5) it可有许多用法，表示：
a. 某样东西：
Where's my map? I left it on the table. 我的地图哪里去了？我（刚才）放在桌上的。
Look at the bird. It always comes to my window. 瞧那只鸟，它老飞到我窗口来。
b. 抽象事物：
You've saved my life. I shall never forget it. 你救过我的命，我永远不会忘记的。
"I want to stay." "Your wife won't like it."“我想留下。”“你妻子不会赞成的。”
c. 不知性别的孩子（婴儿）：
Her new baby is tiny. It only weighs 2 kilos. 她刚生的婴儿个头很小，才两公斤。
What a beautiful baby—is it a boy? 多漂亮的宝宝呀——是男孩吗？
d. 某种感觉或情况：
Does it itch much? 痒得厉害吗？
Where does it hurt? 哪儿疼？
How is it going with you? 你情况怎样？
e. 是谁：
Who is that (it)？——It's me. 是谁（来电话）？——是我。
Is that Tom over there？——No, it's Peter. 那边是汤姆吗？——不，是彼得。
f. 时间、日期等：
What time is it？——It is eight o'clock. 现在几点钟？——八点。
What's the date？——It's the third of April. 今天几号？——四月三号。
g. 天气、环境等：
It's raining (snowing). 天在下雨（下雪）。
It's so noisy (quiet) in the room. 房间里很吵（安静）。
In winter it's dark at six o'clock. 冬天六点钟天就黑了。
h. 距离等：
How far is it to Chicago？——It is 800 kilometers. 这儿离芝加哥有多远？——八百公里。
It's 112 miles from London to Birmingham. 从伦敦到伯明翰有112英里。
it还有一些特殊用法，详见第19.2.1—19.2.5和21.3.1—21.3.3节。
5.2.2 物主代词
1) 物主代词有下面这些：
2) 形容词型物主代词有些语法学家称为限定词，主要在句中用作定语：
Is this your (his/her) seat? 这是你的（他的/她的）座位吗？
Their (My/Our) house looks on to the sea. 他们（我的/我们）的房子面临大海。
What's your nationality? 你（们）是哪国人？
The cat's had its dinner. 猫已吃过（它的）饭了。
The swimming club held its Annual General Meeting last night. 游泳俱乐部昨晚开了年度会员大会。
The baby threw down its rattle. 婴儿把他的拨浪鼓扔掉了。
The government has changed its (their) policy. 政府改变了它的政策。
The cuckoo lays her eggs in other birds' nests. 杜鹃把蛋下在别的鸟的窝里。
3) 形容词型物主代词还可和own连用，在句中：
a. 作定语：
I always write for my own people. 我总是为我自己的人民写作。
Virtue is its own reward. （谚）有德便是有报。
He arranged for me to study with his own children. 他安排我和他自己的孩子一道学习。
She did it of her own free will. 她自愿这样做的。
b. 作表语、宾语等：
My time isn't my own. 我的时间不是我自己的。
It's her friend's car, not her own. 这是她朋友的车，不是她自己的车。
Their views are similar to our own. 他们的看法和我们自己的看法相似。
c. 和of连用：
The accident happened through no fault of her own. 事故绝非出于她自己的过错。
We have no children of our own. 我们没有自己的孩子。
I wish to God I had a lab of my own. 我乞求上帝让我有一个自己的实验室。
4) 名词型的物主代词可以：
a. 作表语：
Is this your book or mine? 这是你的书还是我的书？
This suit is his. 这套衣服是他的。
Is that old black cat yours? 那只老黑猫是你们的吗？
b. 作主语：
That isn't my car;mine is being repaired. 这不是我的车，我的车在修。
Ours is the only garden in the lane. 我们的花园是这条巷子里唯一的花园。
Yours is on that shelf. 你的在那个书架上。
c. 作宾语或介词宾语：
We'll have to separate ours from theirs. 我们得把我们的和他们的分开。
I like yours better than ours. 我喜欢你（们）的胜过我们自己的。
Her daughter is rather stupid, but both of yours are very clever. 她的女儿很愚钝，可你的两个女儿都很聪明。
d. 和of连用：
An old friend of mine has just had a child. 我的一位老友刚生了个孩子。
I borrowed a tie of his. 我借了他一条领带。
He is a great admirer of yours. 他是你的崇拜者。
This girl of mine wrote to say she was coming from Paris today. 我的那个女儿来信说她今天从巴黎来。
That fool of a sister of ours! 我们的那个傻妹妹!
