have a million dollars in your hands？
1728 图解：
二、非谓语动词的修饰语
1729 非谓语动词，即动名词、分词及不定式，不仅可以修饰别的词，而且可以被别的词修饰。非谓语动词被副词（短语）、状语从句或不定式修饰时，其方式和谓语动词被修饰方式大致一样，所不同者有二：非谓语动词如果被短语、从句或不定式修饰，则必须放在修饰语前面，而谓语动词可放在任何修饰语前面或后面；非谓语动词很少被分词修饰，而谓语动词却常可被分词修饰。
A．通常用在非谓语动词后面的修饰语
1730 非谓语动词（黑体部分）可以分别被a．地点或时间副词、b．介词短语、c．状语从句、d．不定式修饰。这些修饰语通常都放在非谓语动词的后面。
1．分词
a．Looking outside，I saw a cathedral．Arriving yesterday，I stayed with my aunt．The list given below is very useful．
b．Walking along the street one day，I met Mary．Goods made by hand look pretty．*
c．Opening the window when all the family had gone to bed，I saw the moon rise above the mountains．* Eric，being praised because he had done something good，felt greatly flattered．
d．Sitting down to read newspapers，I was astounded by an evil report on the President，his wife，and his children．Put to death to warn other similar offenders，the stealing soldier was afterwards exposed at the crossroads．
2．动名词
a．He denies visiting her yesterday．
