He is fool（=foolish）enough to spend so much．
He is gentleman（=gentlemanly）enough to pardon me．
They are philosophers enough to keep cold．
d．副词＋enough＋不定式，sufficiently＋副词＋不定式
He acted carefully enough to ensure success．*
John behaves honestly enough for us to believe in him．
He will get up early enough to catch the train．
e．so＋形容词＋as to
He was so kind as to lend（=so kind that he lent［不是 could lend ］）his motorbike to me．*
She was so silly as to marry（=so silly that she did marry［并不是 might marry ］）a play boy．
The building is so high as to reach the clouds．
He is not so dogmatic as to refuse my advice．
He is so unfortunate as to beg on the street．（=He is such an unfortunate man as to beg on the street．）（如果形容词后面跟有一个名词，则so应由such代替）
He is so daring as to be killed in a duel．（=He is such a daring soldier as to be killed in a duel．）
Cf．This is such a novel as to interest me．（=This novel is such as to interest me．such在这里用作代词，表示“such a novel”）
He is so strong as to lift（=that he does lift）this stone．（错误）
He is strong enough to lift（=go strong that he can lift）this stone．（正确）
f．so＋副词＋as to
He rises so early as to be in time for school（=that he is in time for school），though he used to rise late．
He played so skillfully as to win much applause．（结果）
He played skillfully so as to（=in order to）win much applause．（目的）
He worked so hard as to get promoted．（结果）
He worked hard so as to（=in order to）get promoted．（目的）
图解：
3．状语从句
1766 as，not so，副词的比较级，more，less以及the这几个副词都可由as，than，that及the引起的状语从句修饰，这种从句都放在副词后面。
She is as pretty as the moon（is）．*
Mary is not so pretty as her sister．
He works as hard as a buffalo（does）．
He does not earn so much as his brother．
A tortoise would run faster than you（run）．*
He arrived earlier than we．
He is more diligent than his classmates．
He is less active than anyone else．
He is so satisfied that he does not need anything more．*
He arrived so late that the party had been over when he arrived．
The more beautiful a woman looks，the more unfortunate she is．*
The longer you live in the city，the less you like it．
图解：
the（1）=to that degree（副词）
the（2）=if（连词）
the（3）=to a certain degree（副词）
If a woman looks more beautiful to a certain degree，she is more
unfortunate to that degree．
五、介词的修饰语
1767 介词（或介词短语）可由副词或副词性短语修饰，它们都放在介词的前面。
1．副词
a．程度副词
They number a little over a thousand．
He failed just because of his bad luck．
The cat jumped all at once（or of a sudden）．
The stone fell almost on my head．
He can swim right across the river．
You can play anywhere from 50 to 100 dollars．
Don't let children get anywhere near the electric wire．
It is clean against the rule．
They have advanced clear across the frontier．
Her advice is deep within my soul．
I'll pay you down to the last farthing．
This error is entirely through your neglect．
She is far past sixty．
We were driving half（or halfway）through the long tunnel when the car broke down．
He got married quite against his will．*
They got married much to my surprise．
This victory is partly due to your patience．
This marriage is rather against her will．
We were waiting right opposite the church．
I am right at home in any foreign country．
The lake lies somewhat to the west．
She is well on the way to success．
What（=Partly）with threats，and what with entreaties，he finally conquered her．
b．肯定副词
Your failure is decidedly through your neglect．
He went out probably by the back-door．
He arrived precisely（or exactly）at ten．
c．时间副词
He told me shortly before the event．
He arrived home long after midnight．
It rained immediately after my arrival．
d．地点副词
The church is near（or hard）by the station．
He sat close beside her，close against the wall，close behind my seat．
John lives way（=far）（美式）beyond the church．
She is way ahead of his class in maths．
2．副词性名词短语
介词也可由表示时间、地点、金钱等的名词修饰。它们可被称为副词性名词，前面常常加数词，通常放在介词前面。
He arrived three minutes before my arrival．*
He still misses her a long time after her death．
It has been two years out of fashion．
He left only hours before the outbreak of the war．
He sat two meters behind me．
The station is two miles down the road．
He sat two rows of seats before me．
All the way from A Street to F Street are seen only pedlars．
He is two hundred dollars in pocket．
He went downstairs two steps at a time．
He is over head and ears in love（or debt）．
He is in debt five thousand dollars．
图解：
六、连词的修饰语
1768 连词（或状语从句）可由表示程度、肯定或时间的副词（短语）修饰，它们通常都放在所修饰的连词前面。
You can understand the lesson only when you study it hard．*
He still loved her even（or right）after they were divorced．
He got sick simply（or entirely，all，partly）because he ate too much．*
