It measures four（feet）by five（feet）．
This dictionary costs seven（dollars）thirty（cents）．
He got six months（of imprisonment）．*
I met him at the jeweller's（shop），my lawyer's（office），Mr．Wang's（house），St．James'（Palace），St．Paul's（Cathedral）．
I walked（for）ten miles．He came（on）the following day．Accidents happen（at）every minute．He arrived（in）the previous week．
Seven（persons）were killed．Many（persons）were wounded．
The blind（people）cannot see and the dumb（people）cannot speak．
Throw（the）paper cup into（the）basket after its use．
Please don't ride（a）bicycle in（the）park．（通告）
When（he was）a youth，he travelled in the East．*（两个分句的主语一致）
While（they were）sleeping，our troops were surprised．
Though（he is）a poor man，Yang never says die．
Once（she was）married，she forgot all her friends．
The city，however（it is）defended，will be lost．
The news is important，if（it is）true．
It is more easily understood than（it is）described．
He would be robbed unless（he is）on his guard．
The child cried terribly as if（he were）seriously hurt．
This lady is always complaining whether（she is）offended or not．
Show me your letter when（it is）finished．（虽然两个分句的主语不一致，但在实际生活中我们会听到这类句子）
The background is important when（you are）taking pictures．
He did not pay me as（it was）promised．
As（it was）planned，they met in a dark corner of the park．
The rain（being）over，we went on our way．
The enemy（having been）defeated，we went home．
（Being）Mad with anger，he struck her．
I do not know the man（whom）you spoke to．
Did you receive the letter（which）he wrote to you？
This is the way（how）we learn a foreign language．
This is（the reason）why he blames us．
Take as much as（what）is required，but not more than（what）is needed．
“What did you see in Honolulu？”“See（=What did I see in Honolulu）？A lot of things．”
“How much do you pay for food？”“How much（=How much do I pay for food）？150 dollars．”
图解：
三、习惯用法上允许的省略
1780 有些词在语法上是需要的，但习惯上可以省略，特别是在口语中。省略最多的是由代词表示的主语（如I，you，it，they）及助动词。省略的词在括号中列出。
1．在问句中，如果意思清楚的话，do，be及have可以省略，甚至由代词表示的主语也可以一起省略。
（Do）You remember what I said？*
（Do you）Like it？
What（did）he tell you？
Why（does she）not buy one？
Why（do you）hurry so？
—在问句中be常常省略，有时连主语一起省略
（Are）You here？
（Are）These your girls？
（Is）That all？
（Is）Mary coming？
（Is）John very ill？
（Is it）Very easy？
（Are you，Is he，Are they，etc．）Feeling unwell？
（Are you，etc．）hungry？
—在问句中，have有时省略
（Have they）Gone to the concert？
（Has she）Seen my portrait？
—由what，how或why开始的某些问句中有些词可以省略
What（happened）next？
What（will happen）if he refuses？*
What（matters）though she has discovered my secret？
What about your project？
How about your project？
But what to do？What to say？
Why not？
Why so？
2．在陈述句及感叹句中，由代词表示的主语如果不难被看出，则可以省略，甚至连同助动词一道省略。
—主要动词前的主语省略
（I）Like Chinese food．
（We）Hope everything is OK．（We）Thought you got lost．
（It）Looks easy．（It）Serves him right．（It）Sounds good．
—否定助动词前的主语省略
（He）Doesn't love his parents．
（We）Can't say anything．
（They）Haven't done anything good．
（She）Won't marry him．
—肯定助动词前的主语有时也可以省略
（He）Must see the doctor．
（She）Can marry another．
（Everyone）May smoke here．
—be，have及will虽然是助动词，并不能像must，can及may那样用，但可以连同主语一起省略
（He is）Seeing the doctor．
（I am）Glad to meet you．
（She has）Given up smoking．
（They will）Be here next week．
How careless（you are，etc．）！
What a fool（you are，etc．）！
3．it is经常省略。
（It is）Impossible．
（It is）Wonderful．
（It is）Well done．
（It is）None of your business．
What a bore（it is）！
（It is）Better to leave that alone．
（It is）Very kind of you to see me．
（It is）Nice meeting you．
（It is）Better（to）buy than（to）borrow．
“Thank you，”“（It is）My pleasure．”
Whatever（it is），you can't hide it from her．
（It is）True that she already has children．
（It is）Funny that he should marry so young．
（It is）Small（or No）wonder that they don't agree．
He died，and（it is）a good thing，too．
He has gone，and（it is）a good riddance．
My boss is going to fire me，and（it is）no wonder．
If he refuses，（it will be）well and good．
4．there或there be有时可以省略。
（There）Must be something wrong．
（There）May be someone making trouble．
（There）Won't be anybody getting interested．
（There）Should be no time left for arguing．
I will pay you in three days，and（there is）no mistake．
（There is）No fool like an old fool．
（There is）No offence taken when none is meant．
（There is）An eye for an eye，and a tooth for a tooth．
（There is）Notelling what he is doing．
（Is there）Any news？（There is）Nothing particular．
5．在下面5种句子中，动词be可以省略。
—在表示惊讶或不满的句子中
She（is）a beauty！*
