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(可参阅第427节).74

作者:张道真 当前章节:15386 字 更新时间:2026-6-22 20:27

“If I can,”he said,“I will do it.”

和句号、逗号不同,分号通常放在引号的后面,冒号也如此。

He thought over the matter,and then he said,“Let us wait and see”;but he ordered his men to act the same night.

如果句号和逗号不属于所引用的词,而属于整个句子,则应当放在引号外面。

We don't know who is “right”,and who is “wrong”.(不过在美国用法中,常把逗号和句号放在引号前面,如“right,”及“wrong.”)

They call him “patriot”,but we call him “fanatic”.

如果问号属于引述的问句,它应放在引号之内。

He asked,“Shall we go this way?”

如果问号不属于引用的话,则应放在引号之外。

Did he say,“I will leave very soon”?

惊叹号亦如此。

He exclaimed,“What a fool I am!”

What a fool of him to say “Even my little finger is more powerful than anything of yours”!

4.如果摘引三段或更多的文章(或诗歌),必须注意缩进(即每行第一个词要向后缩)。左引号只用在每一段的前面,并且只在最后一段引文末尾加右引号。引号也可全部省略。如果是诗,则要按原来的形式排列。

Tell me not in mournful numbers

That life is but a dream.

5.如果引语内还包含一个引语,则整个引语用单引号,里面的引语用双引号(英国用法)。

John said,‘I told him “to look before he leaps”.’

6.谚语、引语、俚语等都可放在引号之内。

“A wise man thinks all that he says,a fool says all that he thinks.”

He is “a saint abroad,a devil at home”.

Dick is “on the rocks”.

He has a mental “inertia”.

He likes to eat “chow mein”(炒面).

大家熟知的成语不必加引号。

Last but not least,do come tomorrow.

7.不肯定或讥讽的话可加引号。

He is very “glad” to see me.

He is a “good man” in this village.

8.特别值得注意的词可加上引号。

Something “in” mind is different from something “on” mind.

To “do” is easy,but to “understand” is hard.

9.章节、文章、短篇小说或诗歌的题目可以加引号。

“Introduction”,“Inside Story of Iran”,“Mademoiselle Fifi”,“Ode to a nightingale”,“Home,Sweet Home”

但图书、报纸、杂志、长诗、剧本、歌剧、雕像、绘画、电影等的名称宜用斜体。

The Origin of Species,The New York Times,Newsweek,Iliad,Hamlet,Madame Butterfly,The Thinker,Pines and Rocks,The Great Dictator

10.船名、飞机及火车名等可以加引号,也可用斜体。

the “Empress”(or the Empress)

the “Super Chief”(or the Super Chief)

11.按美国用法,外面用双引号,里面用单引号(参阅5)。

John said,“I told him to ‘look before he leaps.’but he didn't listen.”

B.斜体(abc)

从上面“引号”部分举出的例子来看,引语也可不加引号。在打字稿及手写稿中都可在引语下面画横线,而在印刷时可用斜体表示引语。

1.He said,I will do it.

2.I know,he said,that she is right.

5.John said,I told him “to look before he leaps”.

6.Dick is on the rocks.

7.He is very glad to see me.

8.Something in mind is different from something on mind.

9.(一)9中带引号的词

10.the Empress

但使用外来词时需要特别注意:

a.尚未吸收入英语的外来词,在印刷时需要用斜体,在书写时下面要画线。

ab extro,accouchement,ad interim,ad valorem,affaire d'honneur,anno Domini,au courant,beaux-arts bon soir,bon vivant,comme il faut,estaminet,ex cathedra,exempli gratia,ex parte,ex post facto,fin de siècle,jeu d'esprit mal de mer,non est,part pasgu,per contra

b.已吸收入英语的外来词,在印刷时不需要用斜体。

aide-de-camp,aurora borealis,bizarre,bona fide,bric-à-brac,café,chargé d'affaires,cliché,communiqué,crêpe,débâcle,débris,début,dénoument,depot,détour,dion sum,dramatis personae,ennui,entourage,fête,innuendo,menu,motiv,naÏve,orallgutan,origami,paddy,papertiger,plaza,rattan,sampan,samurai,sarong,savry,sayonara,shinto,sierra,siesta,sukiyaki,taijiguan,tofu,wok,won ton,yin yang,Zen

十、圆括号(())

1797 圆括号有下面的用法:

1.包含确切的数目。

I saw him two weeks ago(June 16).

