some childish things
some children's things
some children things
some things of children
some things of children's
大家可以根据前面的讨论试做选择。
第5单元 副词
一、副词的一般特点
146 副词是一个可以修饰a．动词，b．形容词，c．另一副词，d．介词，e．连词或f．整个句子的词。下列句子中的黑体词为被修饰词。
a．He arrived late．He studies hard.
b．He is very honest．He has a rather difficult problem．
c．He arrived too late．He studies very hard．
d．He started long after me．She sat just behind John．
e．He arrived long after I did．She fell ill just because she worked too hard．
f．Luckily he succeeded．Economically，Africa is underdeveloped．
147 副词可以a．放在所修饰词前面，b．紧跟所修饰词，c．放在最前头，d．放在最后头。
a．It is fairly easy．He often came here．
b．John will come soon．Wait here please．
c．Yesterday John's father suddenly came here．Outside，people from the village were quarrelling．
d．He went to a village far away from the city yesterday．He has told me all about this matter before．
148 根据词义，副词可以分为a．时间副词，b．地点副词，c．方式副词，d．程度副词以及e．（不）肯定副词等几类。
a．He did yesterday．He was frequently failed．
b．John sleeps here．Mary went abroad．Let us climb up．
c．He slept soundly．He ran fast．We waited patiently．
d．He is extremely cruel．John walked too fast．
e．Certainly he will return．He will probably let me know．
149 副词和形容词一样可有等级：a．单音节词以加-er和-est的方式构成比较级及最高级，b．以-ly结尾的副词以加more和most的方式构成比较级和最高级，c．还有少数不规则的比较形式。
原级 比较级 最高级
a. near nearer nearest
fast faster fastest
b. quickly more quickly most quickly
steadily more steadily most steadily
cleverly more cleverly most cleverly
c. ill，badly worse worst
well better best
far farther farthest
much more most
little less least
二、副词的用法
A．副词的普通用法
150 1．几乎所有副词可以用来修饰动词。
He died here（地点）．
He died yesterday（时间）．
He died suddenly（方式）.
He nearly（程度）died．
He has probably（肯定性）died．
151 2．程度副词可用来修饰下面的词：a．形容词，b．另一副词，c．动词（间或）。
a．He is rather silly．The house is very dark．He has an extremely difficult problem．
b．He ran much faster than I．He speaks English fluently enough．He works too hard．
c．He loves her very much．I little know that she is his sister.
方式副词也可用来表示程度，修饰d.形容词或e.副词。
d．He is dreadfully sad．Mary is remarkably simple．She is lamentably poor．He is comfortably warm．
e．He ran tolerably fast．He writes immeasurably better than I．We have waited terribly long．He read incredibly fast．
注：出于语音上的考虑，副词及所修饰的副词不能同时都以-ly结尾，避免说“He works terribly slowly．”，但可说“He's terribly slow．”。
152 3．表示a．程度，b．时间或c．地点的副词可以用来修饰介词。
a．He is much against my proposal．
He failed entirely through his own fault．
He arrived exactly at five o'clock．
He sat just behind me．
b．He came soon after noon．
He left long before the war．
c．He lives far beyond that pagoda．
He stood close beside me．
It is near（or hard）by the bridge．
153 4．表示a．程度或b．时间的副词可用来修饰连词。
a．He fell ill partly because he worked too hard．
He met her exactly when she was angry．
b．He got married long before he was graduated．
He died soon after he got sick．
154 5．表示a．肯定程度及b．方式的副词可以用来修饰整个句子。
a．He will surely succeed．
Surely he will succeed．
He will probably come．
We must positively get the license．
Yes，I can．No，I can't．
b．Happily，he was pardoned．
Luckily，he has tried his best and succeeded．
B．副词的特殊用法
155 6．少数副词可用来修饰名词。在这样用时，它们通常放在所修饰名词的前面。
He is quite a hero（=quite heroic）．
He is regarded as rather a fool（=rather foolish）．
He is almost a child（=almost childish）．
Only Wang studied English last year．（No other students studied．）
Wang studied only English last year．（not any other language）
even和almost的作用和only相同。
156 有些副词（多为地点副词）在修饰名词时，可以看作一个压缩的形容词从句（即定语从句）。
He waited at the bridge there（=that lay there）．
He looked at the lamp above．
His life abroad（=which was spent abroad）was hard．
The then king（=king that reigned then）was cruel．
The above statement is false．
The up train（=train that goes up）comes at seven.
