I can't recall what his name was. 我记不起他叫什么名字了。
It was so dark that I couldn't tell who was who. 天那样黑，我分不清谁是谁。
5) 定语：
I wonder whose house that is. 我不知道那是谁的房子。
I asked him what clothes I should wear. 我问他我应穿什么衣服。
Let me know which train you'll be arriving on. 告诉我你将坐哪趟火车。
连接代词还可引导不定式短语，多作宾语或介词宾语：
We can't decide whom to invite. 我们不能决定该邀请谁。
I don't know who to ask advice from . 我不知道应当向谁请教。
They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect. 他们就选谁的问题交换了意见。
We must decide what to do with her. 我们必须决定怎么处置她。
He didn't say anything about what to do. 他只字未说该怎么办。
She couldn't decide which to buy. 她不能决定该买哪一个。
5.5.3 关系代词型的what
what可引导从句，表示“the thing which...”，例如：
That's what I want to know. 这正是我想知道的事。
What you said was quite right. 你说的话完全正确。
Show me what you have in your hand. 把你手上的东西给我看看。
这种what引导的从句，相当于“一个名词+关系从句”：
what you need 你需要的东西
what I want to say 我想说的话
what I don't understand 我所不能理解的
what we have to consider 我们必须考虑的（事）
因此，这种what称为“关系代词型的what”(Relative what)，它引导的从句在句中可用作：
1) 主语：
What she saw gave her a little fright. 她看到的情况使她有点惊恐。
What you need is a warm sweater. 你需要的是一件暖和的毛衣。
What I'm afraid of is their taking him to Boston. 我担心的是他们把他带往波士顿。
2) 宾语：
I cannot do what you asked me to do. 我不能做你要求我做的事。
She began to criticize what he had done. 她开始批评他的所做所为。
I'll do what I can. 我将尽力而为。
3) 介词宾语：
He was depressed by what he had gone through. 他经历的事使他感到抑郁。
Don't poke your nose into what doesn't concern you. 别多管闲事。
The city isn't much different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前相比没有多大变化。
4) 表语：
I should like to be a teacher. That's what I want to be. 我想当老师，这是我的愿望。
Times aren't what they were. 时代不同了。
Your mother's health is not what it ought to be. 你母亲的健康状况不理想。
5) 插入语：
Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was your cousin. 这时我发现了一件新鲜事，他的妻子是你的表妹。
He is an interesting speaker, and, what's more important, he knows hissubject thoroughly. 他讲话很风趣，更重要的是，他对所讲的话题了解得很透彻。
He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去参加了会议，更糟糕的是，他还坚持要发言。
在从句中what有时用作定语：
What little he said on the subject was full of wisdom. 对这问题他的寥寥数语中充满了智慧。
What few friends I have here have been very kind to me. 我这里的少数几个朋友都对我很好。
What education I have is fragmentary, sketchy. 我受的那点教育都是支离破碎的，很肤浅。
I will give you what help I can. 我将尽量给你帮忙。
5.5.4 由ever构成的连接代词
1) who(m)， what， which都可以和ever构成连接代词，也有人称作连词，可在句中引导状语从句，表示“不管…”：
I'll find the person who did this, whoever he is. 我将找出干这事的人，不管他是谁。
Whoever else may object, I mean to do it. 不管还有谁反对，我都将这样做。
Whoever rings, tell him I'm out. 不管谁来电话，都告诉他我不在家。
I'll post that letter whatever Wilson says. 不管威尔逊怎么说，我都要把那封信发出去。
Whatever happens, I'm going. 不管发生什么事，我都要走。
Whatever weather it is, we shall start at 9 o'clock. 不管天气怎样，我们都九点出发。
Whichever you choose, the others will be offended. 不管你选谁，其他人总会不高兴。
British foreign policy remains the same, whichever party is in power. 不管哪个党执政，英国的外交政策都保持不变。
Whichever road you take, the drive won't be more than an hour.不管你走哪条路，开车去都不到一小时。
2) 这类代词还可引导名词性从句，表示“任何…的人（或东西）”，在句中用作：
a. 主语：
Whoever is responsible will have to pay for the damage. 凡是责任者都得赔偿损失。
Whoever you invite will be welcome. 凡你邀请的人都在欢迎之列。
Whatever I have is at your service. 我所有的东西任凭你使用。
Whichever you want is yours. 任何东西你想要就归你。
b. 宾语：
They may marry who(m)ever they desire. 他们可以娶任何他们想娶的人。
I'll just say whatever comes into my head. 我想到什么就说什么。
I said he might have whichever he liked. 我说他喜欢哪个就拿哪个。
Take whichever seat you like. 你愿坐哪儿就坐哪儿。
c. 介词宾语：
I want to speak to whoever is in charge. 我想和随便哪个负责人谈谈。