He can do it just as he likes．
He has been sick probably（or decidedly，ever）since he drank such dirty water．
He arrived long after I arrived at the station．
He knew it some time before the accident happened．*
I saw her in Hong Kong three years after（or before）I met her in New York．
图解：
注：关于整个句子的修饰语，业已在“谓语动词的修饰语”中，特别是在1670及1672中讨论。在“插入语：句子的修饰语（1773—1777）”中还将做更详细的讨论。
七、名词的修饰语
1769 一般说来，只有形容词可以修饰名词。但是有些副词也可以“修饰”名词，只是修饰的方式有些特别。
He is a simple（形容词）child（=innocent child）．
He is simply（副词）a child（=no more than a child，not a grown-up）．
The only（形容词）son（=only one son）of David did it．
Only（副词）the son（=Nobody but the son）of David did it．
I need a particular（形容词）（=special）map．
I need reference books，particularly（副词）（=to a greater degree）a map．
这类副词（短语）大多用在它们所修饰的名词前。
Just two days ago the deceased drank with me．
Merely bread and water are not enough for children．
What we need is simply money，money and money．
What I say is purely advice，not a threat．
It was only Mary who was able to tell such a story．
We eat all kinds of food，especially rice and fish．
All my family，particularly（or notably）my wife，like roast duck．
The members of this society，mostly（or mainly）Chinese，are enthusiastic about mahjong．
His house is full of books，largely English dictionaries and encyclopedias．
He is interested in many subjects，principally（or particularly）the history of mankind．
I love everyone，even my enemy．
I love neither my enemy，nor my friend；I love myself．
有些可放在它们所修饰的名词后面。
She lives happily with her dog alone．
One of the guests，in particular，is a tennis champion．
Many people buy houses．I bought a house，too（or as well）．
As everybody came alone，I didn't bring my wife either．
He has five houses，and five mistresses in addition．
另外有些副词（短语）可用在所修饰名词的前面或后面。
Exactly who（or Who exactly）told you this funny story？
Exactly what（or What exactly）do you want？
You pay only two dollars（or two dollars only）for the show．
He told everyone，and also John（or John also）．
有些副词（短语）不仅可修饰紧跟其后的名词，还可修饰句子中的任何词（类）。在口语中，这种副词（短语）放在主语和谓语之间时，可以着重说明说话人重读的任何词。在John only spoke secretly to Mary yesterday．这个句子中，如果重读John，则表示nobody else but John；如果重读spoke，则表示didn't write，but spoke；如果重读Mary，则表示not Jane，not any others，but Mary；如果重读secretly，则表示not publicly，but secretly；如果重读yesterday，则表示not the day before yesterday，not days ago，but yesterday。但是在书面语中，这种副词（短语）多放在要着重说明的词前面。
第21单元 独立成分
1770 一个词或一个词组，如果在句子中和其他词或词组没有语法上的联系，则称为独立成分（Absolute，or Independent Expression）。独立成分可以是感叹语（Exclamations）、呼语（Vocatives）或是插入语（Parenthetical Expressions）。
一、感叹语
1771 感叹语不仅可以是惊叹词，也可以是名词、形容词、动词、副词；不仅可以是单词，还可以是短语、不定式或从句。它表示突然产生的感情，后面跟有一个惊叹号（！）。
惊叹词：Oh ！What is that？
O my dear John！
Aha ！That is it．
Bah ！I am not a pig to be treated so．
名 词：A whale ！Look there．
My purse ！It is lost．
Idiot ！He must be crazy．
Little silly ！Who told you to do it？
Fire ！Be quick！
Nonsense ！You are dreaming．
Silence ！Father is sleeping．
Thief ！Thief ！
The way he talks（名词可由定语从句修饰）！You would think him a professor．
The things they have done！Nobody could believe．
The fool I have been！She must have laughed at me．
A pretty house（that）you have bought！But it's rather dear．
A very useful subject（that）you are learning！
Dirty money they make！They should be sent to prison．
形容词：Marvellous ！This is the first time I've seen it．
Shocking ！Who could have stood it？
What a job！
Ridiculous ！Fantastic ！
动 词：Look ！Here is her letter．
Come，come ！（Don't expect me to believe it．）
Help ！He's drowned．Help ！
Hear ！Hear ！
副 词：Away ！Let me see you no more．
Why ？I can't understand you．
How fast！*
Indeed ！That is too much．
Quickly ！It's dangerous．
代 词：Ah me ！
O dear me ！
短 语：Fie upon you（or your suggestion）！
A fig for Rex！He spoils everything．*
Woe to him！
Down with tyranny（or colonialism）！
O for a sight of her！
不定式：To think you could be so ungrateful！
O to be at home！
Oh，to treat his parents so！
从 句：That you should turn against me！
That bread should be so dear！
If the rain could（only）stop！
图解：
竖的虚线表示独立成分与主要句子之间在意义上隐藏着的联系。
二、呼语
1772 呼语是说话人对听话人（或拟人化的东西）的称呼。
Waiter，four cups of tea，please．（在面前的人）
May I help you，madam ？（已婚或单身女人）
Operator，what is the phone number of A-One Company？
Officer（=policeman），where is Union Square？
Parson（=clergyman），is divorce sometimes necessary？
Counsellor（=lawyer），what will be our first step？
My dear son，you have always been in my mind．（不在身边的人）
Lincoln ！You should be living to this day．
Roll on，Ocean，roll on！（看得见的东西）
Twinkle，twinkle，little stars ！
O death ！Where is your victory！（看不见的东西）
O judgement ！Thou art fled to brutish beasts．
Freedom ！How I miss you！*
图解：
三、插入语：句子修饰语