△yours常写在信末：
对陌生人可以写“yours faithfully”或“yours truly”，对见到过的人可以写“yours sincerely”，对朋友可写“yours”或“yours ever”。
5.3 自身代词和相互代词
5.3.1 自身代词
1) 自身代词也称反身代词（Reflexive Pronouns），主要有下面这些：
此外，oneself也是自身代词。
2) 自身代词主要用作宾语：
John dressed himself in the most formal suit. 约翰穿得衣冠楚楚。
They should blame themselves for the accident. 出这事应怪他们自己。
This refrigerator defrosts itself. 这冰箱是自动除霜的。
I hope you'll enjoy yourselves. 希望你们玩得好。
Let me introduce myself. 我来介绍一下自己。
To deceive oneself is very easy. 骗自己是容易的。
I had a fit of rage—I could hardly control myself. 我勃然大怒——简直无法控制自己。
He reproached himself for his behavior that evening. 他为他那天晚上的表现而自责。
She prided herself on her cooking. 她为自己的烹调技术感到骄傲。
She busied herself (in) tidying up her desk. 她忙着收拾她的写字台。
关于这种结构还可参阅第13.3.2节。
3) 自身代词也常常用作介词宾语：
She looked at herself in the mirror. 她照了照镜子。
Take good care of yourself. 好好保重。
He ought to be ashamed of himself. 他应当感到惭愧。
The three boys discussed the matter among themselves. 那三个小伙子讨论了这件事。
I'm annoyed with myself. 我生我自己的气。
She was speaking to herself. 她在自言自语。
He didn't pay for himself. 他自己没付钱。
You must learn to look after yourself. 你要学会照顾自己。
4) 自身代词有时用作主语或宾语的同位语：
The president himself gave her the medal. 校长亲自给她颁发了奖章。
Mary herself opened the door. 玛丽亲自开了门。
I myself used to have literary ambitions. 我自己过去也有文学方面的雄心壮志。
The novel itself has glaring faults. 小说本身有严重缺陷。
I must begin by telling about the girls themselves. 我得先谈谈姑娘们自己的情况。
I liked the diamond itself but not the setting. 我喜欢的是钻石本身，而不是它的底座。
She wanted to see Tom himself. 她想见汤姆本人。
有时自身代词有强调作用，近乎状语：
I'll do it myself. 这事我自己来做。
She made the dress herself. 这连衣裙是她自己做的。
Henry opened the safe himself. 亨利亲自打开了保险柜。
You'd better go there yourselves. 你们最好自己到那里去。
5) 自身代词有时还可用作表语（a），间或还可用作主语（b）：
a．I haven't been myself for weeks. 这几个星期我身体一直欠佳。
Now I'm quite myself again. 现在我身体已复原了。
That poor girl was myself . 那个可怜的女孩就是我自己。
b. Both my sister and myself were anxious about it. 我妹妹和我自己都很为这事着急。
I hope Miss Glenn and yourself are keeping well. 我希望格林小姐和你都好。
My brother is as worried as myself. 我弟弟和我自己一样发愁。
6) 自身代词还可用在一些成语中：
a. among yourselves (themselves，etc)你们（他们等）相互间：
Don't quarrel among yourselves. 你们自己不要相互争吵了。
They were busy arguing among themselves. 他们忙着互相争论。
b. between ourselves 咱们私下说说（不可外传）：
This is just between ourselves. 这是咱们俩私下的悄悄话。
Between ourselves, I think Schmidt's about to resign. 咱们私下说说，我想斯密特即将辞职。
c. by oneself 独自一人，自己（没别人帮助）：
Miss Brown was sitting by herself on a bench. 布朗小姐独自一人坐在长凳上。
He went out for a short walk by himself. 他一个人出去散了散步。
The little girl traveled to London by herself. 那小姑娘独自去了伦敦。
d. for oneself 替自己，为自己：
She kept the smallest apple for herself. 她把最小的苹果留给了自己。
With the money they could buy food for themselves. 用这笔钱他们可以给自己买食物。
You can decide for yourself. 你可以自己作出决定。
e. in oneself 本身：
This novel is a history in itself. 这本小说本身就是一部历史。
They were good men in themselves, but they had to make a living too. 他们本身都是好人，但他们也得谋生。
f. to oneself 供自己用：
She has a small room to herself. 她自己有一个小房间。
We want to have some time to ourselves. 我们希望有一些供我们自己支配的时间。
5.3.2 相互代词
相互代词只有两个，即：
可表示两个人或几个人之间的相互关系。在句中可以：
1) 用作宾语：
Probably we influence each other. 或许我们相互影响。
We've known each other for many years. 我们认识许多年了。
The birds fought each other over the bread. 鸟儿为了面包互相争斗。
Yes, we can help one another. 是的，我们可以互相帮助。
Liz and I have known one another for years. 丽丝和我认识多年了。
2) 用作介词宾语：
They struck at each other. 他们彼此打斗。
Their rooms were next (to) each other. 他们的房间彼此相邻。
The three women looked at each other. 三个女人互相望了望。
We don't see much of each other. 我们不常见面。
They exchanged news with one another. 他们互相交换消息.
