I want to live and die in the village where I was born．
She wears a seablue skirt．
She wears a skirt which is as blue as the sea．
We need an atom-smashing machine．
We need a machine that can smash atoms．
I have nothing to say．
I have nothing that I wish to say．
The evil done lives after the doers．
The evil that men do lives after them．
图解：
C．状语从句
The children quarrelled over the property on the death of their father．
The children quarrelled over the property as soon as their father died．
After 20 years of service，he retired．
When he had served 20 years，he retired．
He died in his native place．
He died where he was born．
He stayed at home because of illness．
He stayed at home because he was ill．
In spite of my advice，he persisted in going out with her．*
Although I advised him，he persisted in going out with her．*
You may drink to your heart's content．
You may drink as much as you like．
Without any water，this plant cannot live．
Unless it gets some water，this plant cannot live．
He is too tired to work any more．*
He is so tired that he cannot work any more．*
I will inform the police to punish him．
I will inform the police so that he may be punished．
注：1782节中的大部分短语不仅可以变为并列分句，还可以变为状语从句。
图解：
四、复杂句与复合句之间的转换
1784
He gained a lot of money in gambling and he wished to gamble again．
After he gained a lot of money in gambling，he wished to gamble again．
He may be interested in art and in that case he should go to some fine arts school．
If he is interested in art，he should go to some fine arts school．
Recede one step and they will proceed three．
If you recede one step，they will proceed three．
He is poor，but he is proud．
Although he is poor，he is proud．
He has failed，yet he has done his best．*
Although he has failed，he has done his best．*
We must keep silent or father will get angry．
We must keep silent lest father should get angry．
He must live a regular life，otherwise he will fall ill．
Unless he lives a regular life，he will fall ill．
He is a very good teacher，so the students like him．
The students like him，because he is a good teacher．
They have said all they wish to say，therefore they understand each other thoroughly．
As they have said all they wish to say，they understand each other thoroughly．
图解：
五、直接引语与间接引语之间的转换
1785 说话人讲的话可以用两种方式来引用。如果引用原话，就称作直接引语。如He said，“I am very ill．”为直接引语。如果按引用人的观点来引用，则称为间接引语。如He said that he was very ill．为间接引语。said这样的动词称为引话动词，它前面的主语，例如he，称为第一主语。引语中的主语，如I及he，称为第二主语。引语中的谓语动词称为第二动词。当直接引语转换为间接引语，或间接引语转换为直接引语时，有几个问题需要注意。
A．大写与标点
直接引语放在引号之内，第一个字母要大写，引号前加逗号（间或用冒号），引语末加句号、问号或感叹号。但在间接引语中不能这样做。间接引语必须由that，whether（if）或疑问词（who，why，when等）开头，末尾要加句号。此外，在直接引语中，问句可能是倒装语序（助动词放在主语前面），但在间接引语中，问句要变为自然语序。
I say，“He will come．”
I say that he will come．
I say：“When will he come？”
I ask when he will come．
B．引话动词与第二动词
引话动词可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，confirm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh，sneer等。
若引话动词是现在时或将来时，则当引语由直接变为间接时，第二动词不变。但若引话动词是过去时，则间接引语中的第二动词就要由现在时变为过去时，由过去时变为过去完成时等。
I say（or will say）to him，“John arrives（or will arrive，arrived）on Sunday．”
I say（or will say）to him that John arrives（or will arrive，arrived）on Sunday．
I said to him，“John arrives（or will arrive，arrived）on Sunday．”
I said to him that John arrived（or would arrive，had arrived）on Sunday．
C．引话动词与连词
1．如果间接引语为陈述句，则它前面通常都有say that，know that，tell him that，state that，...
2．如果它是问句，则它前面通常有ask（him）whether（or if），inquire（of him）whether，demand（of him）whether，wonder whether，want to know whether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑问词，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（of him）＋W，...
3．如果它是感叹句，则它前面通常有exclaim that，cry out with joy that，...
