（=question word）
in various questions
in exclamatory sentence
in various noun-clauses
＋clause
＋is it＋that-clause?
used after I don't know
double
＋infinitive：changeable from or to “interr．＋clause”
Interrogative-clause（=W-clause）
as subject
Interrogative-infinitive as subject
Intr．v．（=intransitive verb）
Intransitive verb
various forms of
often used as transitive verb
rarely used as transitive verb
converted from transitive verb in general sense
converted from transitive verb with object omitted
converted from transitive verb in passive sense
converted from passive voice of transitive verb
in the form of “transitive verb＋object”
in the form of “int．v．＋prep．＋n．”
incapable of change to passive voice
Intransitive verb of incomplete predication=linking verb
Inverted commas=quotation marks
Inverted sentence
Irregular plural
Irregular verb
It
backward reference of
forward reference of
provisional
indefinite reference of
omission of
Italics
Joining verb=auxiliary verb
Leading noun=head-word
Lexical verb=principal verb
Limiting adjective=determinative adjective
Link．v．（=linking verb）
converted from passive voice of factitive v．
＋adjective＋preposition
incapable of change to passive voice
Loose sentence-group=compound sentence
Main clause
definition of
（=principal clause）
Main verb=principal verb
Masculine（=masculine gender）
definition of
Material noun
definition of
possibly countable
May，might，as auxiliaries
denoting permission
denoting possibility
denoting justification
denoting concession
denoting probability
denoting wish
denoting hope
denoting purpose
denoting supposition or fancy
denoting modesty，mild reproach，regret
substitute for
Might（See may）
Modifier
mis-related
mis-placed=mis-related
dangling=mis-related
of non-finite verb，with diagram
of adjective，with diagram
of adverb，with diagram
of preposition，with diagram
of conjunction，with diagram
Modifier of non-finite verb
used after non-finite verb，with diagram
used before non-finite verb
used after non-finite verb for emphasis
Modifier of adjective
adverbial of degree used before adjective as
adverbial of certainty used before adjective as
adverbial of manner used before adjective as
adverb-phrase used after adjective as
prepositional phrase as
infinitive as
Modifier of adverb
denoting comparative degree
adverbial used before adverb as
prepositional phrase used after adverb as
infinitive used after adverb as
adverb-clause used after adverb as
Morphology（=study of the forms and structure of words）
Must，Had to，as auxiliaries
denoting necessity
denoting external force
denoting certainty
denoting supposition or fancy
substitute for
Narrator
objective（=limited third-person）
omnipresent（=unlimited third-person）
Need，Needed
as principal verb
as auxiliary verb
not used in affirmative statement
in past tense
in future tense
in subjunctive mood
Need not，replaceable by other expression
Need not be，meaning uncertainty
Negative
repeated for emphasis
... and not
... but
＋negative（=negative）
Negative phrase，like not at all
Negative sentence converted to affirmative
Negative statement＋and＋negative predicate
Negative subject＋but＋predicate
Neither
compared with none
... nor
Neutral gender
definition of
represented by certain pronoun
personification of
No
as adjective
used with all classes of noun
＋noun＋and＋no＋noun
compared with not a，not a single，not a word of
＋noun＋whatever（or at all）
where or not anywhere ? nothing or not anything ?
used in “there is no denying，arguing，etc．”
used in “（rain）or no（rain）”
as adverb
or yes ?
＋comparative＋than
＋more（can I）
＋otherwise＋than
used in “whether ... or no”
-thing（= not a bit）
Nominal predicate=subjective complement
Nominative absolute=sense-subject of participle
Nominal sentence=sentence containing linking verb
Nominative case
Nominative of address=vocative
Nominative or objective?
