record /rɪ＇kɔːd/ 记录，录音 /＇rekɔːd/ 记录，唱片
refill /rɪ＇fɪl/ 加（油） /＇riːfɪl/ 笔芯
refuse /rɪ＇fjuːz/ 拒绝 /＇refjuːs/ 垃圾
reject /rɪ＇dʒekt/ 拒不接受 /＇riːdʒekt/ 不合格产品
survey /sə＇veɪ/ 勘察，考察 /＇sɜːveɪ/ 勘察，考察
suspect /sə＇spekt/ 怀疑，疑心 /＇s spekt/ 嫌疑犯
torment /tɔː＇ment/ 折磨 /＇tɔːment,-mənt/ 折磨
transfer /træns＇fɜː/ 转（学），调往 /＇trænsfɜː/ 转学，调动
transport /træn＇spɔːt/ 运送 /＇trænspɔːt/ 运输
也有个别词作形容词时重音在前，作动词时重音在后：
作形容词（重音在前） 作动词（重音在后）
* * *
absent/＇æbsənt/ 缺席，不在 /æb＇sent/ 缺席
abstract/＇æbstrækt/ 抽象的 /æb＇strækt/ 提取
perfect/＇pɜːfekt/ 完美的 /pɜː＇fect/ 使完善
个别双音节词作两种词类时重音不变，如：
comment/＇kɒment/ contact/＇kɒntækt/ debate/dɪ＇beɪt/
2) 另外有些词转换词类时，词尾读音有变化，有时拼法也有变化：
作名词 作动词
* * *
abuse/ə＇bjuːs/ 辱骂 abuse/ə＇bjuːz/ 辱骂
advice/əd＇vaɪs/ 劝告 advise/əd＇vaɪz/ 劝
belief /bɪ＇liːf/ 信仰 believe/bɪ＇liːv/ 相信
excuse/ɪk＇skjuːs/ 借口 excuse/ɪk＇skjuːz/ 原谅
grief/griːf/ 悲痛 sgrieve/griːv/ 感到悲痛
half/hɑːf/ 一半 halve/hɑːv/ 分为两半
house/haʊs/ 房子 house/haʊz/ 提供住所
mouth/maʊθ/ 嘴 mouth/maʊð/ 装腔作势地说
relief/rɪ＇liːf/ 宽慰减轻 relieve/rɪ＇liːv/ 减轻（疼痛）
shelf/ʃelf/ 架子 shelve/ʃelv/搁置
thief/θiːf/ 小偷 thieve/θiːv/ 偷窃
use/juːs/ 用处 use/juːz/ 用
个别词拼法有差异而读音都不变，如：
practice 练习（名） practise 练习（动）
在美国作动词或名词都用practice这个形式。
3) 有少数词在转变成另一词类时，元音也发生变化，有的音不变但拼法变了：
名 词 动 词
* * *
* * *
blood/bl d/ 血 bleed/bliːd/ 流血
food/fuːd/ 食物 feed/fiːd/ 喂食
gold/gəʊld/ 黄金 gild/gɪld/ 镀金
proof/pruːf/ 证据 prove/pruːv/ 证明
speech/spiːtʃ/ 讲话，发言 speak/spiːk/ 说话
tale/teɪl/ 故事 tell/tel/ 告诉
还有个别词可兼作形容词和动词，词形不变但读音不同：
名 词 动 词
* * *
* * *
close/kləʊs/ 近 close/kləʊz/ 关上
live/laɪv/ 活的 live/lɪv/ 生活
separate/ˈseprɪt/ 不同的 separate/ˈsepəreɪt/ 分开
2.3 派 生
2.3.1 构成名词的后缀
1) 构成名词的后缀很多，常见的有下面这些：
后 缀 例 词
* * *
-ability stability availability advisability capability
-age shortage marriage leakage drainage
-al denial betrayal dismissal withdrawal
-an American Russian Asian African
-ance attendance guidance performance assistance
-ant applicant consultant immigrant participant
-ary dictionary missionary boundary commentary
-ate doctorate consulate electorate directorate
-ation examination education decoration temptation
-cy accuracy efficiency privacy bureaucracy
-dom freedom kingdom wisdom boredom
-ee employee absentee refugee trustee
-eer engineer mountaineer auctioneer profiteer
-ence difference existence preference diligence
-er driver writer reporter dancer
-ery bribery embroidery mockery machinery
-ese Chinese Japanese Portuguese Vietnamese
-ess actress princess goddess hostess
-ful handful spoonful bagful busful
-hood childhood neighborhood motherhood knighthood
-ian magician musician historian mathematician
-ibility possibility visibility responsibility flexibility
-ing feeling shopping reading sightseeing
-ion action decision collection creation
-ism Marxism socialism pessimism heroism
-ist capitalist communist racist novelist
-ity prosperity equality formality majority
-let piglet booklet starlet bracelet
-man fireman policeman chairman Englishman
-ment arrangement government development assignment
-ness happiness sadness weakness bitterness
-or actor sailor director visitor
-ry jewelry slavery bribery bravery
-ship friendship leadership ownership sportsmanship
-ty loyalty safety cruelty penalty
-ure failure departure pleasure pressure
-ware software glassware silverware hardware
-work housework schoolwork needlework paperwork
-y modesty difficulty discovery inquiry
2) 还有一些次要的构成名词的后缀：
后 缀 例 词
* * *
-aholic, oholic bookaholic workaholic chocoholic
-archy anarchy monarchy hierarchy
-arian librarian vegetarian humanitarian
-cide suicide homicide genocide
-craft aircraft hovercraft spacecraft
-ette cigarette usherette kitchenette
-folk menfolk countryfolk townsfolk
-gram diagram telegram kilogram
-graph autograph paragraph photograph
-hand farmhand factory-hand garage-hand
-head spearhead bridgehead letterhead
-ial denial burial memorial
-itis arthritis hepatitis appendicitis