Solomon(960-933 B.C.)w as a wise king.

I read a chapter on war(pages 23-43)in this book.

I owe you fifty thousand dollars($50,000).

2.包含表顺序的数词。

I like three subjects:(1)swimming,(2)travelling,and(3)collecting stamps.

3.下面是标示目录或段落的用法之一例,明确指出各节之间的主属关系。

Ⅰ.

A.

4.加在具体内容和细节两端。

He lives with his brothers(John,Bob, and Joseph).

I learn mathematics,geography,history,and literature(essays,short stories,poetry).

5.加在补充话语的两端。

He can rent his house(bought last year)to our big family.

如果补充的话前后加逗号,则在句中显得更重要。

He can rent his house,bought last year,to our big family.

如果补充的话前后加破折号,则显得特别强调。

He can rent his house— bought last year —to our big family.

6.可加在一个词或一个短语的两端。

He sent all his daughters(seven in all)to school.And yet all of them failed in the examination.

可加在一个句子的两端(句子的第一个字母大写,末尾有句号)。

He sent all his daughters to school.(He has seven.)

And yet all of them failed in the examination.

可加在句中之句的两端(句子的第一个字母小写,末尾也无句号)。

He married(you can't believe)a girl of twelve.

但这种句子可带问号。

He married(can you believe ?)a girl of twelve.

十一、方括号([ ])

1798 方括号有下面的用法:

1.可括入引语内插入的词,也可括入圆括号内的某些词。

He said,“She [ Mary ] will come tomorrow.”

He bought an American truck(he borrowed money [ perhaps from Lee ] to buy it),and he sold it the next day.

2.用在一段演说词后。

[ Prolonged applause ]

3.[sic]解释为“原文如此”,放在可疑词句后,表示引用无误。

He knows “twelve” [ sic ] languages.

4.可括入国际音符。

because [biˈkɔːz](也可用竖线代替,如/biˈkɔːz/)

Japanese[ˌdʒæpəˈniːz](或/ˌdʒæpəˈniːz/)

5.可用在剧本中,括入表示动作的词。

John:[ looks at Mary ] I know what you mean,but [ turns to Charles ] do you know,Charles?

十二、撇号(')

1799 撇号有以下用法:

1.构成单数名词的所有格。

professor's,hour's;Keats's(or Keats'),Jones's(or Jones');Moses',Jesus',Kansas'

也可构成复数名词的所有格。

Boys',ladies';children's,women's,geese's

2.可用在每个名词后表示各自的东西。

Keats's and Byron's poetry,Poe's and Doyle's stories

也可用在两个名词后表示共有的东西。

boys and girls' tennis court,Lee and Wang's hospital

3.可用在一个名词短语后面。

the Minister of Foreign Affairs' car,the king of England's crown,my son-in-law's school,somebody else's hat

4.在某些专有名词中撇号可以省略。

State teachers college,Merchants Association,Kings Mountain

5.可用来构成字母、数字或某个词的复数(撇号放在s前面)。

Five 2's;two L's;too many and's

6.构成某些词的紧缩形式。

It's,'tis,can't,I'm,you're,I've,we'd,I'll,'em,e'er(但its,hers,yours,ours,whose中没有撇号)

十三、连字号(-)

1800 连字号有以下用法:

1.连接单词。

连字号可以用来把两个(或更多)单词连接成合成词,如sea-blue,left-handed,mother-in-law,也可把一个前缀和一个单词连接成派生词,如ex-star,anti-trade。

下面这些类型的合成词都需要加连字号(由a到c为合成名词,d到h为合成形容词)。

a.sick-pay,poor-box,dead-beat,deaf-aid(A+N)

two-timer,left-hander,whole-hogger(A+N+er)

b.walk-up,come-on,look-in,stand-by(V+AP)

c.poet-artist,fellow-traveller,Auditor-Treasurer(N+N)

d.seven-hilled,one-sided,good-natured(A+N+ed)

e.red-hot,deaf-mute,stony-cold(A+A)

f.mild-spoken,private-owned,new-made(A+PaP)

g.god-forsaken,time-honoured,moth-eaten(N+PaP)

h.hand-to-hand,cat-and-dog,matter-of-fact,2000-dollar-a-year,seven-year-old,good-for-nothing(包含两个以上词的合成形容词)

