This man，to put it mildly（or strictly），knows something about his job．
Society，to put it another way，is a school．
This fellow acts like，so to say（or so to speak，so to put it），a VIP．
He is broad-minded，to say the least of it．
He knows French，German，and Italian，not to say（or not to mention，not to speak of，to say nothing of，let alone）English，a very common language．
He does not know English，a very common language，not to say French and German．
He is a foolish— not to call it honest — countryman．
He visited her almost every day，let alone last Sunday．
He is shy at home，let alone in public．
He writes poems，let alone understands（or understanding）them．
（这种独立不定式的后面可以跟名词或其他词类）
图解：
D．独立副词（短语）
1777 用作独立成分的副词（短语）大多为肯定及方式副词（短语），可参阅1670（a）及1672（a）。它们（1）通常被放在句子开头，（2）偶尔被插在句子中间，使它显得不那么重要，或是（3）被放在与它关系最密切的词附近。
a．（1）In fact，he is not the son of his present “father”．
No doubt，he has done everything possible．*
(2)He has，oddly enough，married eleven times and yet has not a single wife．
Life，in my opinion，is nothing but a dream．
(3)We have to walk，at worst，only two miles more．
What we have done is，on the whole，satisfactory．
这种副词（短语）有几种相等的结构。
Seriously（=Seriously speaking，To be serious，If I may put it seriously），why don't you marry her？
Certainly（=It is certain that）he will agree．
Fortunately he remained alive（=It was fortunate that he should remain alive）．
Happily（=One［or I］was happy that）she accepted his proposal．
Economically（=From an economic point of view），Japan is a great country．
更多的例子：
b．肯定副词（短语）
Certainly（or Indeed，Surely，Definitely），he is the best man I know．
Without doubt（or Sure enough，Of course），things change year after year，day after day．
Evidently（or Obviously，Clearly，Manifestly），there can't be any equality between man and man．
Assuredly（or Admittedly，Undoubtedly，Decidedly），our world is one of millions of worlds in space．
Outwardly（or Apparently，Ostensibly，Formally，Officially，Nominally），he is the Premier，but actually（or really，in truth，in fact，in reality，as a matter of fact），he is a puppet．
Frankly（or Truly，Bluntly），I don't like your manners．
Candidly（or Honestly），I don't like your manner of speaking．
Generally（or Crudely，Roughly，Briefly，Approximately），our city has ten cases of murder every month．
Probably（or Perhaps，Maybe，Presumably，Possibly），the enemy has been informed of our plan．
In all likelihood（or In all probability），he has been killed．
He is reportedly（or allegedly，purportedly，supposedly）the best doctor of this city．
c．方式副词（短语）
Basically（or Essentially，Fundamentally，Primarily），his theory is correct．
In essence（or In substance，At bottom），these rules conform with the Constitution．
Amazingly（or Annoyingly，Disappointingly，Regrettably），it rained so hard on his wedding day．
To our amazement（or annoyance，disappointment，regret，great joy，delight），the bill was passed．
Curiously（or Miraculously，Incredibly，Unexpectedly），nobody was hurt in this accident．
Normally（or Regularly，Usually），adverbs modify any words except nouns，pronouns and interjections．
Not unexpectedly（or unreasonably，unwisely），he left behind all he had and fled by night．
Fortunately（ or Luckily）for this city，the pestilence ceased to spread．
Politically（or Militarily，Economically），the U．S．is a very important country；but culturally，I am not sure．
Emotionally（or Morally，Intellectually），this child is as mature as a grown-up．
Happily（or Hopefully，Thankfully）they can excuse us．
Children like sweets．Similarly，adults like money．