Nominative pronoun
Non-assertive adjective or adverb= any，either，ever，etc．
Non-defining clause=coordinate relative-clause
Non-defining modifier=explanatory modifier
Non-defining relative clause=coordinate rel．cl．
Non-essential clause=coordinate relative-clause
Non-essential modifier=explanatory modifier
Non-finite verb（=verbal）
Non-finite verb
different from finite verb in six respects
similar to finite verb in four respects
various aspects of
as verb-modifier，with diagram
Non-gradable adjective=incomparable adjective
Non-identifying relative clause=coordinate rel．cl．
Non-restrictive clause=coordinate clause
Non-restrictive clause=coordinate rel．cl．
None
as pronoun
used with any class of noun
used in I have none，There are none
used in various cases
＋but
＋of my friends，more emphatic than not a friend of mine
＋of the richest（= very poor）
as adverb
＋the＋comparative＋for（or because）
＋too（or so）（=not very）
（= never）
Not
as adverb
usually preceded by auxiliary
not requiring auxiliary，if used before contrasted words
not requiring auxiliary，if used between two verbs
not requiring auxiliary，if used before not a single，etc．
or n't ?
used in tag question
used in short reply，as not as all，probably not
standing for whole clause，as I hope not，I think not
used in Not I，Not we，Not it
repeating previous negative and followed by adv．mod．
used in “Not that ... but that”
used in emphatic negative phrase，as not for the world
used in litotes，as not a little，not without
used in main clause or in subordinate?
＋a scholar，or no scholar ?
＋little（=very much）
Noun
definition of
5 classes of
countable and uncountable
use and position of
as subject
as object of transitive verb
as direct object and indirect object
as subjective complement
as objective complement
as object of factitive verb
as object of preposition
as adverbial objective
as vocative
as exclamation
as appositive
as adjective
as possessive
as sense-subject of gerund
as sense-subject of participle
as sense-subject of infinitive
vague position of
abnormal position of
case of
replacing personal pronoun
modifiable by at least five forms of word
ending in-ing
denoting action，used like gerund
＋（preposition＋）object
before subj.，as explanatory adj．-mod．
after subj．as explanatory adj．-mod．
after predicate，as explanatory adj．-mod．
Noun-clause，definition of
Noun-equivalent，definition of
Noun-phrase
definition of
as subject
Nounal adverb
“Noun＋infinitive as adjective”，position of
Number
cardinal
ordinal
collective
Number，definite
（See TC：Unit 9．Ⅲ．A．）
Numeral，Arabic
Numeral，Roman
Object，nine forms of
retained
Oblique=objective form of personal pronoun
Objective case
Object clause=clause used as object of transitive verb
Object of factitive verb
Object of preposition，definition of
Object of transitive verb
Omission
with diagram
to avoid repetition
permitted by grammar
permitted by usage
One
as countable noun
（but not ones）（= a person，often with adj．mod．）
（but not ones），standing for person or thing
preceded by adjective，as prop-word
not modified by possessive or some demonstrative
preceded by the and followed by adjectival modifier
＋of the（largest buildings）
as adjective
＋（morning，day，etc．）
＋（Mr．A．）
Optative subjunctive=subjunctive expressing hope
Ordinal number
without comma spelled out
Other
as noun，adjective，adverb
used in somebody or other
used in something or other
used in some day or other
used in somehow or other
used in one or other
used in other than
used in every other（day）
Ought to
as auxiliary
denoting propriety
denoting inference
Parenthetical expression
Parentheses
Parsing
Part of speech（=word-class）
Participial clause=adverb-participle
Participial phrase
Participle phrase（=participial phrase）
Participle（See TC：Unit 12．Ⅲ．C．）
mis-related
dangling=mis-related
used after noun，as restrictive adjective
modifier of
used before subj.，as explanatory adj．-mod．
used after subject，as explanatory adj．-mod．
used after predicate，as explanatory adj．-mod．
Participle as verb-modifier
acting like adverb-clause，used before or after subject
used after predicate
preceded by conjunction
preceded by sense-subject
taking grammatical subject as sense-subject
diagram of
Particularizing conjunction
introducing all details
introducing part of the details
Partitive unit
Passive participle（=past participle）
Passive sentence converted to active
Passive voice
possible with transitive verb
possible with dative verb
possible with factitive verb
impossible with intransitive verb
impossible with linking verb
lists of active and pass．voice of each v．-form
of indicative verb
of subjunctive verb
of infinitive
of participle
of gerund
denoting action or state
when to use?