He went to a far country．
157 副词有时用在两个名词当中。
Latin words，namely technical terms，often keep their original plural form．
My friends，especially Mary，are very young．
158 有时副词出现在with和一名词中间。
He came here with sometimes his son，sometimes his daughter．
He tried again with scarcely a hope of success.
The room was out of order，with here books，there papers．
We talked in the house，with frequently roarings of guns coming from afar．
159 7．When，where，why和how可用来引起问句，也可同时用作副词和连词，也就是说，用作“关系副词”（Relative Adverbs）。
When did you get married? When shall we fight no more?
Where did you first see her? Where could I find a job?
Why do apples fall from the trees? Why can't we live longer?
How can you do that? How can I stay single?
I still remember the day when I got married．Tell me the month when you leave．
This is the place where he died．The school where he studies is not far away．
I do not know the reason why he said that．The cause why he was killed is unknown．
This is（the way）how they make money．This is always the manner（how）you treat me．
三、副词构成法
160 1．有些副词为简单副词（不带词尾）。
often，out，quite，soon，home，back，there，thus，seldom，ever
161 2．有些副词，特别是地点副词及时间副词，常常以加词尾的方式构成。
-ly（=every）：yearly，monthly，daily，fortnightly
-ward（s）（=toward）：backward（s），leftward（s），upward（s），homeward（s），eastward（s），onward（s），inward（s）
-wise，-ways：lengthwise，clockwise，likewise，otherwise；always，lengthways，sideways
-long：headlong
-ling（s）：sideling（s）
-s：upstairs，outdoors，sometimes，nowadays，needs
或在一些单音节词前加词头或其他简单词。
a-：along，away，abroad，apart，aside，adrift，aloud，ashore，across，above
be-：before，below，beneath，besides
介词：inside，overboard，uphill，beforehand，today
there-：therein（=in that），thereafter，thereby，thereof，therewith，etc．（陈旧用法）
here-：herein（=in this），hereafter，hereby，hereof，herewith，etc．（陈旧用法）
where-：wherein（=in what or which），whereon，whereby，whereof，wherewith，etc．（陈旧用法）
162 3．绝大多数副词都由形容词以下述3种方式构成。
a．大多数方式副词都是在形容词后加-ly构成的。要注意其拼法。
形容词 副词 形容词 副词
glad gladly shy shyly
mournful mournfully dry dryly
happy happily due duly
heavy heavily true truly
jolly jollily able ably
silly sillily probable probably
dull dully despotic despotically
full fully idiomatic idiomatically
vile vilely public publicly（例外情况）
sole solely provoking provokingly
ill-natured ill-naturedly charming charmingly
kind-hearted kind-heartedly faltering falteringly
mistaken mistakenly lingering lingeringly（书面语）
hidden hiddenly marked markedly
undisguised undisguisedly（书面语）
但是：friendly（形容词）—in a friendly way；manly（形容词）—in a manly manner；kingly（形容词）—in a kingly manner
和形容词一样，以-ingly或-edly结尾的副词，也有“激起感情”及“感受情绪”的差别，但用得比较少，如：
激起情绪 感受情绪
He speaks amusingly. We listen amusedly.
The flowers bloom delightfully． We watch them delightedly.
He behaves disgustingly． We left disgustedly．
The fight goes on excitingly． We look on excitedly．
b．有少数副词和形容词形式相同。
He came in the late afternoon．（形容词）
He arrived late．（副词）
He has waited for a long time．（形容词）
He has waited so long．（副词）
另一些与形容词同形的副词有：
early，fast，far，near，well，ill，high，low，much，little，only，enough，hard，straight，right，wrong，left，east，west.
在口语中有些形容词直接用作副词。
It is mighty good．
I am dead tired．
The soup is precious hot．
He is terrible rude．
c．有些单音节形容词有两个副词形式，一个带-ly，一个不带，意思不相同。
We must buy cheap（=at a low price）. We got off cheaply（=easily）．
He lives high（=luxuriously）．He spoke highly（=well）of me．
He came near．He nearly（=almost）died．
He played foul．He was foully murdered．
I love Mary most．They are mostly crazy．
163 4．有少数副词与指示代词同形。
He has some（=about）fifty pounds．
It something（=somewhat）astonished me．
I care nothing（=not at all）for your threat．
Can you wait any（=in any way）more? I can't wait any more．
I slept none（=never）．I passed the night none too comfortably．
Is it that（=so）easy?
