You know him？
I dare not speak to her？
4．用在以问句形式提出的感叹句后。
How could you say such a thing？（或！）
What more do you want now？（或！）
5．用在括号中表示不能肯定前面的说法。
He made a trip on July 6（？）．
6．用来说反话（也放在括号中，这种用法品位不高）。
We had a good（？）（=unpleasant）time the other day．
四、感叹号（！）
1791 感叹号有下面的用法：
1．用在感叹词后。
Oh dear ！What（or what）are you doing there？
For shame ！How（or how）could you do that？
Good heavens ！（or，）is it you？
He has，alas ！failed again．
感叹的意思较弱时可以不用，而以逗号代替。
Why，that is easy．Oh yes，I have forgotten．It costs，oh，only a dollar．Ah，that's what I want．Well，I'm wrong？
2．用在作感叹词用的其他词类后。
Fire ！Quick ！
Silly fellow ！Ridiculous ！
3．用在以（to think）that引起的表示情绪的句子后。
To think that bread should be so dear！
That bread should be so dear！
4．用在“名词＋关系从句”后，表示一定的情绪。
A pleasant trip we have had！
The life we live！
5．用在以what开头的感叹句后。
What a pity it is！
What great work he has done！
用在以how开始的感叹句后。
How beautiful the poem is！
How hard he works！
甚至用在作书名、文章标题等的感叹句后。
What a Silly Girl I Have Been！
6．用在表示一定情绪的祈使句中。
Just imagine！
Tell the truth！
Speak no more！
7．用在表达愿望的句子后。
Long live the king！
O that I had wings！
O for the wings of a bird！
Curses upon him！
God be thanked！
8．用在表示某种情绪的省略句中。
No business of yours！
Just a minute！And you'll see．
You coward！
No more！
He is a doctor！
9．用在戏剧性的句子中（但这种用法品位不高）。
I told you！
He went abroad with only ten dollars in his pocket！
五、冒号（：）
1792 冒号有下面的用法：
1．用在一个严肃的长引语前（在一般的短引语前用逗号）。
Bacon said：“Reading makes a full man，...”
2．用在正式信函的称呼语后（在非正式信函中用逗号）。
Dear Sir：
3．用在总称之后，后面跟有例子。
He has many books ：Hamlet，Paradise Lost，Don Quixote，and others．
Correct the following words ：childs，mouses，oxes．
Our question ：Why（or why）should man kill himself ？
My opinion is this ：Nobody thinks himself a bad man．
4．用在举例后，后面跟总称。
The sea，the sky，the ship ：（或—）these are all I see．
To work，to sleep，and to play ：（或—）all these are essential things in life．
5．用在表示著作、时间等的词语内，把较大和较小的单位分开。
Macbeth Ⅳ：1：12
Matthew Ⅴ：5
6：35 a．m．
6．用在比例中。
1：3：8（=the ratio of one to three to eight）
7．用在标题和副标题之间。
Yiching：the Philosophy of Change
六、分号（；）
1793 分号有以下用法：
1．把没有连词连接而意思上都有联系的句子连接起来。（可以用句号，但这样的话，意思会被断开；也可用逗号，但有可能力量较弱，不能把两句拉在一起；还可用冒号，但现在很少这样用了）
It won't last long；it's too weak．
He is a clever fellow；even his enemy admits it．
I love you；I worship you；I want you．
He is content；he lives happily．
2．把内部包含逗号的两个句子连在一起（这时不宜用逗号）。
Dick is a generous，large-hearted person；but John，Mary and some of his friends are selfish people．
（Cf．Dick is a generous man，but John is a selfish fellow．）
Alan ran his business carefully，methodically，and efficiently；and he was a great philanthropist，too．
He has three wives：one，who married him 20 years ago；a second，who was a rich widow；the third，who has already married five times．
3．用在后面跟有逗号的连接副词之前。
He studies hard；moreover，he has to work for his living．
He has squandered all his wealth；therefore（或 as a result），he has to beg his bread．
4．用在两个并列从句或两个短语之间（这时也可用逗号，但对比性较弱）。
We know that country life is more quiet than city life；that it is more healthful；that it is happier．
To work eight hours；to sleep eight hours；to do other things eight hours—that is the best way for man．
That depends upon who do it；how they do it；and when．