d．According to Shakespeare，a light heart lives long．
All in all，young people are fond of new things．
As a result，both died in the fighting．
As a general rule，I go to bed at eleven．*
As for me（or Personally），I have nothing to say．
At a guess，the mountain seems 5,000 feet high．
At any rate（or At all events），I will try．
In a manner of speaking，we have done everything possible．In a word（or In other words），we must quit．
In the first place，be careful．No less important，be generous．That way，you will succeed in everything．
Incidentally（or By the way），what is the lady's name？
On the face of it，the situation seems quiet．
Rightly or wrongly，justly or unjustly，this is my country．
图解：
第22单元 省略
一、为避免重复而作的省略
1778 当一个句子中有两个或更多相同的词出现时，其中一个必须保留，另外的则最好省略，以避免重复，使句子简练。需省略的词通常出现在复合句、复杂句及复合短语中。在大多数情况下，它都出现在需要保留的词后面，偶尔也出现在其前面。在下面的例句中，需保留的词印作斜体，而需省略的词都放在括号中；如果需省略的词在需保留的词的前面，则印作黑体。句子中有多种成分可以省略，可以是S（主语）、Aux（助动词）、V（主要动词）、O（宾语）、C（补语）或其他成分。
a．复杂句中的省略
—S省略
I arrived here today，and（I）must stay here one or two weeks．
He came up，（he）sat down，and（he）stared at me．
The upper（shelf）and the lower shelf are full of books．*
—Aux省略
Ted will be leaving this morning，and Liz（will be）coming this evening．
I have got up，and my wife（has）prepared our breakfast．（正确，有两个不同的主语）
I have got up and I（have）taken breakfast．（错误，有两个相同的主语）
I have got up and（I have）taken breakfast．（正确，主语和助动词一起省略）
—V省略
The loser is sad，but the winner（is）happy．
He studies math，but his brother（studies）dancing．
Character lives in a man，and reputation（lives）outside of him．
Some die of hunger，others（die）of eating too much．
A large number of people come to look around，but very few（come）to buy．
You must work，but needn't（work）on Sunday．（有助动词）
“Has the show started ？”“It may have（started）．”
She can（dance），but you won't dance．=She can dance，but you won't（dance）．
—S和Aux省略
He will come，and（he will）play at cards with me．
Tom is giving up smoking，and（Tom is）taking exercise every morning．
—Aux和V省略
I will give Mary a doll，and aunt（will give）Jane a book．
I have ordered my men to wait for action，and Jimmy Lee（has ordered）his to blow up the bridge．
I must go and you（must go）too．
—V和O省略
He teaches me Thai and She（teaches me）Malay．
I asked Rex to go，but she（asked Rex）to stay．
You like this blue dress ？My wife（likes this blue dress）too．（如宾语后不跟别的词，则应该加too）
—单独的O不能省略
I treat Jan well，but he treats（Jan）better．（错误，像Jan这样一个单独的宾语不能省略，应该用her代替）
“Do you drink coffee ？”“Yes，I like（coffee），madam．”（错误，应当说yes，I do．或yes，I like it．）
—C省略
Money is not the end of life，character is（the end of life）．*
—S和及物动词省略
He has no ambition，therefore（he has）no worry．
“What did he say ？” “（He said）Nothing．”
It concerns you，and also（it concerns）me．
She loves Jack，but（she loves）not Greg．
I find Rex a lazy boy and（I find）Joy a nice girl．
I told him to relax and（I told）her to take care of him．
I study French on Monday，（I study）German on Wednesday．
—S和系动词省略
“Whose car is that ？”“（That is）Mine．”
“Where is your girlfriend ？”“（My girlfriend is）In Japan．”
—V和O省略（仅保留S和O之间的形容词）
He likes green cars，she（likes）yellow（cars），I（like）black（cars）．
—S，Aux，V省略
I will tell Dick to wait and（I will tell）Dawn to come immediately．
—Aux，V，O省略
Tom will clean the house today，and Lucille（will clean the house）tomorrow．
—Aux，V，C省略（若C后没有其他词，则应加too）
I have been a nurse and she（has been a nurse）too．
—第一及第二个O省略，而最后的O不省略
Jane edited（this Weekly），Liz printed（this Weekly），and I distributed this Weekly．
I cleaned up（the room）and then he painted the room．
