饭饭TXT > 学习管理 > 《张道真实用英语语法》作者:张道真【完结】 > 张道真实用英语语法.txt

关于这方面的情况详见第2章构词法。.6

作者:张道真 当前章节:15398 字 更新时间:2026-6-22 20:15

(但Parliament和Congress前不加the)

b. 某些机构、学校、建筑物等的名词:

the British Museum,the National Gallery,the Philadelphia Orchestra,the Victoria Chest Hospital, the Bronx Zoo, the Midland Bank, the University of Washington,the Royal College of Art,the Harlow Technical College,the Odeon Cinema,the Pentagon 五角大楼,the Hilton (Hotel),the Phoenix (Theatre), the Titanic 泰坦尼克号。

(但也有一些不加冠词,如Buckingham Palace,Westminster Abbey,Brools Hotel)

c. 某些报刊杂志的名称:

the New York Times 纽约时报,the Chicago Tribune 芝加哥论坛报,the Washington Post 华盛顿邮报,he Labour Monthly 劳动月刊,he Daily News 每日新闻,he Observer 观察家报,the Economist 经济学家杂志,he Times 泰晤士报。

(但有些也不加,如Life 生活杂志,Newsweek 新闻周刊, Harper's 哈珀斯杂志)

3) 下面这类名词前通常不加冠词:

a. 多数街名:

Fleet Street 舰队街,Marston Road 玛斯登道,Riverside Avenue 滨河大道, Park Lane 派克巷,Rodeo Drive 罗狄欧路,Sunset Boulevard 日落大道。

(但:the High Street)

b. 多数广场名:

Russel Square 罗素广场,Berkeley Square 贝克莱广场,Times Square 时代广场,Piccadilly Circus 皮卡迪利圆形广场(但:the Red Square)。

c. 车站、机场、公园、桥梁名:

Central Station 中央车站,Kennedy Airport 肯尼迪机场,Central Park 中央公园,Waterloo Bridge 滑铁卢大桥(但:the Golden Gate Bridge)。

d. 大学名:

Harvard University 哈佛大学,Oxford University 牛津大学,Oregon State University 俄勒冈州立大学,Balliol College 贝里欧学院。

(但:the University of East Anglia,the Institute for Contemparary Arts)

e. 节日名:

National Day 国庆节,May Day 五一节,New Year's Day 新年,Christmas圣诞节,Easter 复活节,Thanksgiving Day 感恩节,St. Valentine's Day 情人节, International Women's Day国际妇女节。

(但:the Mid-Autumn Festival,the Spring Festival)

f. 多数杂志名:

Time 时代周刊,New Scientist 新科学家,English Language Teaching 英语教学,U.S. News and World Report 美国新闻与世界报导,Reader's Digest 读者文摘。

4) 人名前一般不加冠词,但在一些特殊情况下也可以加,如:

A Mrs Green is waiting to see you. 一位格林夫人等着见你。

My boss is a little Napolean. 我的老板是一个小拿破仑。

I didn't know you were an ardent Romeo. 我不知道你是一个热情的罗密欧。

The Smith you're looking for no longer lives here. 你找的史密斯现在不住这儿。

The little Vesta was now eighteen months old. 小薇斯塔现在有十八个月大了。

The theory was advanced by the great Einstein. 这理论是伟大的爱因斯坦提出的。

还可以用在某些专有名词前表示一种车、一张某人的画像等:

The car was a Buick, not a Benz. 那辆车是别克,不是奔驰。

He had a Van Gogh in the dining room. 他的餐厅里有一张凡高的画。

What a strange London he saw! 他看到的是一个多么奇怪的伦敦!

