1．有个著名的寓言用在这里刚刚好。
Nanamoli. 1995. Majjhima Nikaya: Culamalunkya Sutta. Boston: Wisdom Publications, p. 534.
2．正如帕菲特所说：“我希望在火星上那个人是我，这种独特的亲密感来自未来不会再有一个人是我……但那些我害怕失去的东西，其实总是在失去……日常的生存与被摧毁后再复制，差不多一样糟糕。”
D. Parfit. 1984. Reasons and Persons. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 279–80.
3．我却非常确定，那不是。
D. Hume. Treatise of Human Nature, Book 1, Section 6.
4．思考令人感恩的事会增强一个人的幸福感、动力和对未来的积极期望。
R. A. Emmons and M. E. McCullough. 2003. “Counting Blessings Versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (2 ): 377–89.
5．仿佛那只橡胶手有触觉一般。
M. Botvinick and J. Cohen. 1998. “Rubber Hands ‘FeeF Touch That Eyes See.” Nature 391(6669): 756.
6．令人吃惊的是，借助于头盔显示器，这种错觉可以遍及全身，产生出一种“身体调换”的体验。
V. I. Petkova and H. H. Ehrsson. 2008. “If I Were You: Perceptual Illusion of Body Swapping.” PLoS ONE 3 (12): e3832.
7．它们在头脑中所处的层级也不同。
相关论证见A. Morin. 2002 . “Right Hemispheric Self-Awareness: A Critical Assessment.” Conscious Cogn 11(3): 396–401。
8．有些神经受损的患者无法再在镜子中认出自己，却能够在照片中找出自己。
N. Breen, D. Caine, and M. Coltheart. 2001. “Mirrored-Self Misidentification: Two Cases of Focal Onset Dementia.” Neurocase 7(3): 239–54.
9．这一能力有很多种称呼：“心智理论”“心智化”“心智直观”“读心术”“意向立场”等。
D. Premack and G. Woodruff. 1978. “Chimpanzee Problem Solving: A Test for Comprehension.” Science 202(4367): 532–35; C. D. Frith and U. Frith. 2006. “The Neural Basis of Mentalizing.” Neuron 50(4): 531–34; U. Frith, J. Morton, and A. M. Leslie. 1991. “The Cognitive Basis of a Biological Disorder: Autism.” Trends Neurosci 14(10): 433–38; S. Baron-Cohen. 1995. Mind blindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; K. Vogeley et al. 2001. “Mind Reading: Neural Mechanisms of Theory of Mind and Self-Perspective.” Neuroimage 14(1), Pt. 1; D. C. Dennett. 1987. The Intentional Stance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10．许多科学家和哲学家认为，这两者肯定有着很深的关联。
J. Delacour. 1995. “An Introduction to the Biology of Consciousness.” Neuropsychologia 33(9): 1061–74; E. Goldberg. 2001. The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press; F. Happe. 2003. “Theory of Mind and the Self.” Ann N Y Acad Sci 1001: 134–44; M. Iacoboni. 2008. Mirroring People: The New Science of How We Connect with Others. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux; M. Merleau-Ponty. 1964. The Primacy of Perception, and Other Essays on Phenomenological Psychology, the Philosophy of Art, History, and Politics. Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press; V. S. Ramachandran. “The Neurology of Self-Awareness.” Undated. Edge.org; J.-P. Sartre. [1956] 1994. Being and Nothingness, trans. H. E. Barnes. New York: Gramercy Books.
11．这个抢劫犯会这样做？
以下研究中都使用了这种方式：K. Vogeley et al. 1995. “Mind Reading: Neural Mechanisms of Theory of Mind and Self-Perspective” and P. C. Fletcher et al. 1995. “Other Minds in the Brain: A Functional Imaging Study of ‘Theory of Mind5 in Story Comprehension.” Cognition 5 7 (2); R. Saxe and N. Kanwisher. 2003. “People Thinking about Thinking People: The Role of the Temporoparietal Junction in ‘Theory of Mind.5 ” Neuroimage 19(4)。
12．法国哲学家让-保罗·萨特认为，我们与他人的相遇是形塑自我的主要环境。
Sartre, Being and Nothingness.
13．而这种误用或许并非偶然。”
Ramachandran, “The Neurology of Self-Awareness.”
14．针对人类大脑的神经成像实验也得到了类似的结果。
J. T. Kaplan and M. Iacoboni. 2006. “Getting a Grip on Other Minds: Mirror Neurons, Intention Understanding, and Cognitive Empathy.” Soc Neurosci 1 (3–4): 175–83; I. Molnar-Szakacs, J. Kaplan, P. M. Greenfield, and M. Iacoboni. 2006. “Observing Complex Action Sequences: The Role of the Fronto-Parietal Mirror Neuron System.” Neuroimage 33(3): 923–35.
15．一些科学家认为，镜像神经元为人类在婴幼儿时期发展出模仿、社交能力以及此后理解他人心智的能力提供了生理基础。
Iacoboni, Mirroring People, pp. 132–45; M. Iacoboni and M. Dapretto. 2006. “The Mirror Neuron System and the Consequences of Its Dysfunction.” Nat Rev Neurosci 7 (12): 942–51.
16．所以很有可能，症状越严重的孤独症儿童，其镜像神经元的活动越少。
M. Dapretto, M. S. Davies, J. H. Pfeifer, A. A. Scott, M. Sigman, S. Y. Bookheimer, and M. Iacoboni. 2006. “Understanding Emotions in Others: Mirror Neuron Dysfunction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.” Nat Neurosci 9(1): 28–30.
17．相反，一项纵向研究显示，在8周的专念训练中，参与者的同理心有了显著提高，而他们大脑中包含镜像神经元的区域的活跃度也显著增强。
J. S. Mascaro et al. 2012 . “Compassion Meditation Enhances Empathic Accuracy and Related Neural Activity.” In Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