（=intransitive verb）
（=active voice＋self-pronoun）
another form of：have（or get）＋sb．or sth．＋past part．
in active sense
of adjective，prepositional phrase，and noun
of non-finite verb
in various predicate patterns
and intransitive verb
and linking verb
and transitive verb
and dative verb
and factitive verb
Past continuous tense
forms of
denoting past action going on during given period of time
denoting past action going on between two points of time
denoting one past action going on as other action went on
emphasizing that action had already begun
used only with verbs of action，not of state
denoting future plan
denoting repeated action
expressing emotion
emphasizing importance of action
contrasting actions
equalizing actions
denoting immediate future in the past
denoting passive action
substitutes for
not to be abruptly used
Past future tense
forms of
denoting future time as viewed from certain past time
Past indefinite tense
forms of
denoting past action
denoting past repeated action
replacing present indefinite tense in indirect speech
denoting future action in the past
denoting future plan in the past
asking about some forgotten statement
Past participle
of transitive verb，used before noun
normal
with suffix-en
with prefix un-
having peculiar meaning
having active sense
of factitive verb，used before noun
of intransitive verb，used before noun
preceded by sense-subject
preceded by sense-subject，with being omitted
mis-related but correct，used absolutely
used before noun，as adjective
Past perfect continuous tense
forms of
denoting past action continuing to some past time
expressing extra shade of meaning
replacing present perf．cont．in indirect speech
Past perfect tense
forms of
denoting action ended before some past time
denoting effect on subsequent past action
denoting action happening immediately before another
denoting action happening before and at some past time
denoting unrealized wish
replacing past indef．and thus expressing surprise
displacing past indef．and present perfect in indirect speech
asking about forgotten past-tense statement
replacing future perfect
Perfect-ingressive aspect and adv．of period-of-time
Perfect-terminative aspect and adv．of period-of-time
Period
Person
Personal pronoun
person and number of
classification of
simple
possessive
one's own
absolute possessive
in nominative or objective case?
reflexive（self-pronoun）
replaced by noun or other special pronoun
used in extra position
Phonetics（=study of the sounds of speech）
Phrase
definition of
denoting indefinite quantity or number
to be used instead of clause
beginning with preposition
ending in preposition
ending in preposition，as transitive phrase
Phrase-preposition=preposition-phrase
Phrase-verb=verbal phrase
Pluperfect=past perfect
Plural
regular
pronunciation of
irregular
foreign
foreign，also taking English ending
of word，letter，figure，abbreviation
of proper noun
of personal title
of compound-noun
of classifying possessive
various meanings of
generalizing
individualizing
particularizing
Positive adjective
also used to denote similar，higher，highest degree
denoting equality in “as＋positive＋as”
Possessive（=possessive case）
Possessive
as adjective
singular，how to mark with apostrophe
plural，how to mark with apostrophe
group，how to mark with apostrophe
denoting person
denoting animal
denoting personified and dignified place and thing
denoting time，distance，value，weight
denoting house，institution
denoting vessel
used in idiom
meaning of its head-word
specifying
specifying，replaceable by of-phrase
specifying，used after adjective
classifying
classifying，used after adjective
classifying，replaceable by adjective
understood as both specifying and classifying
position of
placed before head-word
with head-word omitted
with head-word denoting house
after “head-word＋of”
after linking verb
dropping apostrophe
different in sense from common case
in complex proper name of place
denoting point of time
denoting period of time
inferior to of-phrase
preferable to of-phrase
replaceable by prepositional phrase