He is all（=entirely）alone．
164 在下面有关指示词、疑问词、比较级、数词、量词及关系词的各单元，还将对副词做进一步探讨。
第6单元 指示词
一、引言
165 此后4个单元，我们将讨论一些可用作代词、形容词及副词，并有某些共同语法特点的词。例如，which是代词，whose是形容词，where为副词，但它们都有关系词的共同特点。又如，larger为形容词，sooner为副词，这两个词都具有比较级的共同特点。我们首先研究一组具有指示特点的词，如this，another，every，称为指示词（Demonstratives）；然后讨论构成问句的词，如who，why，whose，称为疑问词（Interrogatives）；接着处理表示“较……”及“最……”的一类词，如larger，soonest，faster，称为比较级（Comparatives）及最高级（Superlatives）；再谈谈数词（Numericals）及量词（Quantitatives），如five，dozen，much；最后研究同时具有连词和代词（副词、形容词）作用的一组词，称为关系词（Relatives），如which，that，where。
二、指示词的一般特点
166 1．指示词可以是单数，也可以是复数，可以用作代词，也可用作形容词。有些指示词，如this，that，用作代词时是单数，用作形容词时，后面跟单数可数名词（简称SCN）或是跟不可数名词（简称UN）。另一些，如there，those，用作代词时为复数，用作形容词时后面跟复数名词。另外，如any，两种情况都可以。下表中ink代表不可数名词（UN），pen代表单数可数名词（SCN），pens代表复数可数名词（PCN）。这个表可说明一个特定的指示词是单数（SD）还是复数（PD），后面跟不可数名词还是单数可数名词。
SD（＋SCN or UN） PD（＋PCN）
this（pen，ink） these（pens）
that（pen，ink） those（pens）
some（pen，ink） some（pens）
the same（pen，ink） the same（pens）
such（a pen，ink） such（pens）
no pen，no ink no pens
none（X）（=无适当的词） none（X）
any（pen，ink） any（pens）
all（the pen，the ink） all（the pens）
every pen X
X both（pens）
either（pen） X
neither（pen） X
one（X） ones（X）
another（pen） other pens，others
a certain pen certain pens
在左边，this是单数指示词，它可用作单数代词，如：This is good．它也可以后跟一个单数可数名词或不可数名词，如：This book is good．This milk is good．在this的右边为these，它的意思与this差不多，但是一个复数指示词。These可用作复数代词，如：These are good．它也可用作形容词，后面跟一个复数名词，如：These books are good．该表说明some，the same，such，any既可作单数，也可作复数，又说明no，every，（a）certain不能用作代词，只能用作形容词，还说明this，that，some，such，no，any及all可以后跟一个不可数名词。
167 2．有些指示词表示“一个”，有些表示“两个”，有些表示“多个”。因此，有必要弄清每一指示词可表示共有多少东西或多少人。
数量 指示词
three or more all
two or more these，those，some，same，such，other（s），certain
one only this，that，some（body），same，such a，another，a certain，one
two only both
zero none，no
one of the three or more any，every
one of the two either，neither
one of the two or more each
168 3．大多数指示词也可用作副词。
除了such，every，same，certain，one以外，所有指示词都偶尔可用作副词，如：He has some（=about）fifty good novels．The fish is that（=so）large? I don't believe．
169 4．有些指示词可与连词一起用，如：
either...or，both...and，neither...nor
Both John and David are stupid．This job is neither easy nor difficult．
170 5．单数可数名词一般需要加指示词。
单数可数名词前一般要加冠词a或the；物主代词或名词所有格，如your，John's；单数指示词，如this，that，one，every，any，each，some，no，either，neither，another，a certain，such a或the same。
下面句子都是错的，因为名词前面未加上述这类词：
He saw house．
He has pretty dog．
He kept very lovely horse．
Good fountain pen is necessary．
Honest and faithful friend is better than anything．
171 6．指示词后跟着一个of短语时的情况。
指示代词（a）及指示形容词（b）后都可跟一个of引出的短语。
（a）all of them some of them
each of my friends either of his hands
none of your nonsense every one of those people
（b）no friend of mine any plan of David's
these houses of my aunt's that dog of yours
every plan of his such friends of mine
172 “指示词＋of-短语”，如each of us，most of them，可以放在系动词be或是助动词后面，甚至可以为了强调而放在句子末尾，仿佛一个状语似的。
They are most of them foolish．
Those children will every one of them grow very quickly．
We should both of us advise him．
Teachers must none of them show impatience．
They are foolish，most of them．
We should advise him，both of us．
在用all，both，each时，of-短语可以省略，all，both，each的作用就像副词。
