Possessive case
Postmodifier=modifier used after noun
PP1=present tense
PP2=past tense
PP3=past participle
PP4=present participle
PP5=infinitive
Predicate
5 classes of
Predicate appositive=explanatory adjectival-modifier
Predicate clause=clause used as complement
Predicate pattern
exemplified by 47 typical sentences（See TC：Unit 18．Ⅱ）
forty-seven
accepting only particular group of verbs
practically meaning sentence pattern
not affected by modifier and independent expression
exceptions not fitting into
use of
formula for
with formula and diagram（See TC：Unit 18．Ⅱ）
passive voice in
in coordinate or subordinate clause
with non-finite verb
Predicative adjective=adjective as complement
Predicative adjunct to object=objective complement
Predicative infinitive=infinitive used as complement
Predicative noun=noun used as complement
Predicative verb=finite verb
Premodifier=modifier used before noun
Preparatory object= it
Preparatory subject= it
Prepositions，if similar，take similar roots
Prepositions，if different，take different roots
Preposition
definition of
general survey of
three forms of
simple
participial
noun as object of
pronoun as object of
gerund as object of
infinitive as object of
“interrogative＋infinitive”，as object of
adverb of time or place，as object of
adjective as object of
prep．phrase of time or place，as object of
that-clause as object of
interrogative-clause as object of
“（pro）noun＋adj．or adj．-equivalent”as object of
different from adverb
when to be used after its object?
related word of
object of
affinity of
phrase beginning with and ending in
phrase beginning with
phrase ending in
having affinity for verb
having affinity for adjective
having affinity for noun
omitted after verb or not makes no difference
omitted after verb or not makes difference
same root takes same preposition
same root takes different prepositions
omission of
modified by adverb
modified by adverbial objective
“Preposition＋gerund”
used after noun，as adj．
used as verb-modifier denoting time，cause，etc．
Preposition-idiom
“Preposition＋infinitive”，used after noun，as adj．
“Preposition＋interr．＋cl．”，used after noun，as adj．
“Preposition＋interr．＋inf．”，used after noun，as adj．
“Preposition＋noun”，used after noun，as adjective
Preposition-phrase
definition of
being one of three forms of preposition
function and structure of
adverbial and complementary use of
adjectival use of
taking only a few patterns of object
having affinity for linking verb only
placed before or after object
Prepositional adjunct=prepositional phrase
Prepositional clause=preposition plus noun-clause
Prepositional object=prepositional phrase
Prepositional phrase
definition of
resembling participle
as adjective-phrase or adverb-phrase
as subject
used before subject，as explanatory adj．-modifier
used after subject，as explanatory adj．-modifier
used after predicate，as explanatory adj．-modifier
Present continuous tense
forms of
denoting action happening right now
with verb denoting instantaneous action
replaced by present indefinite tense
denoting action happening not long before and after
denoting future plan
denoting habitual action
expressing some emotion
emphasizing importance of the action
contrasting actions
equalizing actions
denoting passive action
used as adjective
substitute for
Present indefinite tense
forms of
denoting general qualities of things or men
used with adverb of frequency
denoting future plan
denoting future action
denoting command，request
denoting present action
expressing vividly past or future action
explaining meaning of picture，comics，etc．
describing action of character in a play
replacing present perfect tense
denoting past action or statement of author
after the word here or there
in title or heading
in synopsis of play or story，or commentary on it
Present participle
of intr，v.，used before n．
of trans．v.，used．before n.，with sense-subj．
preceded by sense-subject
misrelated but correct，used absolutely
Present perfect tense
forms of
denoting present result of completed past action
denoting present result of completed past action
serving as link between past and present
compared with present continuous
expressing rate of occurrence since some past time
denoting end of action before present time ends
denoting action lasting since some time past
denoting past event
displacing future perfect tense
denoting a customary action before another
Present perfect continuous
forms of
denoting action continuing from past to present
denoting present result of past completed action
denoting some peculiar shade of meaning
displaced by present perfect tense
Present progressive tense=pres．continuous tense
Preterit=past tense
Principal parts of verb
Principal clause（=main clause）
Principal verb
followed by“（interrogative）＋subj．＋aux．”
omission of
Progressive tense=continuous tense
Pronoun
used to avoid repetition of noun
kind of
personal（See “Personal pronoun”）
emphasizing
as subject
Proper noun
definition of
Provisional subject=preparatory “it”
Punctuation before coordinate conjunction
Punctuation mark
used in letter
Qualitative adjective=descriptive adjective
Quantitatives
indefinite
definite
Question
（=interrogative sentence）
emphatic
impatient
rhetorical
demanding exact answer
demanding “your” own opinion
double
asking about part of another's statement
asking for further information
converted to statement
Question tag
Question mark
quotation marks
Reciprocal pronoun（= each other or one another）
Reflexive object=reflexive pronoun
replaced by simple pron.，if used after prep．of place
（= self-pronoun used reflexively）
Reflexive pronoun
Relative（=relative pronoun，adverb or adjective）
Relative adjective
Relative adverb
archaic
Relative clause
definition of
several kinds of
coordinate or restrictive
a series of
restrictive use of
used after subject，as explanatory adj．
used after predicate，as explanatory adj．
Relative pronoun
definition of
various antecedents before
expression between antecedent and rel．pron．
as subject
as object of transitive verb
as object of dative verb
as object of factitive verb
as object of “transitive verb＋adverb of place”
as object of transitive verb in adverb clause
as object of preposition
between preposition and infinitive
as object of transitive gerund
as object of transitive participle
as object of transitive infinitive
as subjective or objective complement
appended construction used after rel．pron．
Reported speech=indirect speech
Restrictive adjective
Restrictive clause
Retained object
Root
meaning and use of
list of（See TC：Unit 27．Ⅲ）
Self-pronoun
intensive use of
Semantics（=study of meanings of words）
Semicolon
Sense-subject of gerund
Sense-subject of infinitive
Sense-subject of participle
Sentence
declarative
interrogative
imperative
exclamatory
two main parts of
compound
complex
inverted
denoting command，request，advice
made simple
conversion and synthesis of，with diagram
conversion between simple sentence and simple
conversion between simple and compound
conversion between simple and complex
conversion between direct speech and indirect
synthesis of simple
Sentence-adverb=sentence-modifier
Sentence connector=coordinate conjunction
Sentence-element
five classes of
basic
subordinate
independent（or absolute）
elliptical
connective
Sentence form=sentence pattern
Sentence modifier
Sentence pattern
and predicate pattern
not affected by modifier
not affected by independent expression
formula for
Sequence of tenses
in separate sentences
in compound sentences
with past tense in main clause
with present or future tense in main clause
with verbs like “said”，“thought”，etc．in main clause
with conj．of comparison before dependent clause
Set phrase=idiom
Shall
used in God's command
used in solemn prediction
used in legislation
used in rhetorical question
used in elegant style
Should
denoting duty or advice
denoting conjecture
expressing some emotion
used in emotional question
denoting order or request
denoting purpose
Simple aspect
Simple future=future indefinite tense
Simple present=present indefinite tense
Simple sentences，synthesis of
Simple sentence
definition of
converted to simple
converted to compound
converted to complex
Simple past=past indefinite tense
Singular（=singular number）
various meanings of
Singular verb or plural verb?