Talk to me about whatever is troubling you. 跟我谈谈任何使你烦心的事。
She might live in whichever room she liked. 她愿住哪个房间都可以。
5.6 关系代词
5.6.1 关系代词的作用
关系代词有如下这些：
它们都是用来引导定语从句的。这类代词都起着三重作用，一是代表前面的名词，二是把从句和它所修饰的词连接起来，三是在从句中也担任一个成分，例如：
I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一个人，他说他认识你。
（who代表someone，又引导从句修饰它，同时又在从句中担任主语）
The noise that he made woke everybody up. 他弄出的声音把大家都吵醒了。（that代表noise，又引导从句修饰它，又在从句中担任made的宾语）
I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在报上看到一点消息，可能会使你感兴趣。（which代表something，又引导从句修饰它，又在从句中担任主语）
这种代词起着关连作用，把引导的从句和所修饰的词连接起来，因此称作关系代词，它们引导的从句称为关系从句（Relative Clauses），也称定语从句（Attributive Clauses）。
5.6.2 who, whom和whose的用法
1) who代表人，在从句中作主语：
The man who robbed her has been arrested. 抢她东西的人被捕了。
The girls who served in the shop were the owner's daughters. 在商店里接待顾客的那些姑娘是老板的女儿。
The girl who spoke is my best friend. 讲话的姑娘是我最好的朋友。
2) whom也代表人，但在从句中作宾语或介词宾语：
The man whom I saw told me to come back today. 我见到的那个人让我今天再来。
The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their pay. 他雇用的姑娘们老是抱怨工资太低。
The man with whom I was travelling didn't speak English. 和我一道旅行的那人不会讲英语。
在口语中常可用who代替，也可省略：
The man (who) I saw told me to wait. 我见到的那个人让我等一会儿。
The girl (who/whom) I spoke to was a student. 和我讲话的女孩是个学生。
但紧跟介词时只能用whom：
The man to whom I spoke was a foreigner. 我找他讲话的那人是外国人。
The man from whom I bought it told me to read the instructions. 卖我货的人让我看一看说明书。
3) whose 表示“某人的”，在从句中作定语：
A mental patient is one whose mind is diseased. 精神病人就是脑子有病的人。
I know a boy whose father is an acrobat. 我认识一个男孩，他父亲是杂技演员。
That's the boy whose mother has just died. 这就是那个刚死了妈的男孩。
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. 这部电影讲一个间谍，他的妻子出卖了他。
有时可指无生命的东西：
He saw a house whose windows were all broken. 他看到一所房子，窗子全都破了。
He showed me a machine whose parts are too small to be seen. 他给我展示了一种机器，它的部件都小得无法看到。
I saw a film whose name I have forgotten. 我看了一部电影，名字我忘了。
5.6.3 that和which的用法
1) that可以代表人（a），也可以代表东西（b）：
a. He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree. （谚）想吃果子就得爬树。
Can you think of anyone that could look after him? 你能想到什么人能照顾他吗？
The man that I spoke to told me to wait. 我找他讲话的人让我等一等。
b. That is the picture that (which) caused such a sensation. 这就是那张引起如此轰动的画。
The stairs that lead to the cellar are rather slippery. 通往地窖的楼梯相当滑。
All the apples that fall are eaten by wild boars. 落在地上的苹果都被野猪吃了。
在从句中作宾语时，that常可省略：
This is the best hotel (that) I know. 这是我知道的最好的旅馆。
Who is the man (that) you were talking to? 刚才你在和谁讲话？
2) which只能代表东西或动物，它在从句中可充当：
a. 主语：
She was not in the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚到的火车上。
The dog which was lost has been found. 丢失的狗找着了。
This is the book which was on the table. 这就是原来在桌上的那本书。
b. 宾语：
The car which (that) I hired broke down. 我租的汽车坏了。
These are the conditions which we have to accept. 这些就是我们必得接受的条件。
His mind was full of ideas which he wanted to discuss. 他脑中充满了各种想和别人讨论的想法。
c. 介词宾语：
The day on which I saw him was the greatest of my life. 见到他的那天是我一生中最伟大的日子。
That's a formality which we have to go through. 这是我们必须履行的手续。
The ladder which (that) I was standing on began to slip. 我站的梯子开始滑动。
在作宾语或介词宾语时，which（that）常可省略：
That's the house (which/that) we built. 这就是我们盖的房子。
This is the book (which/that) you wanted. 这是你要的书。
There are the difficulties (which/that) we got into. 这些就是我们碰到的困难。
但在紧跟介词时，只能用which，不能用that，而且不能省略：
Read the passage to which I referred in my talk. 读一读我在讲话中提到的那段文字。
The situation in which he found himself was very difficult. 他的处境非常困难。
在口语中，介词和它的宾语分开，也可以省略：
The situation (that/which) he found himself in was very difficult.