但下面这些类型的合成词,虽然表示单一的意思,却不需要加连字号(由a到d为合成名词,e为合成形容词)。

a.moving pictures,sleeping partner,floating bridge(PrP+N)

b.cast iron,scaled orders,Promised Land(PaP+N)

c.cat's eye,sheep's head,priest's hold(Poss.+N)

d.new year,still life,cold cream(A+N)

e.badly behaved,easily canned,completely furnished(Adv+PaP or A)(但 well-known artist,well-designed bridge,ill-managed school要加连字号)

下面的合成词甚至需要写成一个词(除f为合成动词外,其他都是合成名词)。

a.huntsman,statesman,kinsman(N+S+man)

b.plaything,daredevil,standpoint(V+N)

c.sickroom,greenhouse,highway,blackboard,hothead(A+N)

d.offset,downfall,overhang(AP+V)

e.breakup,breakthrough,layout,runabout(V+AP)

f.browbeat,henpeck,daydream(N+V)

在后缀前加连字号是少见的,但在前缀后加连字号却是常有的事,特别是当派生出的词较长时,尤为多见。

a.ante-dawn,anti-feudalism,pseudo-scientist,counter-propaganda,ultra-classical,quasi-legal,co-worker

b.re-cover,re-form,re-turn(这些带re-的词的意思不同于带re的词:recover,reform,return)

c.co-operate,re-entry,pre-exist(包含“co-o”“re-e”“pre-e”的词要加连字号,这是为了防止造成读音上的错误,比较coöperate,reëntry,preëxist)

d.pro-Communist,anti-Fascist,non-Christian,un-American,post-Napoleon,pre-Renaissance,pan-Arabian,Neo-Latin(包含前缀及专有名词的词)

e.fruitless=futile;sewer=drain;prayer=worship

fruit-less=without fruit;sew-er=person who sews;pray-er=person who prays(后缀前若有连字号,则整个词可能有特殊意义)

2.分音节。

一行末尾的一个词如果太长,可以分成两部分,第一部分留在该行末尾,后面加连字号,第二部分放在下一行开头。在哪里把词分开是一个麻烦的问题。下面的规律是作者、打字员及排版人员应当知道的。

单音节词不能分。

good,speak,main,like,frost

双音节词可以分,但只能在一个地方分。

be-cause,sis-ter,pa-per,gar-den

三音节词可以在两个地方分。

do-mes-tic,for-eign-er,col-lec-tion

四音节词可以在三处地方的任何一处分。

dic-tion-a-ry,e-lec-tri-cian,e-le-men-tal

含五(六)个音节的词可在四(五)处地方的任何一处分。

a.用连字号把一个词分开的一般规律是把连字号放在一个辅音字母前面,如果有两个辅音字母在一起,则把连字号放在它们中间。

be-long,lega-cy,ma-sonry,fu-ture,mo-tive,de-fine;fic-tion,direc-tion,lan-guage,em-pire,sen-tence;im-mortal,ab-breviate,sup-port,omit-ted,begin-ning,refer-ring

如果下面的规则与上面总的规律不一致,则遵循下面的规则。

b.把连字号放在特定的后缀前面(注意这条规定有时与上面总的规律不一致)。

hermit-age,propos-al,assail-ant,utter-ance,church-es,social-ism,fatal-ist,Hitler-ite,divi-sion,transla-tion ;deriv-ative,debat-able,impress-ible,gold-en,fin-er,soon-est,poet-ic,fool-ish,rain-y,boast-ed

c.把连字号放在特定的前缀后面。

counter-offensive,dis-enchant,ex-ample,in-active,inter-act,mis-apply,mon-essential,over-act,re-inforce,trans-Atlantic,un-available,under-act

d.把连字号放在包含一个短元音而以一个辅音字母结尾的音节后面。

d év-il,méas-ure,sát-ire,pýr-amid,di vín-ity,hy dróx-ide,hón-ey,hóv-er

e.把连字号放在默读(不发音)的e后面。

fat e-ful,wid e-ness,fals e-hood,arrang e-ment.

