1．一项研究发现，当被试被问到他们是否在走神的时候，有46.9%的被试表示自己完全迷失在思绪里。
M. A. Killingsworth and D. T. Gilbert. 2010. “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind.” Science 330: 932.
2．在神经成像实验里，当人们集中注意力完成一项任务的时候，默认模式网络的活动就会降低。
M. E. Raichle et al. 2001. “A Default Mode of Brain Function.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(2): 676– 82 .
3．默认模式网络也和“自我呈现”的能力有关。
A. D'Argembeau et al. 2008. “Self-Reflection across Time: Cortical Midline Structures Differentiate between Present and Past Selves.” Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 3(3): 244–52; D. A. Gusnard et al. 2001. “Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Self-Referential Mental Activity: Relation to a Default Mode of Brain Function.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(7): 4259–64; J. P. Mitchell, C. N. Macrae, and M. R. Banaji. 2006. “Dissociable Medial Prefrontal Contributions to Judgments of Similar and Dissimilar Others.” Neuron 50(4): 655–63; J. M. Moran et al. 2006. “Neuroanatomical Evidence for Distinct Cognitive and Affective Components of Self.” J Cogn Neurosci 18(9): 1586–94; G. Northoff et al. 2006. “Self-Referential Processing in Our Brain: A Meta-Analysis of Imaging Studies on the Self.” Neuroimage 31(1): 440–57; F. Schneider et al. 2008. “The Resting Brain and Our Self: Self-Relatedness Modulates Resting State Neural Activity in Cortical Midline Structures.” Neuroscience 157(1): 120–31.
4．研究者认为这是因为这些被试的“自我”中蕴含着集体主义观念。
K. Vogeley et al. 2004. “Neural Correlates of First-Person Perspective as One Constituent of Human Self-Consciousness.” J Cogn Neurosci 16(5): 817–27. “Neural Basis of Cultural Influence on Self-Representation.” Neuroimage 34(3): 1310–16.
5．这些实验结果相互印证，或许可以用于解释“工作到废寝忘食”的体验。
Y. I. Sheline et al. 2009. “The Default Mode Network and Self-Referential Processes in Depression.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(6): 1942–47.
6．专念训练同样也会减少默认模式网络的活动，这个效果在富有经验的训练者中最为明显，而且不仅限于训练时。
J. A. Brewer et al. 2011. “Meditation Experience Is Associated with Differences in Default Mode Network Activity and Connectivity.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(50): 20254–59; Véronique A. Taylor et al. 2011. “Impact of Mindfulness on the Neural Responses to Emotional Pictures in Experienced and Beginner Meditators.” Neuroimage 57: 1524–33.
7．在年龄更大的专念训练者中，这些变化会更加显著，这说明专念训练可以预防因衰老而产生的灰质体积减小。
E. Luders et al. 2012. “The Unique Brain Anatomy of Meditation Practitioners: Alterations in Cortical Gyrification.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6:34; P. Vestergaard-Poulsen et al. 2009. “Long-Term Meditation Is Associated with Increased Gray Matter Density in the Brain Stem.” Neuroreport 20: 170–74; S. W. Lazar et al. 2005. “Meditation Experience Is Associated with Increased Cortical Thickness.” Neuroreport 16: 1893–97; Eileen Luders et al. 2012. “Global and Regional Alterations of Hippocampal Anatomy in Long-Term Meditation Practitioners.” Human Brain Mapping 34(12): 3369–75.
8．在预期到某种痛苦时，他们头脑中与焦虑相关的区域也没有那么活跃，而当痛苦的刺激发生后，他们也会更快地适应它。
A. Lutz et al. 2012. “Altered Anterior Insula Activation During Anticipation and Experience of Painful Stimuli in Expert Meditators.” Neuroimage 64: 538–46.
9．其他研究也发现，专念有助于减少负面刺激的强度和不愉快的感觉。
F. Zeidan et al. 2011. “Brain Mechanisms Supporting the Modulation of Pain by Mindfulness Meditation.” Pain 31: 5540–48.
10．一项研究发现，8周的专念训练使被试右侧杏仁核的体积减小，而这一变化又与被试主观体验到的压力降低有关。
R. J. Davidson and B. S McEwen. 2012 . “Social Influences on Neuroplasticity: Stress and Interventions to Promote Well-Being.” Nature Neuroscience 15(5): 689–95.
11．连续5周每天仅仅练习5分钟专念训练，就可以增强前额叶皮层的左侧基底活动，这类区域的活动与积极情绪有关。
C. A. Moyer et al. 2011. “Frontal Electroencephalographic Asymmetry Associated With Positive Emotion Is Produced by Very Brief Meditation Training.” Psychological Science 22(10): 1277–79.
12．增强主观幸福感
S.-L. Keng, M. J. Smoski, and C. J. Robins. 2011. “Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies.” Clinical Psychology Review 31: 1041–56; B. K. Holzel et al. 2011. “How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action from a Conceptual and Neural Perspective.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6 : 537–59.
13．判断他人情绪的能力
J. S. Mascaro et al. 2012. “Compassion Meditation Enhances Empathic Accuracy and Related Neural Activity.” In Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 8 (1): 48–55.
14．面临苦难时的积极情感
O. M. Klimecki et al. 1991. “Functional Neural Plasticity and Associated Changes in Positive Affect after Compassion Training.” Cerebral Cortex 23(7): 1552–61.
15．小我，一旦被寻找，就自动消失不见了。
R. Maharshi. 1984. Talks with Sri Ramana Maharshi. Tiruvanamallai: Sri Ramanashramam, p. 314.
16．正是此地、此时。
D. Godman, ed. 1985. Be as You Are: The Teachings of Sri Ramana Maharshi. New York: Arkana, p. 55.
17．聪明的马赫想到从第一人称视角来画自己：“我躺在沙发上。如果我闭上右眼，那么所有的图像就会呈现在我的左眼中。我眉毛的凸起处以及我的鼻子和胡子构成了画框，这个画框里出现了我的一部分身体以及视域内的环境。”
E. Mach. 1914. The Analysis of Sensations and the Relation of the Physical to the Psychical. Chicago: Open Court, p. 19.
18．“彼处”的“此处”。
D. R. Hofstadter and D. C. Dennett. 1981. The Mind's I: Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul. New York: Basic Books, pp. 23–33.
19．在表达了他对疯狂老哈丁的遗憾后，侯世达继续阐释，哈丁的洞察是从唯我论的角度否认死亡。
Ibid., p. 30.