He ordered a second Martini. 他又叫了一杯马提尼酒。

4.3.2 抽象名词前冠词的用法

1) 抽象名词前一般不加冠词:

The music is full of life. 这音乐充满活力。

Practice makes perfect. (谚)熟能生巧。

I wish you joy. 祝你愉快。

While there is life there is hope. (谚)有生命就有希望。

即使前面有形容词修饰,一般也不加冠词:

She cared little for social life. 她对社交生活不太有兴趣。

This invitation gave him particular joy. 这项邀请使他非常高兴。

He has always been interested in classical music. 他一向喜欢古典音乐。

You have given me fresh hope. 你给了我新的希望。

2) 若抽象名词用于特指(即指特定的内容),特别是有一个限制性定语修饰时,多加定冠词:

Minor accidents can shorten the life of a car. 小事故也可能缩短车的寿命。

Her children were the joy of her life. 她的孩子是她生活的乐趣。

The younger generation is the hope of the nation. 年轻一代是国家的希望。

He went on playing the music of Mozart. 他继续演奏莫扎特的乐曲。

特指和泛指相对,试比较下面的句子:

特 指 泛 指

* * *

* * *

What do you think of the music? 你觉得这音乐怎样? She has a passion for music. 她酷爱音乐。

He asked about the progress of my book.他问我书的进展情况。 My research made slow progress. 我的研究工作进展缓慢。

She immediately took the advice. 她立即接受了这个意见。 Good advice is beyond price. (谚)好的意见是无价之宝。

What's the result of your investigation? 你调查的结果如何? I worked all day,but without result. 我干了一天,却没有结果。

限制性定语 (Limiting Attributes)指of引导的定语或某些定语从句,它们限制名词的意义,使指特定的内容,和它相对的则是描绘性定语(Descriptive Attributes)(这种定语只描绘,不限定意思):

限制性定语 描绘性定语

* * *

* * *

the picture on p. 2 第二页上的那张画 a picture by a child 一张儿童画的画

the grammar book you want 你要的那本语法书 a book you must read 你必读的一本书

the girl sitting there 坐在那里的姑娘 a hard-working girl 一位勤劳的姑娘

the idea he put forward 他提出的意见 a wonderful idea 一个好主意

3) 抽象名词在一定的情况下可加不定冠词,用来表示:

a. 一种、一场等:

She always had an affection for me. 她一向对我有感情。

He had a strong dislike for cold weather. 他很讨厌寒冷的天气。

She showed a certain elegance. 她表现出一种优雅的风度。

He felt a great tenderness for Ruth. 他对露丝感到一种深情。

It was a just war. 这是一场正义的战争。

b. 某动作的一次、一例等:

Do you care for a smoke? 抽支烟好吗?

The report called for a public inquiry. 该报告要求进行一次公开调查。

He made a careful check of the accounts. 他对账目进行了仔细检查。

It made a good analysis of the situation. 它很好地分析了形势。

c. 引起某种情绪的人或事:

This work has been a great joy. 这项工作使人感到很愉快。

He is a shame to his family. 他使他的家人蒙羞。

Seeing him so active was a great encouragement. 看他这样积极很令人鼓舞。

Her son was a great disappointment to her. 她的儿子很让她失望。

d. 表示某种品质的具体行动、人或东西:

Would you do me a favor? 你能帮我一个忙吗?

You were a great help to us. 你对我们很有帮助。

In some places, white bread is a luxury. 在某些地方白面包都是奢侈品。

A forced kindness deserves no thanks. 勉强的善行不值得感谢。

由于每个抽象名词情况都不一样,不清楚时最好查一本较好的词典。

4.3.3 物质名词前冠词的用法

1) 物质名词前一般不加冠词:

Do you like tea or would you prefer coffee? 你要茶还是愿意喝咖啡?

We can't live without air. 没有空气我们就不能生存。

We use water for drinking and washing. 我们饮水并用水洗东西。

They were digging for gold. 他们在挖找金子。

We expect snow before morning. 我们预计清晨前会下雪。

即使前面有形容词,一般也不加冠词:

Is that Indian tea or Chinese tea? 这是印度茶还是中国茶?

Cold air blew in through the open window. 冷空气从开着的窗子吹了进来。

Is this fresh water? 这是淡水吗?

It's made of pure gold. 它是纯金打造的。

Heavy snow is reported in the north. 据报导北方下大雪。

2) 物质名词特指时前面也可以加the:

How do you like the tea? 这茶你觉得怎样?

The air was bad.(房里的)空气很不好。

Someone has fallen into the water! 有人掉水里去了!