5．用在such as，that is这类词前。
We learn several subjects；such as（or e．g．）chemistry，and physics．（These are some of the subjects we learn．）
We learn several subjects；that is（or i．e.，viz，to wit，namely），chemistry，physics，maths and biology．
（These are all the subjects we learn．）
在这种句子中也可用逗号或冒号代替分号。
We learn several subjects，namely chemistry，physics，and mathematics．
We learn several subjects：namely，chemistry，physics，and mathematics．
We learn several subjects，namely，chemistry，physics，and mathematics．
但在下面这种句子中逗号、冒号或分号都不需要。
We learn such subjects as chemistry and physics．
七、破折号（—）
1794 破折号有以下用法：
1．用在毫无联系的两词句之间。
I thought—Did you see John？
2．用来表示句子没说完。
I think so，but—
3．用来表示口吃（结结巴巴）。
I—I—I—don't—don't know．
4．用在对不同人的讲话之间。
You are right，Mary．—Do you think so，John？
5．用在不同人讲的话之间。
Do you think so？—No．—Why？—Just because I don't think so．
What do they say？—They say honesty is not the best policy．
6．用在后来想起的话语之前。
I saw her two days ago— on the street — with her mother．
7．用在一个重复性同位语（又加上修饰语）的前面或前后。
It was a race — a race against time．
His son — his only son —died．
8．用在同位语或纠正语的前面和后面。
Mary's relatives —in fact，all her a cquaintances —knew it．
Mary's acquaintances —especially her relatives —knew it．
These two streets —or rather most of the alleys of this city—were dirty．
9．用在一个名词及其同位语从句之间。
They ignored his request — that everyone must be punctual．
Nobody can answer his question — when can we be happy and free ？
10．用在内部含有标点的多个同位语的前面和后面。
These three poets—Byron，Shelley，Keats—are good friends．
11．用在谓语和后移的主语同位语之间。
Some friends will come tomorrow— John，David，and George．
12．用在举例后面及总括性词（如these，such，all）之前。
Cereals，fruits，vegetables — these are daily food．
He wrote a letter，spoke with John，listened to the report— all at the same time．
13．用在加以强调的词前。
It is a matter of capital，of technique— of courage，too．
He likes books，travels，pictures and— money．
You can be a millionaire— if you know how to become one．
14．用来表示有字母省略。
D—l take it！（这里e，v和i省略）
15．用来表示“到……”（这时用短横）。
The years 1958-1960（=1958，1959，1960）
pages 27-32或pp．27-32
paragraphs 18-20或gg 18-20
16．用在某些编号中（这时也多用短横）。
U-235
Class 5-A
17．用在表示出处的词前。
The course of true love never did run smooth．— Shakespeare．
Love can turn a cottage to a gold palace．— German proverb．
To be or not to be，that is the question．— Hamlet．
18．用在移行的句子前（这时也可不用）。
We want to know—
a．When Black killed his friend Kingsley．
b．What he had said to Kingsley's wife．
c．Who he first saw after the murder．
八、逗号（，）
1795 逗号有下面的用法：
用在由并列连词连接的两个平行词句之间，连词可说出，也可省略。
1．a．用在平行的词之间。
A good house，a good car，a good wife are what he wants．
I can read light，serious，amusing， or profound works of English authors．
Do you see that tall，big，husky fellow？
Butterflies flew before，behind and above the huts．
He is honest，but silly．
I like this，rather than that．
注意：He is an English grammar teacher．It is a diamond wedding party．It is a Chinese New Year celebration．
b．注意写法。
Music，painting，and poetry are all interesting to him．（美式英语中and前多加逗号）
Music，painting and poetry are...．（正确，英国多这样写）
Music，painting，and poetry，are...．（不好）
c．逗号可由and，or，nor代替。
Musicand painting and poetry are...