You should listen to one another a bit more. 你们应多倾听一点彼此的意见。
3) 和's一道构成定语：
We enjoyed each other's company. 我们喜欢彼此待在一起。
They were holding each other's hands. 他们拉着彼此的手。
They often stayed in one another's house. 他们常常待在彼此的家里。
We often listen to one another's records. 我们常常听彼此的唱片。
有时each other还可分开用：
We each know what the other thinks. 我们都知道彼此的想法。
Each tried to do more than the other. 他们争着多干活。
5.4 指示代词
5.4.1 指示代词的基本用法
指示代词有下面四个：
在句中可用作：
1) 主语：
Charles, this is my wife, Claudia. 查尔斯，这是我妻子克罗狄亚。
These are our children, David and Vicky. 这是我们的孩子大卫和维琪。
This can all wait. 这一切都可以等一等。
Is this your first visit to Paris? 这是你第一次到巴黎吗？
Are these what you want? 这些是你要的吗？
That isn't what I meant at all. 这完全不是我的意思。
Who's that in the garden？——That's my younger brother. 花园里那人是谁？——是我弟弟。
What are those? 那些是什么？
That was twenty years ago. 那是二十年前的事了。
△常可用that代表刚说的事，这时常可译作“这”：
That's where the shoe pinches. 这正是症结所在。
That's why I object to the idea. 这就是我反对这个想法的原因。
That's how the matter stands at present. 这就是目前的情况。
Thank you. That will do. 谢谢你，这样就行了。
△电话里this和that可指人：
Who is this? 你是哪位？
Was that Nancy on the phone? 是南希打电话来吗？
This is Mary. 我是玛丽呀。
2) 宾语或介词宾语：
Dad gave me this. 这是我爸给我的。
What do you think of this? 你觉得这个怎样？
Take these to your mother. 把这些带给你母亲。
I want you to promise that. 我希望你答应这一点。
I have no doubt about that. 我对此没有怀疑。
What? Have you finished all those I gave you? 什么？你把我给你的全吃完了？
3) 偶尔用作表语：
What I want to stress is this. 我想强调的是这一点。
The winning numbers are these. 获奖号码是这些。
5.4.2 指示形容词的基本用法
1) 当this，that等词用作定语时，有人称为指示形容词（Demonstrative Adjectives），也有人称为限定词，它们主要用作定语：
This house is (These rooms are) for rent. 这所（些）房子（房间）供出租。
This time last year we were in Japan. 去年这时我们在日本。
These two problems are hard. 这两个问题很难。
He went to college that autumn. 那年秋天他上了大学。
I put my odds and ends into that drawer. 我把杂七杂八的东西都放进了那个抽屉里。
If those clouds drift away, we'll have a fine afternoon. 如果那些云彩飘走，下午天就会好了。
2) 还可和of短语连用，表示一定的感情色彩（厌烦、不满、赞叹等）：
I hate that old bike of yours. 我讨厌你的那辆破自行车。
I really like those paintings of your sister's. 我的确很喜欢你姐姐的那些画。
This daughter of yours is doing fine work at school. 你的这个女儿在学校功课很好。
I like these poems of Jane's. 我喜欢简的这些诗。
3) this可以和某些名词连用，表示“今天”、“今年”等：
Are you going out this evening? 你今天晚上要出去吗？
She gave me a long distance call this morning. 今天早上她给我打了一个长途电话。
How many classes did you go to this afternoon? 今天下午你上了几节课？
They are going to college this autumn. 他们今年秋天上大学。
He won't go home this year. 他今年不回家。
还可用在this day week这类短语中：
She will be back this day week. 她将在一星期后回来。
We've arranged to meet this day week. 我们安排好一周后见面。
I saw her this day week. 我是一星期前见到她的。
these days表示“近来”、“现今”：
He was feeling optimistic these days. 近来他感到很乐观。
She seldom comes to see me these days. 现今她很少来看我。
5.4.3 that和those的特别用法
1) that可代表前面提到的名词以避免重复：
The wheat crop in 1999 was inferior to that of 1995. 1999年的小麦收成比1995年差。
The oil output last year was much higher than that of 1990. 去年的石油产量比1990年高得多。
Life today is much better than that in the old days. 现在的生活比过去好多了。
His description did not answer to that of the thief. 小偷的模样和他所描述的不相符。
2) those可代表前面提到的复数名词：
His stories are more interesting than those I told. 他的故事比我讲的有趣。
My questions are similar to those you raised. 我的问题和你提的差不多。
Our performances, of course, can't compare with those of professionals.我们的演出当然不能和职业演员的相比。
3) that还可用在某些成语中，如：
a. like that 这样：