Some
as adjective
used with any class of noun，having several meanings
when to use and when not
＋... some（or others）
meaning “great”，“remarkable”，etc．
used in something（or somewhat）of（a professor）
＋time，compared with sometime，sometimes
used in or something，and somebody
used in Mr．something，John something．
as pronoun，considered adjective with noun omitted
-thing（= somewhat），as adverb
Split infinitive
Square brackets
Statement
converted to question
=declarative sentence
Stative verb=verb of state
Stem=verb not yet inflected
Strong plural=irregular plural
Strong verb=irregular verb
sub-clause=subordinate clause
Subject
noun as
noun-phrase as
pronoun as
“the＋adjective（or participle）” as
infinitive as
gerund as
that-clause
W-infinitive as
term and quotation as
prepositional phrase，etc.，as
omitted word as
diagram of
Subject clause=clause used as subject
Subject case=nominative case
Subjunct=modifier of modifier
Subject tag（e．g．She is shy，that girl）
Subjunctive future
Subjunctive mood
important point to notice about
in adverb-clause of concession
in adverb-clause of apprehension
in adverb-clause of time
Subjunctive past
Subjunctive future perfect
Subjunctive past perfect
Subjunctive present perfect
Subordinate clause
definition of
Subordinate conjunction
definition of
introducing adjective-clause
introducing adverb-clause
introducing noun-clause
Subordinating conjunction=subordinate conjunction
Substantive=noun or noun-equivalent
Such
as adjective
used with any class of noun
different from this
preceded by other demonstrative or numeral
used in exclamatory sentence
＋noun＋as
... that，denoting cause and effect
used in（people）such as（John），etc．
＋noun＋as＋infinitive
or such and such
as pronoun
as complement
considered adjective with its head-word omitted
＋as-clause
＋as-infinitive
＋that-clause as adverb-clause of degree
used in such as it（or he）is
used in as such
Superiority，expressed in seven ways
Superlative adjective
definition of
of inferiority
with range of comparison
position of
modified by adverb
expressing positive degree
formed from monosyllabic adjective
formed from dissyllabic adjective
formed from adjective of 3 or more syllables
formed from participle
in-est，sometimes used for effect
formed from irregular adjective
formed from compound adjective
formed from adverb
preceded by the
denoting “high degree”
used in self-comparison
Superlatives
a series of superlatives，modifying same noun
Superlative adverb
incomparable
formation of
with range of comparison
used relatively
Superlative of eminence=absolute superlative
Supremacy，expressed in various ways
Syntax（=study of arrangement of words in phrase and sentence）
Tag question
Take，denoting ingressive aspect
Temporal clause=clause of time
Tense
definition of
other term for
Tense of verb and adverbial of time
Term or quotation as subject
Terminative aspect
meaning of
denoted by some linking verb
denoted by finish or its synonym
denoted by up，down，out or through
denoted by till，to or into
expressing result
denoting result，compared with terminate
than-clause omitted
That
as pronoun
denoting something far away，in space，time，quality to speaker
standing for preceding sentence or phrase
more used than this in some constructions
（= something or somebody）in literary English
（= the one）＋of-phrase or other adj．modifier
standing for predicate，as That he can，That she has
used as complement，as He looks that
as restrictive relative
used instead of who，whom，which
replaced by who or which
as relative adverb
That-clause
That or This
as pronoun
replaced by it，when used second time
rarely denoting person
denoting something concrete or abstract
as adjective
preceding other adjectives modifying same noun
＋very＋noun，more emphatic than “this（or that）＋n．”
denoting carelessness in “this ... and that ...”
used in half this money，twice that length
expressing emotion in Forget that matter，Who's this Mary ?
denoting so much extent in this much，that much
as adverb
（=so）＋adjective or adverb
The（=definite article），see “Definite article”
The other
as pronoun
used in “the one ... the other”
used in “one ... the other”
The others
as pronoun
used in “one ... the others”
used in “the one ... the others”
used in “some ... the others”
The same
as adjective
denoting oneness or similarity
used in much the same，just the same