Usury（is）a beneficial practice！
Me（不用I）（am）playing him a trick！
Mary（is）（to）marry John？
John（is）faithful to his wife！
Russia and the U．S．（are）at war？
—由and连接的并列句中，后面的分句表示对比时
John fooled about and（=while）his father（was）drudging in his workshop．
How can I pay my addresses to her，and（=while）she（is）still mournful for her mother's death？
He was in college and（=while）his elder brother（was）still a fool in secondary school．
How can I study and my family so poor？
（He is）A policeman and（he is）afraid of thieves！
（It is）A great country and（it is）defeated by a small one！
—在补语不正常地位于主语前面的句子中
Happy（is）the man who is content！
Not bad（are）those people．
Not serious（is）his fault．
How absurd（is）his remark！
Crazy fellows（are）they！
A very silly question（is）this！
What a fool（is）John！
A strange fellow（was）that old man．
A great mistake（was）your marrying．
—由however，whatever，no matter或the引起的从句中
However difficult the job（is），he does it with patience．
The larger the animal（is），the more it eats．
Whatever the consequence（is），I am determined to do it．
No matter how sweet his words（are），don't believe him．
—在简短的通告、标题、电报等中
Shoes（are）on sale．
Every sort of metal construction（is）undertaken．
English（is）spoken here．
No dogs（are）allowed．
Admission（is）free．
Rosy prospects（are）now yours．
Result（is）encouraging．
Paris Talks（Are）Hopeful But Delicate．
Father（is）ill．
Johnson family（is）coming．
Help（is）wanted，skill（is）not necessary，female（is）more desirable，salary（is）high．
6．在表示善意祝愿的句子中，I wish you常常省略。
（I wish you）Good luck！
（I wish you）Happy birthday！
（I wish you）Good night！
（I wish you）Good health！
（I wish）A happy new year to you！
（I wish）The same to you！
7．在包含两个并列成分的谚语中，第一个部分在意义上常相当于一个由if引起的从句，第二部分表示结论。这类句子中常有一些词省略。
（If a man was）Once a thief，（he is）always a thief．
（If you have）No work，（you have）no money．
（If a friend is）Out of sight，（he is）out of mind．
（If you）Grasp all，（you will）lose all．
（If there is）Rain before seven，（it will be）fine before eleven．
First come，first served．
Least said，soonest mended．
The higher the tree，the stronger the wind．
Other times，other manners．
Nothing venture，nothing have．
One man，one vote．
8．一个句子的头几个词，如果不难被猜出，则有时可以省略。
（Do it）Gently，please．
（Go）This way，please．
“（Give me）A cup of tea，please．”“（Do you want）Anything else？”
（Good）Morning，Rex！（Do you have）Any news？
（I'll do it）With pleasure．
（Let）Ladies（be served）first．
（Allow me to go or help myself）After you．
（Hold your）Hands up！
（Keep your）Hands off！
（The）Fact is I like beautiful colours．
（The）Trouble is I can't speak French．
（The）Sooner the better．
（As）Soon as she saw me，she turned aside．
（I'll）Be right back！
（Please wait）Just a minute．
（I've）Been there a time or two．
（It'll）Be dark soon．
（It has）Been left idle many years．
9．一个句子的最后几个词，如果不难被猜出，则有时也可以省略。
It can't be（so）．
I must say（so）．
This is the best ever（done，known，etc．）．
Of all the fools（this is the worst one）．
I have not the least（idea）．
That depends（upon circumstances）．
He is head over ears（in love）．
Do it regardless（of expense）．
Members only（are allowed）．
No smoking（is allowed）．
I'll take a gun，just in case（something should happen）．
Hand me your purse，or else（you'll suffer for it）．
有些名词短语的最后一个词可以省略，如：
junior high（school），application（form），transfer（ticket），Watergate（scandal），Vietnam（War），Parking（lot）
10．在下面的感叹句（以a或the开始）中，有些词可以省略。
（What）A confounded nuisance they are！（what省略）
（What）An honest trade you are learning，Dick！
（What）A pretty mess we are in！
Oh，the way she talks（is so beautiful，is truly attractive，is funny indeed，makes me shudder，makes me laugh，etc．）！
The things that people do nowadays（are terrible indeed）！
The trip we had（was pleasant indeed）！
The fool you have been（is incurable）！
Oh，the trouble（is too much）！
图解：
第23单元 句子的转换与合并
一、简单句之间的转换
1781 句型的转换是指一个句子由一种语法结构变为另一种语法结构，而不改变其原来的意义。句型转换是一种有用的练习，可以让我们学会许多不同的说法，并从几个句子中挑选出最适当的句子形式。
A．主动语态与被动语态之间的转换
一个句子可以由主动结构变为被动结构，也可从被动结构变为主动结构（参阅1207节—参阅1209节）。
He has finished his university studies．
His university studies have been finished．
They put him to death．
He was put to death．
An Englishman teaches him English．*
He is taught English by an Englishmen．*
B．肯定句与否定句之间的转换
一个句子可以由肯定形式变为否定形式，也可由否定形式变为肯定形式。
I am doubtful of his honesty．
I am not sure of his honesty．
Few understand it．
Not many understand it．
He is sometimes silly．
He is not always clever．
It is tidy．
It is not untidy．
He always objected．
He never agreed．
He failed to come．
He did not come．