4．如果间接引语为祈使句，则它前面通常有demand that，ask that，request that，advise that，order that，...且句中包含助动词should。此外，间接引语还可以转换为不定式短语，这时引话动词需要改为宾补动词。
1．I said，“You are a nice boy”．
I said that he was a nice boy．
I thought，“You will fail again．”
I thought that he would fail again．
2．I said，“Are you a nice boy？”
I asked whether he was a nice boy．
I thought to myself，“Will he fail again？”
I asked myself whether he would fail again．
I enquired of him，“Who knows it？”
I enquired of him who knew it．
3．I said，“What a nice boy you are！”
I exclaimed that he was indeed a nice boy．
I said，“Hurrah！We have won the battle．”
I cried with joy that we had won the battle．
He said，“Curse it！You are a fool．”
He exclaimed with an oath that I was a fool．
He said，“Bravo！You have done something wonderful．”
He applauded me，saying that I had done something wonderful．
4．I said to him，“Be a nice boy．”
I advised that he should be a nice boy．
I advised him to be a nice boy．
I said to him，“See me at the station．”
I requested that he should see me at the station．
I requested him to see me at the station．
D．代词
此外还要注意，把直接引语变为间接引语时，代词需作改变。如果在直接引语中代词为第一人称，在变为间接引语时，原来的代词就要变为与第一主语一致的代词。
I said，“I can do it．”
I said that I could do it．
He said，“I must go．”
He said that he must go．
You said，“I know．”
You said that you knew．
We said，“We can do it．”
We said that we could do it．
They said，“We must go．”
They said that they must go．
I said，“We can do it．”
I said that we could do it．（We中包括I）
如果在直接引语中，代词为第二人称，在间接引语中它要变成与引话动词的宾语一致的人称代词。
I told him，“You are right．”
I told him that he was right．
I told you，“You are right．”
I told you that you were right．
He told me，“You are right．”
He told me that I was right．
He told us，“You are right．”
He told us that we were right．
We told them，“You are right．”
We told them that they were right．
To somebody也可看作是宾语。
He said to me（=told me），“You are right．”
He said to me that I was right．
He explained to them，“You have gone the wrong way．”
He explained to them that they had gone the wrong way．
引话动词的宾语有时可以省略，但在间接引语中可能需要把它说出来。
They asked me when I would get married．I said，“You will learn it very soon．”
...I said that they would learn it very soon．
如果在直接引语中代词为第三人称，那么在间接引语中，它可以保持不变。
I told you，“He is crazy．”
I told you that he is crazy．
He told me，“She is crazy．”
He told me that she was crazy．
We told him，“They are crazy．”
We told him that they were crazy．
He told me，“He is crazy．”（这两个he代表两个不同的人）
He told me that a certain person was crazy．
还需指出，在直接或间接引语中，上述代词可以为任何“格”，而不仅仅是主格。
He told me，“I will ask my brother to take me to the pictures．”
He told me that he would ask his brother to take him to the pictures．
He declared “We must urge them to return our territory to us ！”
He declared that we must urge them to return our territory to us．
E．时间副词（短语）
间接引语中的时间副词（短语）可能和直接引语中的时间副词（短语）不同，这是因为原来说话人提到的时间可能与现在引话人提到的时间不同。
He said，“Mary is very busy now．”
He said that Mary was very busy then．
He said，“Mary came yesterday．”
He said that Mary had come the day before（or the previous day）．
He said，“Mary came five days ago．”
He said that Mary had come five days before（or five days earlier）．
He said，“Mary will come tomorrow．”
He said that Mary would come the following day（or the next day）．
He said，“Mary will come in five days ！”
He said that Mary would come five days afterwards（or later）．
F．第一主语及引话动词的位置
在新闻报道中，第一主语有时放在引话动词的后面。
Said Stevens，“...”
Comments Dr．Lee，“...”
Boasted Asia Bank president John Bush，“...”