f.把连字号放在构成合成词的两个词之间。

show-man,black-board,high-way,house-keeper,fire-side,neck-tie

g.保留一个词原来的连字号,不在其他地方再加连字号。

self-confident,over-cautious,money-proud,knitting-needle,weather-bitten,father-in-law,good-for-nothing

h.把ai,ay,au等元音看作不可分的,不要在它们之间加连字号。

m ai d,h ay,h au l,aw l;m ea l,m ee t,rec ei ve;b oa t,coll oi d,g oo d,ou t,ow l

例外情况:na-ive,Ma-ya,Ha-wai,ide-a;de-odorize,re-enter,co-operate,hero-ic,line-al,Kore-an

i.把ia,ie,io等看作是可以分开的,可在中间加连字号。

ser i-a l,subsid i-a ry;Or i-e ntal,exped i-e nt;rad i-u s;criter i-o n,scorp i-o n;g e-o graphy,Napol e-o n,pit e-o us;N e-a politan;grad u-a l;innoc u-o us

j.如果前面有c,g,s或t等辅音,同时不重读,则ia,ie,io等是不可分开的。

musi cia n,cons cie nce,auda ciou s,reli giou s,re gio n;Per sia n,ho sie ry,divi sio n;mar tia l,quo tie nt,na tio n,crusta cea,herba ceou s;gor geou s,pi geo n(例外情况:pite-ous,courte-ons,dute-ous)

k.把ch,ph,sh,th或ck看作一个辅音,不要将它分开。

ba ch-elor,Mi ch-aelmas;Gry ph-on,Me ph-isto ph-eles;ca sh-ier,u sh-er;me th-od,ma th-ematics;ro ck-et,re ck-on

l.把cl,fl,gl,pl和cr,fr,gr,pr看作是不可分的,不要在中间加连字号。

de-cl are,re-cl aim;in-fl uence,re-fl ect;ea-gl e,a-gl ow;de-pl ore,princi-pl e;mi-cr obe,de-cr ee;in-fr inge,de-fr ay;a-gr ee,emi-gr ant;de-pr ive,A-pr il

但如果它们前面有一个重读的短元音,则也可以分开(参阅d)。

déc-laration,réc-lamation;réf-luent;úg-ly;rép-lica;ac-robat,ag-riculture;dép-rivation

m.在一行的末尾或开头,不要只留一个字母。下面的词中单个字母应留在行末或整个词移行。

a-mount,o-mit,e-merge,pian-o,insomni-a

n.在一页的末尾不要把一个词分开。

o.下面这类词都不宜分。

单音节词:good,hour,strong;weighed,wished,passed(但na-ked,wick-ed,curs-ed;part-ed,fat-ed,not-ed,goad-ed,hood-ed这些是双音节词)

包含的字母少于五个的词:idea,abed,only,army

专有名词:Young Men Christian Association,United States Information Service,UNRRA,Mr.Nigel Johnson,Liberty Street;the Mediterranean Sea

各类数字:December 16,1968;11p.m.;69,745,265 dollars;eleven pounds ten;£5.10;6,743 miles

注意,上述规律不无少数例外,有疑问时可查字典。

3.其他各种用法。

a.数字

—two hundred and sixty-four pounds(在以-ty结尾的十位数和个位数之间应加连字号)

—700-odd pieces

thirty-odd years(注意:thirty years odd)

—two-fifths(=2/5)of a mile

3-1/2 feet(注意:three and a half feets)

—a six-cent tax(注意:a tax of six cents)

a 15-percent profit

a five-year guarantee(或a five years guarantee)

a five-million-dollar project(或a five million dollars project)

five 20-cent stamps

12 five-gallon cans

—a five-month-old child(注意:a child five months old)

a 500-mile-long road

a 16-by-20-in.portrait

—1980-1988(=from 1980 to 1988或1980-8,但不要说from 1980-1988)

between 1980 and 1988(不要说between 1980-1988)

January-May 1975

$4-$7(或4-7 dollars;但不要说$4-7)