The gold they found weighed two kilos. 他们找到的黄金有两公斤重。

The visitor disappeared in the whirling snow. 客人消失在飞旋的雪花中。

Don't stand in the rain. 别站在雨里。

3) 物质名词前间或加不定冠词,表示:

a. 一场,一阵:

A heavy snow was falling. 下着一场大雪。

There was a light rain falling. 下着一阵小雨。

Last night there was a terrible storm. 昨晚下了一阵可怕的暴雨。

b. 一种:

It was a wonderful tea. 这是一种很好的茶。

The bakery makes a very fine rye bread. 那家面包房制作一种很好吃的黑麦面包。

A high-grade paper is made from rushes. 有一种高档纸是灯心草做的。

c. 一份:

A large coffee for me. 给我一大杯咖啡。

You may as well bring me a chocolate too. 你不妨也给我一份巧克力。

I want a strawberry ice-cream. 我要一份草莓冰淇淋。

4.4 不用或省略冠词的情况

4.4.1 零冠词

在不少情况下,名词前不加冠词,可以称作零冠词(Zero Article)。除上面谈到的一些不用冠词的情况,还有下面这些值得注意:

1) 当一个名词用作表语或同位语等表示一个领导职位时,前面常不加冠词(也可说省略掉冠词):

In 1993 Bill Clinton became (the) President of the United States. 1993年克林顿成为美国总统。

He is still head of the organization. 他仍然是这个组织的首脑。

This is Professor Brockbank, head of the history department. 这是历史系主任布洛克邦教授。

He succeeded his father as president of the company. 他接替他父亲担任公司董事长。

This is Mr. Kirk, director of the Department of African Affairs. 这是非洲司司长科克先生。

They appointed him minister to a foreign country. 他们任命他为驻外公使。

尽管指普通员工,某些职务名称前也有不加冠词的趋势:

I'm coming back to take the job of foreign editor. 我将回来当外语编辑。

She worked as correspondent to a local newspaper. 她担任当地一家报纸的记者。

在turn后的表语都不带冠词:

He was a Conservative but he turned Socialist. 他原是保守党员后来成了社会党人。

He has turned botanist (Mahammedan). 他成了植物学家(回教徒)。

在title和rank后,名词前也多不带冠词:

I prefer the title of reporter. 我更喜欢记者的头衔。

That officer holds the rank of captain. 那位军官的官阶为上尉。

2) 个体名词抽象化后,前面也不加冠词:

He has to get ready for college. 他得准备好上大学。

They decided to send their son to university. 他们决定送儿子上大学。

We were at school together. 我们在一起上学。

It was too early for bed. 现在睡觉还太早了一点。

There's room for three more. 还可以容纳三个人。

What time does church begin? 什么时候开始做礼拜?

You should go into hospital at once. 你应当马上去住院。

The trees were all in flower. 树都开花了。

The thief was sent to prison for a year. 小偷要蹲一年监狱。

She went by bus (boat/plane/car). 她坐巴士(船/飞机/汽车)去。

在大量短语中的名词前不加冠词,如:

from beginning to end 从头到尾

from head to foot 从头到脚

from day to day 日复一日

from time to time 不时地

year after year 年复一年

in case of 在…的情况下

in place of 代替

on foot (holiday) 步行(度假)

make fun of 拿…开玩笑

make room for 给…腾地方

3) 表示季节、月份、日期的名词前一般不加冠词:

Spring was at hand. 春天即将到来。

She was born in April. 她是四月出生的。

He is arriving on Monday. 他将于星期一到达。

October 1st is our National Day. 十一是国庆节。

如果有限制性定语修饰,则应加定冠词:

Nanchang Uprising took place on the 1st of August, 1927. 南昌起义是1927年8月1日举行的。

It happened in the summer of 1937. 这事发生在1937年夏天。

4) 在daybreak,dusk, dawn, noon, midnight, sunset,sunrise这类名词前通常不加冠词:

At daybreak we started on our journey. 天亮时我们起程了。

The attack came just before dawn. 拂晓前进攻开始了。

At dusk the lights of the city come on. 黄昏时分城里的灯亮了。

The workers ate fast food at noon. 工人们中午吃快餐。

It's getting on for midnight. 快到午夜了。

We left home at sunrise. 日出时我们离开了家。

After sunset, the sky darkened rapidly. 太阳落山后天很快就黑了。

Before daylight it started to drizzle. 天亮前开始下起毛毛雨。

偶尔前面可加定冠词:

The dawn here in the mountains is beautiful. 这儿山里的黎明是美丽的。

One cannot see very far in the dusk. 暮色中我们看不到很远。

5) 在呼语、家人及亲属名称后常不加冠词:

Be quiet, children! 安静点,孩子们!