Neither music nor painting nor poetry is...
d．逗号须用在etc.，and so on，and the like的前面和后面。
Music，painting，poetry，etc．（or and so on，and the like），are...．
e．逗号须用在重复的词前。
What I need is money，money，money．
Long，long ago and far，far，far away there was a king．
2．用在平行的短语之间。
You can meet him at church，at school，or on the street．
I went to talk with him，to return the book，but not to see his sister．
Reading English，speaking it，and writing it are different processes．
3．用在并列的分句之间。
He has learned Japanese for years，but he does not know it．
He must come back as soon as possible，or I cannot wait．
He was tired，so he took a rest．
He is very ill，so he does not go to school．
He seems to be very ill，for he looks so pale．
但由but，and，or连接的简短分句之间可以不加逗号。
He is silly but his sister is clever．
John studies art and I study science．
4．用在由or，and或but连接的两对短语之间。
You can go by night or by day，by sea or by land．
He is honest but clever，thin but hard-working．
5．如果两个相似结构共有一个宾语，逗号就要用在第二个结构的前面和后面。
He depends on，and is trusted by，his uncle．
He did it in accordance with，and in defence of，the law．
She is fond of，but seems poor in，her homework．
He loves，or pretends to love，his wife．
但在一个短的不强调的词前后不加逗号。
He was murdered inside or near the jungle．
6．用在插入词的前面和（或）后面。
a．用在yes，no，sure，personally，probably，certainly，usually；in general，in the first place，in my opinion，in any case，as a matter of fact；strictly speaking这类修饰语的后面。
Unfortunately，Mary caught cold yesterday．
Inevitably，he will be sent to prison．
On the whole，he is a nice fellow．
Generally speaking，New York is a nice place．
用在句子修饰语的前面和后面。
Tom，in the first place，must respect his parents．
Jimmy，I must say，shouldn't listen to the rumour．
b．用在furthermore，similarly，accordingly，anyway，otherwise；above all，in the same way，in other words，in contrast这类连接副词（短语）的后面。
He lost lots of money；as a result，he got sick．
He is sick；therefore，he must rest．
I do everything；in addition，I must not complain．
Liza is noisy；Tim，by comparison，is quiet．
I am too busy；Bill，on the other hand，fools about．
7．a．用在句子开头的分词（短语）之后。
Seeing the police，the thief began to run away．
用在句子开头的不定式（短语）之后。
To earn more money，the boy worked harder．
b．用在松散地插在主语后面的短语的前面和后面。
The thief，seeing the police，began to run away．
Plants，with enough water and sunshine，will grow fast．
The boy，to earn more money，worked harder．
但是，The thief seeing the police began to run away．这里的分词短语为限制性定语，表示还有其他没看见警察的小偷。而前面的句子中，逗号后的分词短语为非限制性或解释性分词，带状语性质。
The house on the opposite side is my uncle's．
The boy to earn more money worked harder．（There were other boys who did not have to earn more．）
c．用在句末的非限制性（解释性）分词（带状语性质）前面。
He sat in a chair，reading papers．
但在句末的不定式前不宜用逗号。
He sat down to read papers．
8．用在呼语的后面或（和）前面。
John，come here．
Come here，John．
What，John，are you doing？
9．用在句子开头的副词短语后（也可不用）。
At eight（，）he goes to the office．
Thanks to his help（，）I got a good job．
但句子末尾的副词（短语）前不宜用逗号。
He goes to the office at eight．
I got a good job through his help．
10．用在主句与从句之间。
用在一个非限制性定语从句（相当于一个并列分句）前。
I asked a boy，who（=and he）kept silent．
He went to France，where（=and there）he planned to see her．
但I asked the boy who kept silent．中，定语从句是限制性的，表示There were other boys who did not keep silent．）
He went to the city where he planned to live a year or two．
11．用在引话动词（如said，replied）及直接引语之间。
He said，“You are wrong．”
用在引话动词和半直接引语（不带引号，第一个字母大写）之间。
He replied，She was wrong．
用在插在直接引语中间的he said这类词句的前面和后面。
“In the morning，” he said，“I don't feel well．”
但在引话动词和由that引起的间接引语之间不用逗号。
He thought that she was wrong．
引话动词及由疑问词引起的间接引语之间也不用逗号。
He knows what she said．