-logue dialogue monologue catalogue
-mania egomania kleptomania megalomania
-mate schoolmate roommate playmate
-meter barometer speedometer thermometer
-metre centimetre kilometre millimetre
-monger fishmonger warmonger rumourmonger
-ocracy autocracy democracy bureaucracy
-ocrat aristocrat bureaucrat democrat
-ology biology psychology ecology
-phone earphone saxophone telephone
-scape landscape moonscape riverscape
2.3.2 构成形容词的后缀
1) 构成形容词的后缀也很多，常见的有下面这些：
后 缀 例 词
* * *
-able valuable lovable miserable comfortable
-al cultural national logical original
-an American Cuban African Korean
-ant important pleasant ignorant tolerant
-ary momentary imaginary honorary legendary
-ate fortunate affectionate passionate collegiate
-ed excited amazed bearded indebted
-en woolen golden wooden earthen
-ent different dependent existent consistent
-ese Chinese Japanese Burmese Portuguese
-ful beautiful hopeful cheerful useful
-ian Canadian Belgian Jordanian Palestinian
-ible permissible contemptible negligible collapsible
-ic realistic poetic historic economic
-ical classical geographical theatrical economical
-ing amusing convincing misleading neighboring
-ish Irish childish selfish foolish
-ive active effective attractive expensive
-less endless homeless useless harmless
-like childlike warlike dreamlike lifelike
-ly friendly orderly costly leisurely
-ous courageous furious nervous dangerous
-some troublesome lonesome tiresome quarrelsome
-wide worldwide nationwide area-wide company-wide
-worthy trustworthy praiseworthy noteworthy respect-worthy
-y rainy windy dirty muddy
2) 还有一些次要的构成形容词的后缀：
后 缀 例 词
* * *
-based market-based class-based home-based
-bound duty-bound westbound London-bound
-conscious self-conscious class-conscious safety-conscious
-fold twofold eight-fold tenfold
-free carefree tax-free pollution-free
-headed hot-headed clear-headed muddle-headed
-made hand-made man-made US-made
-minded open-minded absent-minded liberal-minded
-most innermost topmost foremost
-ological biological ecological ideological
-poor nutrient-poor oxygen-poor resource-poor
-proof waterproof soundproof bullet-proof
-related job-related drug-related race-related
-rich carbon-rich fibre-rich protein-rich
-side bedside fireside riverside
-sized apple-sized fist-sized postcard-sized
-stricken panic-stricken horror-stricken poverty-stricken
-ular muscular triangular molecular
2.3.3 一些构成其他词类的后缀
1)构成副词的后缀：
后 缀 例 词
* * *
-ly clearly finally gradually suddenly
-down headdown belly-down face-down palm-down
-first head-first nose-first feet-first heel-first
-ward(s) homeward onward(s) westward(s) backward(s)
-wise likewise clockwise length-wise anticlockwise
2) 构成动词的后缀：
后 缀 例 词
* * *
-ate activate originate motivate hyphenate
-en widen sharpen brighten sweeten
-ify simplify purify notify justify
-ize apologize emphasize criticize modernize
3) 构成数词的后缀：
后 缀 例 词
* * *
-teen thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen
-ty twenty thirty forty fifty
-th fifth twelfth eighth thirtieth
2.3.4 一些较为常见的前缀
1) 可用来改变词类的前缀：
a- 加在名词前构成形容词或副词：
asleep aboard aside ashore ablaze
be- 加在名词或形容词前构成动词：
befriend bewitch behead belittle bedim
em- 加在名词等前构成动词：
embark embed embody empower embitter
en- 加在名词前构成动词：
endanger encourage enrage enforce enslave
en- 加在形容词前构成动词：
enrich enlarge ennoble endear enable
out- 加在名词或形容词前构成动词：
outflank outnumber outpace outwit outsmart
2)有些前缀可用来构成反义词：
de- de-emphasize decentralize demilitarize demobilize
（非…） decolonize depoliticize dehydrate declassify
dis- dislike disbelieve distrust disagree
（构成动词） disapprove disobey displease disappear
dis- disbelief discontent disorder dishonour
（构成名词） discomfort disobedience disrespect disadvantage
dis- disloyal dishonest disinterested disorderly
（构成形容词） discourteous disreputable dissimilar disproportionate