14¢-18¢(或14-18 cents;但不要说14-18¢)

Nos.5-7;pp.28-41;chapters 4-8

b.字母

a T-shirt   an X-ray   M-shaped

a T-strap  a G-man  S-curved

an L-bar  a U-turn

c.标题中的合成词

A Week in an Out-of-the-Way Area(除冠词及极短的介词外,所有词的第一个字母均要大写)

Life with My Mother-in-Law

A Hand-to-Mouth Existence

I Am a Stand-In(末尾介词要大写)

d.有字省略的合成词

hand-(=hand-made)and machine-made paper

the mid-and later-18th century

English-or French-speaking people

e.为防止误解加上的连字号

an American-car seller(=a person who sells American cars)不同于an American car-seller(=an American who sells cars)

an old-furniture store不同于an old furniture-store

a dark-room(for developing film)不同于a dark room

my father and mother-in-law不同于

my father-and mother-in-law

f.其他用法

A-I-D-S v-a-m-p-i-r-e(按字母拼读时要加连字号)

no-o-o-o-nsense! wha-a-a-t?(用连字号表示声音拖长)

十四、大写(ABC)

1801 在下面特定情况下的词需大写。注意:所谓某词需大写,是说某词的第一个字母需大写。

1.句子的第一个词

a.一个句子的第一个词需大写。

Nobody knows why.(特指第一个词Nobody中的第一个字母N需大写)

直接引语中的第一个词(的第一个字母)需大写。

I said,“Nobody knows why.”

间接引语中的第一个词不需大写。

I said that nobody knew why.

插入句子中的部分的第一个词不要大写。

Everyone,he does not know why,hates whatever he says.

在动词be后的完整句子的第一个词要大写。

What astonishes me is:Nobody knows why.

The result was:Two out of the twenty students passed.

The rule is:Start where you are and begin with what you have.

b.在一系列问题中的每个问题第一个词均需大写。

What is it?Where does it come from?How can we get it?

如果只在最后一句的句末有问号,则只有第一个问句的第一个词需大写。

What is it,where does it come from,how can we get it?

c.在正式决议中,在where as或resolved和逗号后,that一词通常大写。

Whereas,That the sanitary conditions of this city have long been? neglected....

(Be it)Resolved(or Enacted,Ordered),That an overall plan be made....

2.诗歌每一行的第一个词

Olympian bards who sang

Divine ideas below,

Which always find us young

And always keep us so.

但如诗歌以散文的形式排列,原来每行开头的词不必大写。

Olympian bards who sang divine ideas below,which always find us young and always keep us so.

3.作品的标题

除了标题内的a,the,and,or,to(作为不定式的标记)和四个以下字母的介词之外,标题中所有的词均需大写,甚至标题头尾的a,the等也需大写。

A Billionaire Returned From Abroad(A在标题头)

The Far East Daily(The在标题头)

The Life Pictorial

War and Peace

Man to Rule the Earth and the Moon

The Country I live In(In在标题尾)

不仅在标题中,甚至在专有名词短语中,the,a,and,or,to及短的介词也不大写,这在5—16节的例子中可以看出。

在副(小)标题中,要么所有重要词均大写,如:

A.Emphasis by Position

B.Emphasis by Repetition

C.Emphasis by Construction

D.Emphasis by Figures of Speech

要么只将第一个词大写,如:

A.Emphasis by position

B.Emphasis by repetition

C.Emphasis by construction

D.Emphasis by figures of speech

4.书信开头的称呼语及末尾的套语

称呼语的第一个词及称呼语的末一个词必须大写。

My dear Friend

My dearest Mother

信末套语仅需将第一个词大写。

Sincerely yours

Respectfully yours

Yours truly

5.人名

a.William Shakespeare,John Lin,H.G.Wells,G.B.S.,FDR

b.姓氏中的某些成分(如D',De,Della,Di,Do,L',La,Le,Van,Von)通常也需要大写。

Van Dyck(Vandyke),Le Fevre(Letevre)

c.绰号

Shorty,Carrot,Big Mouth,Babyface,Humpy,Spider,Miss Independence,Longlegs

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书架同步,随时随地,手机阅读
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