5.6.4 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
定语从句有两类，即限制性定语从句（Restrictive Attributive Clause）和非限制性定语从句（Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause）。
1) 限制性定语从句：
这种从句限制所修饰词的意义，如把它拿掉，句子意思即不清楚，甚至失去意义，例如：
That's the machine he designed. 这就是他设计的机器。（若把he designed去掉，句子意思则不清楚）
Madame Curie was a woman we admired. 居里夫人是我们崇拜的女性。（若把we admired去掉，句子就失去意义）
前面举的例子都包含限制性定语从句，在译成汉语时也多译成一个定语， 如“我们崇拜的”、“他设计的”。只有在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词才能省略。
2) 非限制性定语从句：
另有一种定语从句和主句（句子的其他部分）关系不太紧密，对所修饰词的意思没有限制作用，把它拿掉对句子基本上没有影响，句子依然完整。它可以说是一个附加上去的成分，通常都用逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开，译成汉语时常可译成并列句。这种从句只能由who（m）（a），whose（b）或which（c）引导：
a. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town. 彼得开了一天的车，建议在下一个城镇停一停。
I passed the letter to Helen, who was sitting beside me. 我把信传给海伦，她就坐在我旁边。
I've invited Mrs Green, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了格林太太，她就住在隔壁。
Peter, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent. 彼得受到大家的怀疑，但结果证明他是无辜的。
Mr Black, for whom I was working, was very generous. 我给布莱克先生工作，他为人很大方。
David, whom (who) I played tennis with on Sundays, was a colleague of mine.我星期天都和大卫打网球，他是我的一位同事。
b. Anne, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job. 安妮的孩子们全天上学，她在想法找一份工作。
This is Harry, whose class you'll be taking over. 这是哈利，你将接手他的班。
My dog, whose temper is very uncertain, often bites judges at dog shows. 我那条狗的脾气捉摸不定，参加狗展时常咬裁判。
c. The 8:30 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today. 八点三十分的（火）车通常很准时，但今天晚点了。
My new car, which I paid several thousand pounds for, is not running well.我的那辆新车花了我好几千镑，开起来却不太好。
They drafted two different constitutions, one of which was never put in force.他们草拟了两部不同的宪法，其中一部从未实施过。
5.6.5 which的特殊用法
1) 在非限制性定语从句中，which可以代表主句的一部分，甚至全部，而不仅仅限于一个名词或代词：
This I did at nine o'clock, after which (=doing it) I sat some time reading the paper. 我九点钟做了这事，之后我就坐着看了一会儿报。
He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him. 他请我们去吃饭，这是他难得的好意。
We had to sleep in our wet clothes, which was most uncomfortable. 我们不得不穿着湿衣服睡，这很不舒服。
He said he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他说他以前从未见过她，这不是真的。
2) which有时在从句中作定语：
He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once. 他让我躲在门后，我立即照着做了。
He believes in the abolition of capital punishment, which idea I am quite opposed to. 他主张废除死刑，对这种观念我是完全反对的。
She may not be in, in which case you could leave her a note. 她可能不在家，如果是那样你可以给她留个条。
He studied computer science, which knowledge is very important today. 他学的是电脑，这门知识现在很重要。
在书面语中，有时把这类从句单列成一句：
From which he learned a few lessons which were later of value to him. 从中他得到了一些教训，对他后来很有用处。
3) which还可以和不定式一起用：
Allow me one minute in which to change my costume. 给我一点时间去换装。
She had a little money in the bank, with which to help her mother. 她在银行存了一点钱，用这钱来帮助她的母亲。
Now he had no pretext on which to stay in the house. 现在他没有什么借口再在这家待下去了。
4) which有时还可以表示“任何一个”，意思和whichever差不多：
You may have which apple you like. 你想要哪个苹果就拿哪个。
Take which dresses you want from my wardrobe. 想要什么衣服就从我的衣柜里拿。
You may select which you like. 你可挑选任何你喜欢的。
Use which method you prefer. 你愿意用什么方法都行。
关于关系从句，在22.3.1—22.3.2节中还将作进一步讨论。
5.7 不定代词
5.7.1 两类不定代词
不定代词可分作两类：
1) 由body， one， thing构成的合成代词：
2)兼作代词和限定词的词：
此外还有every和no，只能作限定词（或称形容词），不能作代词。
5.7.2 合成不定代词
1) somebody，someone，anybody，anyone：
somebody和someone意思相同，都表示“某人”，但只用于肯定句（a），在否定及疑问句中通常用anybody或anyone（b）：