They will all come here．（or：They all came here．）
The students must each do the exercise．（or：The students each...）
We shall both study astronomy．（or：We both...）
173 7．合成的指示词。
下面代词及副词为合成词，它们不可分写成两个词，如some body，no thing。
代词：
someone，anyone，everyone，no-one（or no one）
somebody，anybody，everybody，nobody
something，anything，everything，nothing
副词：
somewhere（someplace,美国用法），somehow（someway,美国用法），sometimes，sometime，someday，somewhat
anywhere（anyplace,美国用法），anyhow（anyway），anytime（美国用法）
everywhere（everyplace,美国用法）
nowhere（noplace,美国用法），nohow（不规范）
Someone，anyone和everyone只表示人。如果后面跟有of引起的短语，这类词的两部分必须分开写，这时可指人，也可指物。
Any one of us has done his best．
Some one of his dogs is lovely indeed．
Every one of the books I have read is interesting．
但：None（不要说No one）of the members came．
174 上面所列表示人的代词一般都作单数看待，可以用he，his，him代替。但在现代口语中，人们更倾向于用they，their，them代替，以避免涉及性别问题。
Someone（or Somebody）will do it although they know it is dangerous．
Anyone（or Anybody）can speak Chinese if they have learned it some years.
Everyone（or Everybody，Every［member］）expressed their views．
No one（or Nobody）is willing to criticize themselves．
175 8．In，at或on的省略。
在表示时间的状语中，指示形容词前的at，in，on等介词常常被省略掉，有时在某些情况下也可以不省略。
He came one afternoon，every month，the other day，each noon，the same week．（不要说on one afternoon，in every month，at each noon，但可说on Sunday afternoon，in a rainy month，at noon）
He slept all day．
He will repent it some day．
You can come any Sunday．
I played tennis this（or that）morning．
He died（on）the following day，（on）the morning when it rained hard，（in）the year when the war broke out，（at）the moment he received the news．
He came last night，and will come again next week．
What time did he come?
The，last，next，what都可看作指示词。
I saw him（on the）last voyage．（可当作时间）
We were classmates（in）that term．
I will speak to him（at）the first chance．
Nothing can be done（in）this weather．
They watch him（at）every step．
176 指示词和否定词一起使用时需要小心。no，nothing，nobody，no one，no where，never，seldom，none，not，scarcely，hardly，neither，nor，little，few都是否定词。这类词在和指示词一起用时，可能对（简写为R），也可能不对（简写为W）。在正确使用时，可表示完全否定（TN）或部分否定（PN）。［R=right，W=wrong，TN=total negative，PN=partial negative］
177 Nobody in England cannot speak English．（重复否定）（W）
Everybody in England can speak English．（R）
Nothing in this garden is not pretty．（W）
Everything in this garden is pretty．（R）
但是：
He did it not without regret，not without shame．（R）
No-one is unselfish．（虽然重复否定，但有一个否定词是由否定前缀或后缀构成）（R）
None of them are distasteful．（R）
He is not homeless．（R）
I do not know that he has not come home．（每个从句中只有一个否定词）（R）
I can never understand why Mary said nothing about her wrongs．（R）
I shall criticize nobody，neither at present nor in future．（后面的否定词重复前面的否定词是为了强调）（R）
I can never say anything，not even for myself．（R）
He doesn't see nothing．（=He sees nothing.）（俚语）（R）
He can never say nothing．（=He can never say anything．）（R）
178 I do not like both of them．（=I like only one of them．）（PN）
I like neither of them．（=I don't like those two persons．）（TN）
All of them are not honest．（=Only some of them are honest.）（PN）
Not all of them are honest．（较上句强）（PN）
None of them are honest．（TN）