Don't hold it like that—you'll break it. 不要这样拿，你会把它弄破的。
Do they always dance like that in France? 他们在法国都这样跳舞吗？
b. that is (to say) 这就是说：
He's a local administrator, that is to say, a civil servant. 他是本地一名行政人员，也就是说，一名公务员。
I'm on holiday next week. That is to say, from Tuesday. 我下星期休假，确切地说，从星期二开始。
The household was as happy as could be. All, that is, except Fiorella. 全家都非常高兴，只有菲奥列拉除外。
c. that's all 只是，就这些：
"How are you feeling?" "Fine, a bit tired, that's all." “你感觉怎样？”“挺好，只是稍有点累。”
Just don't do it again, that's all. 只是以后别再这样做了，就这些。
d. that's (about) it 说对了：
That's it. You've described exactly what I felt about the film. 说对了，你正好说出了我对这部电影的感受。
"You have no confidence?" "That's about it. I'm no good." “你没有信心?”“你说对了，我不行。”
e. that's that 情况就是这样：
He's gone and that's that. 他走了，情况就是这样。
Well, that's that. No more work until Monday. 情况就是这样，到星期一才有工作。
f. What's that? 你说什么？
What's that? He refuses to come? 你说什么？他不肯来？
What? What's that you say? 什么？你说什么？
5.5 疑问代词和连接代词
5.5.1 疑问代词
疑问代词有下面这些：
1)who在句中多用作主语或表语：
Who did this? 这是谁干的？
Who would like to go with us? 谁想和我们一块儿去？
Who are those girls？——They're Tom's daughters. 那些女孩是谁?——她们是汤姆的女儿。
在口语中也常用作宾语：
Who did you meet at the party? 你在晚会上碰到谁了？
Who did you go with? 你和谁一道去的？
"I'm writing a letter." "Who to?" “我在写信。”“写给谁?”
在笔语或正式文体中不宜这样用。
2) whom在句中用作宾语或介词的宾语：
Whom did you see? 你见到谁了？
Whom are you writing to? 你在给谁写信？
You saw whom? 你见到谁了？
在紧跟介词时只能用whom，不能用who：
To whom should I write? 我应当给谁写信？
To whom did you give the parcel? 你把包裹给谁了？
With whom did she come? 她和谁一道来的？
3) whose表示“谁的”，可用作：
a. 定语：
Whose umbrella is this? 这是谁的雨伞？
Whose fault is it? 这得怪谁？
b. 主语：
Whose won the first prize? 谁的获了头奖？
Whose is better, yours or hers? 谁的好一些，你的还是她的？
c. 表语：
Whose are these? 这些是谁的？
d. 宾语：
Whose are you going to borrow? 你准备借谁的？
4) what和which都可在句中用作：
a. 主语：
What's your plan, then? 那么你有什么计划？
What's up? 出了什么事？
Which is your seat? 哪是你的座位？
Which of them came late? 他们谁迟到了？
b. 宾语或介词宾语：
What can we do about it? 这事我们有什么办法？
What's all this about? 这一切都是怎么回事？
Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? 你愿喝咖啡还是茶？
Which of them should I speak to? 我该和他们中的谁谈？
c. 定语：
What color are the curtains? 窗帘是什么颜色的？
What day is today? 今天星期几？
Which way should we go? 我们应往那边走？
At which station should I change trains? 我应在哪一站换车？
△what还可用作表语：
What's your sister? 你姐姐是干什么的？
5) whoever和whatever是who和what的强调形式：
Whoever heard of such a thing? 谁听说过这样的事？
Whoever could be phoning so late at night? 这么晚了会是谁来电话？
Whatever do you mean? 你到底是什么意思？
Whatever happened to her? 她到底出了什么事？
5.5.2 连接代词
连接代词与疑问代词同形，引导各种从句，在从句中它们可用作：
1) 主语：
I asked him who came into the room. 我问他谁到屋里来了。
No one can tell what will happen next. 谁也说不出下一步将发生什么情况。
The twins are so much alike that I never know which is which. 那对孪生兄弟长得那么相像，我老弄不清谁是谁。
I can't tell whose is better. 我说不上谁的好一些。
2) 宾语（在口语中可用主格）：
I asked him whom he saw. 我问他看见谁了。
I don't care what he thinks. 我不管他怎么想。
Ask him which he wants. 问问他要哪一个。
I don't know who(m) you mean. 我不知道你指谁。
3) 介词宾语（在口语中有时可用who，但紧接介词之后时只能用whom）：
I wonder who he's talking to. 我不知道他在和谁讲话。
I wonder to whom he had addressed the letter. 我不知道他把信写给谁。
Remember what we're here for. 记住我们来这里要干什么。
She couldn't decide which she should listen to. 她不能确定她该听哪一个。
4) 表语：
Do you know what that girl's father is? 你知道那女孩的父亲是干什么的吗？
She demanded to know whose the child was. 她要求知道这孩子是谁的。