1773 插入语表示整个句子是怎样说的或应怎样理解，可以看作是句子的修饰语。插入语可以是一个插入的陈述句、独立分词、独立不定式或独立副词（短语）。
A．插入陈述句
1774 插入陈述句是一个简短的陈述句（只有主语和谓语），通常插在句子中间，偶尔也可放在句子末尾以示强调或补充。如果把它放在句子开头，则整个句子就会成为一个名词从句，变作陈述句中及物动词的宾语。
The boy，I think，has come from the country．*
The boy has come from the country，I think．
I think（that）the boy has come from the country．
His manners，it is true，are awkward and silly．
His manners are awkward and silly，it is true．
It is true（that）his manners are awkward and silly．
Those people，he sometimes felt，were better than us．
This house，I know，will be sold to a rich man．
His wife，I presume，was not listening．
What a strange man，I exclaim，is this fellow！
A very beautiful fairy，so the legend runs，has appeared here．
That gentleman，mark you，is the big boss of a big firm．
It was，as I need hardly say，the greatest bridge in this country．（由as引起的陈述句是一种状语从句）
The shop around the corner，as is generally assumed，is a secret gambling house．（as引起的是一个关系从句）
The people of this country，let it be understood，are poorer now than before．
His knowledge of English，it must be acknowledged，is better than ours．
Let everybody，he ordered，speak out openly．
He is，I am afraid，still very childish．*
They are mostly，remember，robbers and pickpockets．
Never，he thought，had they seen such a thing．
It is a bore，you know．
Peptic ulcer，a study shows，usually comes from worries．
It is raining，I think．
What it is all about，I wonder．
Where was he，she asked．
He has done everything possible，it seems．
图解：
I think作为句子修饰语的图解方式，注意左端的竖线为虚线。
B．独立分词
1775 一个作状语的分词，如果它的意义上的主语很模糊或泛指一般人，此主语就可以省略，这个分词就成为“独立分词”。在多数情况下，它都被放在句子开头，偶尔也可被放在其他位置。分词的这种用法只限于下面这些分词（参阅1097—1098节）。
Considering his age（大致相当于If we consider his age），he is clever．*
Allowing for the rain，he will arrive at ten．
Speaking（or Talking）of the football match，our team was rather disappointing．
Regarding（or Respecting）such matters，it is hard to say anything．
Concerning the next step，a further discussion seems necessary．
Coming to the question of marriage，I have something to say．
Judging from reports，the economic condition is now worse than last year．
Judging by the appearance，this article can't be German-made．
Granting（or Admitting）that he was drunk，he should not have insulted my wife．*
Supposing（or Suppose）that I fall sick，nobody will take care of me．
Generally speaking，people in this town are happy．
Strictly（or Properly，Roughly）speaking，everybody is more or less selfish．
Putting this and that together，he is still happy．
Barring accidents，he should be here this evening．
Begging your pardon，your son is rather naughty．
We shall arrive before dusk，provided（or providing）（that）we walk faster．
You can inform me of this matter，seeing that you have studied it many years．
There are thirty persons，not counting the children．
There are thirty students，including ten girls．
This matter is growing serious，according to the papers．
Nothing can be done，considering（the circumstances）．
图解：
这是considering作为句子修饰语的图解方式。（参阅1774节）
C．独立不定式
1776 虽然不定式的作用和分词差不多，但我们必须说to speak the truth，而不能说speaking the truth；只能说to be frank，而不能说being frank；必须说considering his age，而不能说to consider his age；只能说regarding such matters，而不能说to regard such matters。这个现象是十分有趣的。下面的例子将说明在什么情况下需用不定式（参阅1142节）。
To speak the（precise）truth（大致相当于If I am to speak the truth），I can do very little for you．*
To speak plainly（or frankly），it is no business of ours．
To be frank（or plain，sincere）with you，I have no money to spare．
Not to mince matters，I get married next week．
To put it bluntly，that is nothing but a lie．
Not to put too fine a point on it，he is rather hard up．
To do him justice，John has lived and died for his country．
To do her due，she looks attractive．
To return（or To get back）to our subject，the farmer had a daughter...．*
To resume（or To go on with my story），John decided to marry Lilian...．
To change the subject，in the countryside there lived a pretty girl...．
To proceed to the other reasons ...．
To leave aside all these problems ...．
To sum up（or To conclude），science is very important today，but moral law is more so．
To make（or cut）a long story（or tale）short，they got married after five years of adversity．
To illustrate（or To take a simple example，To give an instance），John has cured his illness by merely drinking water．
David lost his job，his son was expelled from the school and，to crown all，his wife died of cancer．
The journey was long and dreary and，to make matters worse，it rained from morning till night．
To begin with（or To start with），we should be healthy．Secondly，we should be optimistic．
To use his own words，I don't care so long as my pockets are full．