il- illegal illogical illiterate illegitimate
im- impatient impolite impossible immature
in- incapable informal inadequate independent
inability injustice inadequacy insecurity
ir- irresolute irresponsible irresistible irregular
mal- malnutrition maladjusted maltreatment maladministration
non- non-essential non-economic non-profit non-resident
non-smoker non-specialist non-violent non-competitive
un- unable uncertain untidy unsafe
（构成形容词） unconscious unfortunate unlucky uncomfortable
un- uncertainty untidiness unhappiness unwillingness
（构成名词） unacceptability unfairness unpleasantness unbelievability
un- unwillingly unconsciously unfairly unfortunately
（构成副词） uncertainly unluckily unofficially untidily
un- undress unbutton untie unlock
（构成动词） unpack uncover undo unwrap
un- unexpected unfinished unprepared unprecedented
（构成分词） unchanging unhesitating uninviting untrusting
3) 一些表示特定意思的前缀
大部分前缀都表示特定意思，较常见的有：
前 缀 意 思 例 词
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
all- 纯，全是 all-wool all-steel
all-female all-new
各个 all-age all-season
all-purpose all-weather
anti- 反，抗 anti-fascist anti-racist
anti-war anti-abortion
anti-aircraft anti-cancer
anti-pollution anti-inflation
antibiotic antibody
antidote antiseptic
arch- 大的 archduke archangel
archbishop archdeacon
头号的 arch-enemy arch-rival
arch-villain arch-traitor
auto- 自动的 automatic auto-timer
auto-record auto-reverse
自己的 autobiography autograph
autonomous autonomy
汽车的 automobile auto-industry
auto work auto sport
bi- 双，二 bilingual bilateral
bigamy bifocals
bio- 生物的 biochemical biological
biologist biotechnology
centi- 百分之一的 centimeter centigram
centiliter centigrade
co- 共同（做某事） co-author co-chairman
co-pilot co-founder
co-direct co-operate
co-exist co-edit
counter- 反 counter-measure counter-attack
counter-strike counter-revolution
double- 双 double-decker double-barrelled
double-breasted double-bed
哄骗 double-cross double-dealing
double-talk double-dealer
down- 往下 downhill downward(s)
downriver downstairs
恶化 downturn downfall
downgrade downcast
ever- 一直，不断 ever-present everlasting
ever-widening evergrowing
越来越 ever stronger ever-bolder
ever-greater ever-faster
ex- 以前的 ex-president ex-husband
ex-lover ex-wife
extra- 特别的，超 extra-bright extra-strong
extra-large extra-thin
以外的 extra-curricular extra-mural
extra-marital extra-territorial
fore- 前部的 foredeck forehead
foreleg forearm
预见的 foresight foretell
forecast foresee
free- 自由的 free-flowing free-moving
free-floating free-running
full- 完全 full-scale full-speed
full-grown full-strength
全部，整个 full-time full-year
full-size full-page
half- 半 half-asleep half-finished
half-circle half-pay
half-moon half-empty
half-French half-sister
hand- 用手的 hand-made hand-operated
handwritten hand-wash
手提（推）的 handbag handcart
handbaggage handbook
hydro- 水力的 hydro-power hydro-electric
hydro-energy hydrophobia
ill- 不好的 ill-health ill-humour
ill-luck ill-will
ill-tempered ill-natured
ill-mannered ill-bred
不适宜的 ill-timed ill-informed
ill-educated ill-chosen
inter- 之间的 international inter-city
inter-racial intercontinental
相互的 interchange interact
interlink interrelate
kilo- 千 kilogram kilowatt
kilometre kilohertz
mal- 不良的 maladjusted malnourished
maladroit malformed
malfunction malnutrition
malpractice maldistribution
man- 由人，人 man-made man-devised
manpower mankind
对人 man-killer man-eating
manhunt manslaughter
mid- 中间（指时间） midday mid-summer
midnight mid-century
中部（指空间） midair mid-Europe
midocean mid-Wales
milli- 千分之一 milligram millimeter
milliliter milliamp
mini- 小的，微型的 minicab minibus
mini-computer miniskirt
mis- 错误地 misjudge misuse
misunderstand misprint
错误的 misconception misinformation
mismanagement misunderstanding
new- 新近 newborn newfound
new-wedded new-baked
news- 新闻 newscast newsletter
newspaper news-stand