Thank you, sir. 谢谢你,先生。

Can I help you, ma'am (madam)? 我能为你做点什么,夫人?

Can I get you anything to drink, father? 我能给你弄点什么喝的吗,爸?

Mother is with Grandma. 妈和奶奶在一起。

Auntie is in the kitchen. 姨在厨房里。

Big sister is playing chess with uncle. 大姐在和叔叔下棋。

甚至cock,nurse这样的词有时看作家庭成员,前面也可不加冠词:

Come quickly, nurse. 奶妈,快来。

6) 在一些并列名词前,常可不加冠词,如:

Mother and child are doing fine. 母子平安。

When host and guest appeared,they received a standing ovation. 当宾主出现时,大家长时间起立鼓掌。

Father and son went to New York by a morning train. 父子两人坐早上的火车去了纽约。

It has handed down from father to son for many generations. 这东西父传子已传了许多代了。

He went head over heels into the water. 他倒栽葱掉进水里。

I cannot make head or tail of your letter. 我看不懂你的信。

此外还有不少这类并列词组,如:

shoulder to shoulder 并肩

side by side 并排

hand in hand 手牵手

arm in arm 手挽手

tit for tat 以牙还牙

step by step 一步步地

back to back 背靠背地

Face to face 面对面地

heart and soul 全心全意地

heart-to-heart 推心置腹地

4.4.2 冠词省略的情况

在一些情况下冠词常常省略,如:

1) 新闻标题:

(The) City Congress (is) to be in session Friday 市议会星期五开会

(A) Hotel Fire Disaster 饭店大火成灾

2) 通知说明:

(The) Lift (is) out of order. 电梯坏了。

Cut along (the) dotted line. 沿虚线剪开。

3) 提纲:

(The) Algerian Crisis led to (the) downfall of (the) French government in May 1958. 阿尔及利亚危机导致法国政府于1958年5月倒台。

(The) Causes of World WarⅡ: massive re-armament, (the) invasion... 第二次世界大战起因:大规模重新武装,入侵捷克…

4) 剧本提示:

Vossilisa (Open door quickly;to Alyushka):You here again? 薇希丽莎(迅速开门;对阿留希说):你又来了?

Exit into garden. 出去进入花园。

5) 书名:

(An) Outline Political History of the Americas 美洲政治史纲

(The) BBC English Dictionary BBC英语词典

5.1 概 说

5.1.1 代词的分类

代词可以分为下面几类:

●人称代词(Personal Pronouns)

●物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)

●自身代词(Self Pronouns)

●相互代词(Reciprocal Pronouns)

●指示代词(Demonstrative Pronouns)

●疑问代词(Interrogative Pronouns)

●连接代词(Conjunctive Pronouns)

●关系代词(Relative Pronouns)

●不定代词(Indefinite Pronouns)

5.1.2 代词的作用

严格地讲,代词是代替名词的,在句子中起名词的作用,可用作:

1) 主语:

This is our new home. 这是我们的新家。

Both are from the South. 两人都是南方人。

Who is on the phone? 谁在打电话?

2) 宾语:

I have read neither of the books. 这两本书我都没看过。

Take good care of yourself. 多多保重。

We should help each other. 我们应互相帮助。

3) 表语:

That's not mine. 那不是我的。

Who is it?——It's me. 谁呀?——是我。

I'm not quite myself today. 我今天不太舒服。

4) 同位语:

We both live in the dormitory. 我们两人都住宿舍。

You yourself are to blame. 这得怪你自己。

He ate them all. 他把它们全吃了。

5) 呼语:

You sit here. 你坐这儿。

Get out, both of you! 你俩都滚出去!

Be patient, everybody. 大家都耐心点。

偶作宾语的补语(和宾语一道构成复合宾语):

What do you call it? 这个你们叫作什么?