I threw away（the rubbish）but my wife took back the rubbish．
—第一个C省略
Rex seems（stupid），but Roy really is，stupid．=Rex seems stupid，but Roy really is（stupid）．
—第一个O及C省略
My wife advised（our daughter to marry this rich man），but I forbade，our daughter to marry this rich man．
My wife likes our daughter（to look sexy），and Mrs．Doe also likes hers，to look sexy．
—除S及Aux外，整句省略
He can please anybody he doesn't like，but I can't（please anybody I don't like）．=He can，but I can't，please anybody I don't like．
John drinks a lot of coffee every morning，but not Mary（=but Mary doesn't drink...）．=John，but not Mary，drinks a lot of coffee every morning．
—除最后一个谓语外，其他谓语都省略（但助动词保留）
Do uglas could（pay his debt），and must（pay his debt），but won't，pay his debt．
—在回答一般疑问句时，除S及Aux外，其他部分都省略
“Will Jane come tomorrow ？”“Yes，she will（come tomorrow）．”
“Must I show them my ID ？”“No，you needn't（show them your ID）．”
—整个句子都省略，只剩下回答who，which等的词
“Who will come tomorrow ？”“Tom（will come tomorrow）．”
“When will you start for Singapore ？”“Next Sunday（I will start for Singapore）．”
—整个从句省略，只剩下副词（短语）或状语从句
He will come here，but（he will）not（come here）until ten o'clock．
Everybody shares，but not（everybody shares）alike．
See the doctor，and（see the doctor）immediately．
He earned lots of money，but（he did）not（earn lots of money）to spend it．
“Do you love her ？”“Yes，（I love her）if she loves me．”
“Do you help people ？”“Yes，（I help people）so that I may be happy．”
—that用来代替前面的分句
He made mistakes and that（=he made mistakes）very often．
I would like to go abroad，but that（=I would like to go abroad）at the lowest cost．
We must get ready to set out and that（=We must get ready to set out）before six o'clock in the morning．
—第一分句的状语可影响后面分句的状语
Five days ago，I arrived in Las Vegas and（on the same day）I won three thousand dollars．
At a casino，first I won three thousand but then（at the same place）I lost eight thousand．
Generally speaking，you can tell lies once or twice，but you can't tell lies all the time．
—复合句末尾的状语可以影响前面的分句
Some visitors left（in a hurry），and others arrived，in a hurry．
—前面带形容词的名词有时可以省略
I wanted condensed milk and he showed me powdered（milk）；I wanted orange juice，and he showed me apple（juice）．
I have a black（cat）and a white cat．
I gave him a dollar or two（dollars）．
—介词的宾语省略
Policemen watched out for hiding criminals before（the building）and behind the building．
Henry goes to（Hong Kong）and from Hong Kong on business each month．
—连词省略（但最好保留）
I know it because your sister told me and（because）mom said it a long time ago．
I will marry her if she really loves me and（if）her parents don't object．
b．复合句中的省略
主要是带有状语从句的句子中有些词被省略，而在名词从句及定语从句中很少有词被省略。
—在状语从句中，S和Aux不能省略，但其他部分可以
I can beat him at chess，if you can（beat him at chess）．
If you can beat him at chess，I can（beat him at chess）．
If you can（beat him at chess），I can beat him at chess．
I can（beat him at chess），If you can beat him at chess．（不佳）（放在状语从句前面的主句中的部分不宜进行任何省略）
John looked after the baby，because his wife couldn't（look after the baby）during her illness．
—状语从句中助动词后的动词可以省略
She could see Tom，though Tom couldn't（see）her．
I can clean the floor，if you will（clean）the furniture．
—be，is，was等后面的补语可以省略
William must be a good man，since his father is（a good man）．
She was happy because her husband was（happy）．
He loves his baby，although he has never seen（his baby）．（错误。和补语不同，宾语不能省略，但可以用him代替）
—由than和as引起的从句中有许多省略的办法
Liz spoke Chinese better before than（she speaks it）now．（除副词now外，整个从句都省略）