It may be asked whether anyone could stand the insult．
12．a．用在状语从句之后，主句之前。
If you are careful，you will make fewer mistakes．
Since he is ill，he cannot work．
When it was raining，he came to me．
b．若主句在前，状语从句在后，主、从句之间一般不加逗号。
You will make fewer mistakes if you are careful．
I love her just because she looks pretty．
He works hard so that he may succeed．
John speaks Chinese better than Lee speaks English．
但如You will make fewer and fewer mistakes in your composition，if you are careful enough．中，如果主句较长，那么主句后可以加逗号。
I will，if I can．（如果状语从句需要强调，前面也可以加逗号）
He will come，only when he needs your help．
13．用在较长的主语和它的谓语之间。
That the city had been lost to the enemy，was true．
Studying every evening after the office hours for the past ten years，enabled him to know French and German．
14．用在同位语前面。
用在一个专有名词和它的普通名词同位语之间。
John，my brother；William Shakespeare，the greatest poet of England；London，the capital of England
但在一般名词和特别名词之间不宜加逗号。
the word “flame”，the year 1942，the historian Herodotus（注意a great historian，Herodotus），my brother John，our greatest poet William Shakespeare，William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet，the question “to be or not to be”，the idea that man is mortal
在下面这类名称中也不加逗号：
Alexander the Great，John the Baptist，Richard the Lionhearted，Henry the Fifth
不过，在人名后的尊称或学术头衔前可加逗号。
Mr．John Lee，Senior；Mr．John Lee，Ph．D．
15．用在较小部分和较大部分之间。
用在街名、房间或公寓号码、城镇名、州名及国名之间（但门牌和街名之间不用）。
138 Liberty Street，Room 408，Fresno，California，USA
用在日期中（但月份和日期之间不用）。
Sunday，July 6，1960
用在数字中。
6,742,856,135（=six billion...two million...six thousand...）
654,321（4=4 thousand）（而在6、5、4、3、2、1这一串数字中，4=4）
用来代替of。
President Do，Far East University
16．用在某些词后，表示停顿，以防止误解。
Outside，the streets are wet．
Such boys as you，are not to be found elsewhere．
He is eating，mummy．
Ever since，he has been very ill．
Whoever wished to escape，escaped into the jungle．
17．用在省略句中。
和分号一道表示某些重复的词已被省略。
John has one；Mary，two．
注意：John has one，Mary two．
Reading makes a full man；conference，a ready man．
注意：Reading makes a full man，conference a ready man．
Egyptians give us agriculture；Romans，law．
My father takes care of John；my mother，Mary．
Painters express their feeling by forms and colours；musicians，by sounds；poets，by words．
18．用在倒装句中。
用在句子中倒装部分（提前的部分）的后面。
That man，I have known for many years．
The war is over，I am glad to say．
It is vicious，that dog of yours．
John is a young man，honest，kind and intelligent．
19．用在信函中。
用在左上角寄信人的地址及日期中。
645 Beal Street，
New York，NY 11109．
February 16．2007．
用在右下方收信人的地址中。
Mr．James Read，
68 St．James Road，
Hong Kong．
注意，在双方的地址中每行末尾的逗号或句号均可省略。
用在称呼语中。
Dear Sirs，（或不加标点）（英式）
Gentlemen：（正式） Dear John，（非正式）（美式）
用在结尾的客套语中。
Sincerely yours，（或Faithfully yours，[美国很少这样说]）
David White．
九、引号及斜体
A．引号（“”）
1796 1．引号可用在直接引语的两头，可以是双引号“...”（美式），也可以是单引号‘...’（英式）。
He said，“I will do it．”
His question is “What can we do？”．
可以放在某人讲话的重要部分的两头。
He can put down the revolt “in three days”．
He decides to “settle accounts” with his antagonist．
但不可用在间接引语的两头。
He asked whether he could do it．
His question is what we can do．
也不可用在半直接引语的两头。
He asked，Could he do it ？
His question was（or，What puzzled him was，He thought to himself），Could he say anything against it ？
不可用在剧本台词的两头。
John：Can I do it？
Mary：Certainly you can．
2．注意直接引语被分成两段时，引号及其他标点的用法。
He said，“I know that she is right．”＝“I know，”he said，“that she is right．”
He said，“I know；she is right．”＝“I know，”he said；“she is right．”
He said，“I know．She is right．”＝“I know，”he said．“She is right．”
“I know．” He nodded his head．“She is right．”
3．注意句号和逗号都放在末尾引号的前面，而不是后面。