在很多情况下,代词也可用作定语,较早的语法学家仍认为它是代词,如:

It's my book. (比较:It's John's book.)

I'll take that shirt. (比较:I'll take the blue shirt.)

现在主要有两种说法。美国语言学家多把作定语用的这类词称作形容词,例如下面句子中的斜体部分,他们都称作形容词:

There are many reasons why I moved to New York. 我搬到纽约有很多原因。

Few people showed up for the party. 没几个人出席这次聚会。

This watch cost $100. 这只表花了一百美元。

Mary washed each piece of fruit. 玛丽把每个水果都洗了。

而英国的一些语言学家则把它们称作限定词(Determiners)。

5.1.3 限定词

限定词不是一个单纯的词类,而是用在名词前一些词的通称,它们包括:

1) 冠词(Article):

Anne is in the garden. 安妮在花园里。

You need a visa to go there. 你去那里需要签证。

2) 指示形容词(Demonstrative Adjectives):

This time last year we were in Canada. 去年这时我们在加拿大。

Who owns those dogs? 那些狗是谁的?

3) 物主代词(Possessive Determiners):

The girls are with their mother. 姑娘们和她们的母亲在一起。

A tree drops its leaves in autumn. 树在秋天会落叶。

4) 不定限定词 (Indefinite Determiners):

Did you catch any fish? 你捕到鱼了吗?

There are two sides to every question. 每个问题都有两方面。

下面这些词作定语时都可称为不定限定词:

除了冠词外,大多数限定词都与代词紧密相连,主要差别是代词作主语、宾语等,而限定词作定语。它们的意思也是互相联系的。从实用角度看,这一区分并不重要(美国词典一般都没有限定词这个说法)。为了处理上的方便,我们把两者放在一起讨论。

5.2 人称代词和物主代词

5.2.1 人称代词

1) 英语中有下面这些人称代词:

2) 人称代词在句中可用作:

a. 主语:

I'm sorry I'm late. 对不起我来晚了。

Is he married?——No, he's single. 他结婚了吗?——没有,是单身。

He (She) majors in English. 他(她)主修英语。

We (They) are both from the south. 我俩(他俩)都是南方人。

在口语中有时用宾格,尤其是在than引导的从句中:

Who found Gran's watch?——Me. 谁找到格兰的表的?——我。

John is smaller than him. 约翰个子比他小。

She is cleverer than me. 她比我聪明。

b. 宾语(需用宾格)或介词宾语:

Tell him (her) to call back a little later. 请他(她)过一会再打电话来。

You don't need to thank me (us). 你不需要谢我(们)。

Put it (them) on the table, please. 请把它(们)放在桌上。

She has great concern for us (me/him). 她很关心我们(我/他)。

c. 表语(在口语中常用宾格):

I saw at once it was her. 我马上看出是她。

If I were her (him), I'd take the job. 我要是她(他),我会接受这份工作。

Don't blame Tom. It's me who broke it. 别怪汤姆,是我打破的。

Did you see who it was?——Them, of course. 你看见是谁了吗?——当然是他们。

但在笔语中仍宜用主格:

It's I (me). 是我。

It was she who had been wrong. 是她错了。

3) she除了指“她”外,还可表示:

a. 雌性动物:

I stroked the cat and she rubbed against my leg. 我抚摸猫,它蹭我的腿。

The mare whined when she saw her master. 这匹母马见到主人时会嘶叫。

b. 船只,车辆:

She is a fine ship. 这是条很好的船。

Nice car—how much did she cost? 好车——买它花了多少钱?

c. 国家:

Spain is a major car manufacturer. She exports cars to the UK. 西班牙是个重要的汽车生产国,它出口汽车到英国。

English has done what she promised to do. 英国已履行了它的承诺。

4) we,you两词可用来泛指一般人:

We all have our weaknesses. 我们(人)都有弱点。

We (You) need to consider all these factors. 我们(你)需要考虑所有这些因素。

You can never tell what they will do next. 谁也说不上他们下一步会做什么。

they也可泛指一般人:

They say prices are going to increase again. 据说物价又要上涨。

They don't make decent furniture nowadays. 现今做不出像样的家具。

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