a. Somebody (someone) said that you'd been ill. 有人说你病了。
There's somebody at the door. 门口有个人。
Somebody (someone) has turned off the light. 有人把灯关了。
Someone had placed a lamp on the table. 有人在桌上放了一盏灯。
I need somebody to help me in the work. 我需要人帮我的忙。
She wants someone to look after her. 她要人照顾她。
b. Did anybody ever hear of such a thing? 谁曾听说过这样的事？
Has anybody anything more to say? 还有谁有话要说？
I didn't know anybody at the party. 晚会上我谁也不认识。
Is there anyone (anybody) here who can speak Japanese? 这儿有会说日语的人吗？
I do not know anyone connected with the exhibition. 我不认识与展览会有关系的人。
I hope our delay will not worry anyone. 我希望我们的延误不会使什么人着急。
anybody和anyone还可表示“任何人”：
Anybody can tell you how to get there. 谁都能告诉你怎么到那里。
I never discussed it with anybody. 我从未和任何人谈论此事。
Anyone can do that. 这事谁都能做。
She felt that she could do it better than anyone. 她觉得这事她能比任何人都做得好。
2) everybody和everyone意思相同，表示“人人”、“大家”：
Everybody was glad to see Martin back. 看到马丁回来大家都很高兴。
Everybody's business is nobody's business. （谚）人人都管等于没人管。
Everyone laughed, me included. 大家都笑了，我也笑了。
The police questioned everybody (everyone) in the room. 警察盘问了屋里所有的人。
3) something表示“某样东西”（a），在疑问句及否定句中用anything（b）：
a. Something has happened. 出事了。
There was something missing. 里面缺了点什么。
She'll be able to do something for you. 她将有能力为你做点什么。
I will tell you something of my own experience. 我将告诉你一点我自己经历的事。
b. Has anything happened? 出什么事了吗？
(Is there) Anything I can do? 我能做点什么吗？
We can't decide anything now. 现在我们不能决定什么。
I can't do anything like that. 我不能做这样的事。
anything还可用于条件句：
If you want anything, you can call me. 你如果需要什么可以叫我。
Hereafter when you need anything, I want you to come to me. 从今以后当你需要什么时，希望你来找我。
anything还可表示“任何东西（事）”：
Anything is better than nothing. 有总比没有好。
I want something to eat, anything will do. 我想吃点东西，什么都行。
If it's possible I'd do anything for you. 只要可能我愿为你做任何事情。
Take anything you fancy. 你喜欢什么就拿什么。
4) everything表示“一切”（a）， nothing用于否定句（等于not anything），表示“没有什么”（b）：
a. How is everything? 一切可好？
We're anxious for everything to be settled. 我们亟盼一切得到解决。
The strike brought everything to a standstill. 罢工使一切都停顿了。
Money isn't everything. 金钱不是一切。
b. But nothing could make her alter her views. 什么都不能使她改变看法。
He had nothing to say against you. 他对你没有什么（不满的）意见。
He knew absolutely nothing. 他完全一无所知。
Oh, that's nothing. 哦，没什么。
5) nobody与no one意思相同，表示“没有人”：
Nobody stands on much ceremony with us. 没人跟我们讲客套。
"Who's in the dining-room?" "Nobody (No one)." “谁在餐厅里?”“没人。”
He said he would marry me or nobody. 他说他要娶我，否则就谁也不娶。
No one dared speak of it. 没人敢谈及此事。
Apart from them, I had no one to talk to. 除了他们，我没有别人可以交谈。
nobody还可表示“无关紧要的人”：
Why does he give himself such airs;he's a mere nobody. 他干吗摆这种架子，他只是个无足轻重的小人物。
I want to be famous! I'm tired of being a nobody. 我要出名! 当无名小卒我都当腻了。
5.7.3 some, any,no的用法
1) some和any的用法：
some和any都表示“一些”，可以指人或其他可数的东西（a），也可代表不可数的东西（b），可用作主语、宾语等， some用于肯定句，any用于疑问句及否定句：
a. Some of them can speak Japanese. 他们有些人会说日语。
Some of his books are very exciting. 他的书有些很激动人心。
Some still believe he was innocent. 有些人仍然认为他是无辜的。
Did any of your photos come out well? 你的照片洗出来都好吗？
Do you know any of the people? 这些人中有你认识的吗？
I don't expect to see any of them there. 我估计不会在那里看到他们中的什么人。
b. I don't need any more money—I've still got some. 我不需要再多的钱，我还有一些。
He kept some and gave the rest away. 他留下一些，把其余的都给人了。
I don't think there's any left. 我想已不剩什么了。
Did she give you any? 她给你一点了吗？