除了放在直接引语前面外，第一主语及引话动词还可放在其他位置。
He said，“Oh！I have done my best．”
“Oh！” he said，“I have done my best．”（但不说said he）
“Oh！I have done my best，” he said．（但不说said he）
“Oh！I have done my best．”（如果大家都清楚这话是谁说的，那么第一主语及引话动词也可不必说出）
当第一主语及引话动词放在其他位置时，要注意标点符号。
He said，“Oh，I have done my best；I have made every effort．But all in vain．”
“Oh，” he said，“I have done my best；I have made every effort．But all in vain．”
“Oh，I have done my best，” he said ；“I have made every effort，But all in vain．”
如果引话动词有较长的修饰语，则最好把它放在主语及引话动词的前面；如果主语及引话动词在直接引语的后面，则长修饰语最好放在引话动词的后面。
After a short space of silence he said，“I'll consider this problem．”
“I'll consider this problem，”he said after a short space of silence．
如果主语和引话动词放在直接引语的中间或后面，则作主语的名词可以放在引话动词的后面或前面（若主语是人称代词，则只能放在动词后面）。
“I think so，” he said（or Leo said，said Leo）．（很少说said he）
“Everything is OK！” she says（or Amy says，says Amy）．（很少说says she）
六、简单句的合并
1786 两个或更多简单句可以合并成一个比较复杂的句子，这种练习对学习写作的人来说很有好处。我们可借助并列连词把两个或更多简单句合并成一个复杂句。
He saw John．He greeted him．
He saw John and he greeted him．
I called on Mary．Mary was ill．
I called on Mary，but Mary was ill．
He has not a single penny．He has to beg．He will be starved．
He has not a single penny，so he has to beg，otherwise he will be starved．
可以加上从属连词，把其中一个或多个简单句变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，这样来合并成为一个复合句。
1．变成名词从句
He has arrived．I know it．
I know that he has arrived．
He may have an accident．I am afraid．
I am afraid that he may have an accident．
How many were killed？I am not sure．
I am not sure how many were killed．
How did he achieve this success？That is unknown to me．
How he achieved this success is unknown to me．
2．变成定语从句
Who is that man？I saw that man yesterday．
Who is the man I saw yesterday？
The boy was caught by the police．The boy stole my Pekinese dog．
The boy who stole my Pekinese dog was caught by the police．
She wears a skirt．I don't like a skirt like this．
I don't like such a skirt as she wears．
3．变成状语从句
I walked along．At that time，it was raining．
When I walked along，it was raining．
You turn to the right．You can see the hotel．
If you turn to the right，you can see the hotel．
He suffered from cancer．He had smoked too much．
He suffered from cancer，because he had smoked too much．
He looks stupid．He is clever．
He looks stupid though he is clever．
He studies until midnight．He wishes to pass the exam．
He studies until midnight so that he may pass the exam．
还可以把其中一个或多个简单句变成一个短语，甚至一个词，这样来合并成一个较为复杂的简单句。
Mr．Johnson will leave our school．He is a teacher of history．
Mr．Johnson，a teacher of history，will leave our school．（用同位语代替一个句子）
He died．He is forgotten．
He is forgotten after his death．（用介词短语代替句子）
She poisoned herself．She had a quarrel with her husband．
She poisoned herself because of having a quarrel with her husband．（用“介词＋动名词”结构代替句子）
He is willing to sacrifice himself．He wishes to please her．
He is willing to sacrifice himself to please her．（用不定式代替句子）
The enemy surrendered themselves．They came to us with a white flag．
The enemy surrendered themselves，coming to us with a white flag．（用分词代替句子）
第24单元 标点符号、大写及斜体字使用法
1787 标点是在文章中加上的标记，使意思更容易理解。这些标记是：句号（．）、问号（？）、感叹号（！），这三者表示较长的停顿；分号（；）、冒号（：），这两种表示中等长度的停顿；破折号（—）、逗号（，），这两者表示少许停顿；引号（‘ ’）、圆括号（（））及方括号（[ ]），这些都是成对使用的；撇号（'）、连字号（-），这些都是插在词内的；大写（ABC）及斜体（abc），这两者本身就含有标记。上述标点符号可以放在：