She told the story with tears．
She told the story not without tears．
Only he knows it．
Nobody else knows it．
He lacks courage．*
He is without courage．*
He is very tired．
He is not a little tired．
He will always remember your kindness．
He will never forget your kindness．
C．反问型问句与陈述句之间的转换
反问型问句（Rhetorical Questions）可以转变为陈述句。
Is that the way to treat your wife？
That is not the way to treat your wife．
Can I say anything？
I cannot say anything．
Where can you ever see a ghost？
You can never see a ghost anywhere．
Who cares about you？*
Nobody cares about you．*
Why should I apologize？
I should not apologize．
D．不同词类之间的转换
几乎任何词类都可以转换为另一词类。
1．动词与名词间的转换
Our enemy is strengthening．
Our enemy is gaining strength．
They agreed not to criticize each other．*
They made an agreement not to criticize each other．*
It smells good．
It has a good smell．
John disgraces our family．
John is a disgrace to our family．
2．动词与形容词之间的转换
He neglects my advice．*
He is negligent of my advice．*
He fears nothing．
He is afraid of nothing．
This letter expresses his gratitude．
This letter is expressive of his gratitude．
They widened and lengthened the street．
They made the street wide and long．
3．动词与副词间的转换
He succeeded in advising Mary．
He advised Mary successfully．
They enjoyed celebrating the festival．
They celebrated the festival joyfully．
This story surpasses others in beauty．*
This story is surpassingly beautiful．*
4．名词与形容词间的转换
He is a man of wealth．
He is a wealthy man．
He is a husband with no heart，she is a wife with a long tongue．
He is a heartless husband，she is a long-tongued wife．
“Here lies the only wife of John Lee．”
“Here lies John Lee's only wife．”
This policy is of great importance．*
This policy is very important．*
There was once a monster with three heads．
There was once a three-headed monster．
5．名词与副词间的转换
Please handle it with care．
Please handle it carefully．
In all probability，it will rain this evening．
Most probably，it will rain this evening．
Our troops entered the city in triumph．
Our troops entered the city triumphantly．
6．形容词与副词间的转换
After a careful analysis，the food proves poisonous．*
Carefully analysed，the food proves poisonous．*
He hates hard work．
He hates to work hard．
7．介词与连词间的转换
I like him for his unselfishness．
I like him because he is unselfish．
I will wait until his return．
I will wait until he returns．
图解：
二、简单句与复杂句之间的转换
1782 一个分词、动名词、不定式或介词短语可以转换为复杂句，反过来也可以。
— Sitting down，he read the letter．*
He sat down and he read the letter．*
The guest leaving，I went to bed．*
The guest left，and then I went to bed．*
Being tired of life，he refuses to see any friends or relatives．
He is tired of life，so he refuses to see any friends or relatives．
—He ran away to avoid punishment．*
He ran away，or he would be punished．*
He has to work hard to maintain his big family．
He has to work hard，otherwise he cannot maintain his big family．
Out of a desire to please her mother，he sent her things from time to time．
He sent things to her mother from time to time，for he desires to please her．
— Besides selling rice，he teaches arithmetic in the evening．
He sells rice，and besides he teaches arithmetic in the evening．
With all his efforts，he failed．*
He made all efforts，but he failed．*
By his good manners，he wins her heart．
He has good manners，therefore he wins her heart．
The boy is rewarded for his bravery．
The boy is brave，so he is rewarded．
图解：
三、简单句与复合句之间的转换
1783 一个词或短语可以转变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，反过来也可以。
A．名词从句
I cannot tell the time of his arrival．
I cannot tell when he will arrive．
I believe your statement．
I believe what you state．
I insisted on his studying art．
I insisted that he should study art．
I was informed of his behaviour．*
I was informed of how he behaved．*
I wish you to be always happy．
I wish that you will be always happy．
I think it fit for you to take over the business．
I think it fit that you take over the business．
I learn of his success．
I learn that he has succeeded．
His arrival is a great event．
That he has arrived is a great event．
How to get rid of poverty is a big problem．*
It is a big problem how we can get rid of poverty．*
图解：
B．定语从句
He is a self-made man．*
He is a man who has succeeded by his own efforts．*
It has become an independent country．
It has become a country that is no more controlled by another．
I want to live and die in my native village．