Liz speaks English better than her friends（speak it）．（谓语省略）
Liz speaks English better than（she speaks）Chinese．（S和TV省略）
Liz speaks English better than（she）writes it．（S省略）
Liz is more shy than（she is）unfriendly．（S和be省略）
Liz looks younger than she is（young），and feels younger than she looks．（C省略）
Liz considers him more a friend than（she considers him）a lover．（S，FV，N省略）
Liz speaks English better than you think（that she speaks it）．（that引起的从句省略）
Liz speaks English better than I（speak）Chinese．（TV省略）
Bob loves his mother as dearly now as（he loved her）when young．
Bob doesn't regard money so seriously as his father（regards it）．
Bob treats people as skillfully as（he）does research work．
Bob knows science as much as you expect（that he knows it）．
—if引起的从句中有些部分可以省略
I have very few friends，if any（=if I have any friends）．
I seldom，if ever，smoke．（=I seldom smoke if I ever smoke．）
I wish to travel over the world if I can（travel over the world）．
Pay him next week，if not（=if you don't pay him）this week．
This child is lovely，if（he is）a bit talkative．
I've cheated you？If so（=if I've cheated you），you can kill me；if not（=if I haven't cheated you），what should I do？
省略的词必须和保留的词非常相似，但这条规律对动词不太适用，最好避免省略另一主要动词。在动词的6个基本形式（如go，goes，went，gone，going，to go）之间，有时会发生省略其中一个的现象。如在He hasn't written the letter，but he will（write）a short note．中，保留的动词written和省略的动词write形式并不相同。
My wife smokes but I don't（smoke）．
She has got married four times and will（get married）once or twice more．
I have made mistakes，but won't（make them）any more．
He should have arrived yesterday，if his wife would（arrive）today to meet him at the hotel．
“I am giving up drinking．”“You have（given up drinking）for three years，my dear friend！”
Tom learned kungfu with Wu and he had（learned it）seven months．
I must learn music ten more years though I have（learned it）ten years．
I am still learning and I will（learn）until I die．
He is playing very well，although he didn't（play very well）before．
—在be的几种形式（即is，am，are，was，were，be，been，being，to be）之间有时出现省略现象
I am studying physics，and my brother（is studying）chemistry．
Ten years ago you were twelve and she（was）nine．
If he has been a thief，will he（be a thief）again？
Although he is being friendly，he has never（been friendly）to anyone．
—不定式可以保留to而将其他部分省略
“Do you want to see her ？” “No，I do not want to（see her）．”
If she asks him to jump downstairs，I think he will try to（jump downstairs）．
I can help him if I wish to（help him）．（第二个help为不定式，而第一个help为谓语动词）
I saw him playing with a gun，and I told him not to（play with a gun）．（playing为分词）
He can't give it up，but I am willing to（give it up）．
I can't stand up，as I am too weak to（stand up）．
I must ask him to pay me．I would be an idiot not to（ask him to pay me）．
—在主动语态和被动语态之间不能进行任何省略
You will be loved if only you love others．
Bill said something at the meeting because something must be said．
He wants to buy some food，but nothing can be bought here．
He promised to send me books，but I found nothing sent to me．
—在who，how，why等后面的词有时省略
Somebody is calling．I wonder who（is calling）．
He lost his wallet，but he didn't know how（he lost it）．
He had a stomachache for six years．Even doctors couldn't explain why（he had it）．
Columbus discovered America．Do you remember when ？
They did meet each other yesterday．But I can't tell where and how．
图解：
二、语法上允许的省略
1779 有些词可以省略，因为语法上允许。举少数例子即可说明问题，详细情况可参阅有关各节。省略的词放在括号中。
He got up at six（o'clock）．
He studied mathematics at twelve（years of age）．
She was born in（the year）nineteen fifty-two．