(1)有关词的后面。He came．（句号放在陈述句后面）
(2)有关词的前面。I will stay— Do you go with them ？（破折号放在表示意思突然转折的字句前面）
(3)有关词的前面和后面。John，of course，will come．（插入的短语前面加一逗号，后面也加一逗号）
(4)有关两组词的中间。John came to me，and I asked him to dinner．（逗号插在两个并列分句中间）
(5)一个词的内部。John's uncle．（撇号是安插在John's这个词内部的）
一、句号（．）
1788 句号（Period或Full Stop）有下列用法：
1．用在陈述句后。
He came here．
He will help me．
但不可用在书名、文章题目、诗歌标题后面，即使那是一个句子。
She Stoops to Conquer
My Days Have Been Wondrous Free
2．用在祈使句后。
Come here．
Be good enough to help me．
3．用在形式上为问句而实质上是祈使句的句子后。
Would you take dinner with me．（或？）
Could you wait a few minutes．（或？）
4．用在省略句后。
“Is he worried？”“No，just doubtful．Doubtful of everything．”
“Who did it？”“George．”
“John，can you pay me back？”“Not today．”
5．用在主体词后以强调句末的同位语。
He is a great man．A social reformer like Gandhi．
即使主体词是一主语，亦然。
They all attended the party．Politicians，scientists，and engineers．
句号也可用于强调句末副词（短语）。
He works every day．Assiduously and patiently．
He has lost confidence．In the world and himself．
He works extremely hard．In order to make money．
还可用于强调状语从句。
He lost more and more friends．Because he became poorer and poorer．
One can accomplish anything．If one has patience enough．
6．用在书信中地址的结尾以及日期的后面。
Johnson and Company，
988 King's Street，
Hong Kong．
May 16，2008．
The Manager，
Vin Loi Trading Company，
684 Mekong Street，
Bangkok，Thailand．
这些句号可以省略。逗号有些也可省略，但地址及日期内部的逗号不能省略（如Bangkok，Thailand和May 16，2008）。
7．用在小数前（前面是整数，后面是小数），作为小数点。
＄23．541（=twenty-three dollars and something）
注意在数字中逗号和句号的差别。
＄478，607，823．541
8．用在缩写词后面（可称为缩写号，现在在英国英语中多省略）。
Mr.，Esq.，Mrs.，Dr.，Rev.，St.，Jr.，Ph．D.，Bros.；
Y．M．C．A.，U．S．I．S.，B．B．C.；Co.，C．I．F.，C．O．D.；
32gr.，6ft.，4in.；9a．m.，450 B．C.，A．D．1150
如果一个组织已很著名，则句号可以省略。
USIS UNO UNRRA UNESCO USSR TVR NBC
有些缩写词可以分音节，像一个普通词那样读。
UNO[ˈjuːnou]，UNRRA[ˈʌnrə]，USAF[ˈjuːsæf]
缩写词如果不能分音节，则必须按每个字母原来的音读。
B．B．C．[biːbiːsiː]，Y．M．C．A.，USN
注意，在下面这些字母或单词后不加句号。
M，Miss；OE；Henry V，Book Four；1st，2nd，3rd，4th；via，vide，en route；flu，pub，cab，bus，zoo；Fred，Sam；H2O，CaCo3
9．用在括号内的完整句子中。
He was very ill that day．（I knew very well that he was．）
But he refused to see the doctor．
二、省略号（…）
1789 1．几个点表示有几个字母省略。
De.. I take it．（这里vi两个字母省略）
2．三个点表示一个引用的句子中，前面或中间有一部分词省略（必要时可在三个点的一边加逗号或冒号）。
“...books，pencils，slates，glue，...are on sale．”
在引用的句子后部用四个点可表示未说完的话（也许是故意未说的）。
“Put your hands up，otherwise...．”
在两个完整句子之间，也要打四个点，表示有一个或更多句子省略（如果前面的句子以问号或感叹号结尾，则只要打三个点）。
Then they got married...．After two years they had a baby．
3．引用的两段话之间的虚线表示有一段或多段话省略。
............
4．虚线还可引导视线到较远的词。
Definition of Economics...............page 27
5．三个点还可表示一些不难猜出或让读者琢磨的东西。
He whispered to her...Then at midnight...
三、问号（？）
1790 问号有下面的用法：
1．用在问句后面。
Do you know him ？
用于用作书名或文章标题的问句后面。
Where Is the World Going ？
不能用在作从句的问句中。
They all asked whether I knew him．
用在引用的问句后。
They asked me，“Do you know him ？”
用在选择问句的末尾（不能用在or前）。
Will you stay here or start tomorrow？
Is this yours or mine？
用在一系列问句的每一个问句后面。
Who is to blame？You？He？or I？
Who started the war？who prolonged it？and who should end it？are questions hard to answer．
2．用在形式为问句的祈使句后。
Would you come and take lunch with me？（或．）
Could you wait a bit？（或．）
3．用在以陈述句形式提出的问题后（句子用升调）。
